Digital Commons Network^™

Effect Of Intranasal Insulin On Neurovascular Coupling In Healthy Young Adults, Brian Shariffi, Neil Mcmillan, Anna Gonsalves, Camila Manrique-Acevedo, Jaume Padilla, Jacqueline Limberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Emerging evidence supports an essential role for insulin signaling in neurovascular coupling (NVC) – the link between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. In preclinical animal models, impaired insulin signaling is associated with reduced NVC, highlighting the neurogenic role of insulin. However, it remains unclear whether brain insulin stimulation can enhance NVC in humans. PURPOSE: To examine the acute effect of intranasal insulin delivery on NVC. We hypothesized intranasal insulin would augment NVC in healthy young adults. METHODS: Carotid artery blood flow (CBF, Doppler ultrasound) and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv, transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were measured during …

The Effects Of Stair Stepping On Circadian Dependent Postprandial Glycemic Responses, William Wong, Morgan Van Ness, Jeff Moore, Jochen Kressler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Elevated levels of postprandial blood glucose (PBG) is related to Diabetes Mellitus which is associated with severe health complications. Bouts of stair stepping as little as one minute have shown to be effective at reducing PBG when performed in the morning. Studies have not yet investigated whether the effects of stair stepping on blood glucose translate to different times of day. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to test whether one minute of stair stepping at a comfortable pace can reduce blood sugar after meals. METHODS: 23 participants were asked to wear a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) …

Investigating The Impact Of Ssris On Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Young Healthy Individuals: A Preliminary Study, Elena S. Shostak, Jillian M. Lang, William Quinn, Valerie Chervinskaya, Elisa Fioraso, Everett Smith, Christopher J. Kotarsky, Justin A. Deblauw, Jennifer Lloyd, Stephen J. Ives

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants that are commonly used to treat anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders. The effects of SSRIs on cardiometabolic health in young and healthy populations have not been well described. PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of SSRI useon blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV), arterial stiffness, and microvascular function, of young, otherwise healthy adults. METHODS: Fourteen healthy males and females aged 18-41 were included in this study, separated by use of SSRIs, and matched into pairs based on sex, age, height, and weight. Anthropometrics, BP, arterial stiffness, HRV, …

The Effects Of Blood Flow Restriction As An Accelerated Modality For Skeletal Muscle Strength, Michael Ofori, Gabriella Trujillo, Nicholas Chib, Quan Le, Alyssa Stovall, Garrett Edwards, Todd C. Shoepe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Blood flow restriction resistance training (B2RT) shows promise at promoting hypertrophy and strength development beyond resistance training alone. Occlusion training restricts venous return, altering waste removal, and inducing a baseline whereby lower intensity yields similar stimulus and muscle outcomes. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of B2RT on muscular strength in healthy college-age individuals. METHODS: 42 participants (20.1±1.7 years, BMI: 24.7± 4.0 kg/m²) underwent a 7-week B2RT program with 3 times per week sessions of isotonic movement at 50% occlusion pressure for 4 sets (30:15:15:15 reps) at load based on 20% of 1-repetition …

The Relationship Between Stride Frequency And Gait At Different Body Weight Support Levels, Crystal Hadfield, Alina Swafford, Katsiaryna Afanasyeva, Kenji Masumoto, John A. Mercer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The relationship between stride frequency (SF) and speed during gait is well researched. However, there is a gap in the research examining the relationship between these parameters when walking and running at matched speeds with different levels of body weight support (BWS). PURPOSE: To compare the relationship of SF, stride length (SL), and speed when walking and running at the same speeds with different levels of BWS. METHODS: Subjects (n=10, 4 females, 6 males: 42.2±17.6 yrs; 73.5±13.5 kg; 1.70±0.11 m; body fat 19.7±9.6%) completed a familiarization period using various BWS levels using a lower body positive pressure (LBPP) …

Bloodflow Restriction Training Effects On Blood Pressure, Sofia Lovesy, Kolane Gemeda, Grace Piantek, Todd Shoepe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bloodflow restriction training (B2RT) is linked to musculoskeletal health improvements and vascular adaptations including blood pressure (BP). B2RT involves restricting arterial blood flow and diminished venous drainage restricted in working muscles which affects metabolic waste removal and vascular plasticity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if B2RT alters BP.METHODS: Recreationally fit college-aged participants (n=42, 20±1.7 years, 25±4 BMI, upper SBP 117/±11mmHg, DBP 72±7mmHg; lower SBP 126±15mmHg, DBP 75±7mmHg) were recruited through campus announcements and word of mouth. Participants in the B2RT group completed 7-weeks of training with squats, Romanian deadlifts, bench rows, and bench presses …

No Side Difference Between Achilles Tendon Characteristics In Female Division One Collegiate Gymnasts Post Exercise: Preliminary Study, Phillip Hartog, Lee J. Hinkle, Gabe Davidson, Bryson T. Schaugaard, Melody Anderson, Aaron W. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Female gymnasts have a high rate of injury due to the repetitive nature and high forces of the sport. Repetition of movements is necessary to improve confidence and perfect execution. However, such repetition may also lead to overloading the Achilles tendon (AT) and increases potential of tendinopathy. Gymnasts generally perform the same skills repetitively using a preferred leg, e.g. always jumping off the right leg entering the vault. PURPOSE: To determine the differences in characteristics of NCAA Division I female gymnasts’ AT between preferred leg (PL) and non-preferred leg (NPL). We hypothesize differences in cross-sectional area (CSA), thickness, and …

Comparing The Effects Of Pneumatic Compression And Blood Flow Restriction On Muscle Recovery, Jessica Pontarollo, Haneef Zakee, Bailey Mclagan, E Todd Schroeder

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Eccentric muscle contractions are often associated with exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD). EIMD can result in decreased force output, increased stiffness, and a loss in muscle function leading to decreased performance. Two of the many proposed treatments of EIMD are intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and blood flow restriction (BFR). BFR relies on occlusion and reintroduction of blood. IPC acts as an air-pressure massage, acting on a specific part of the limb, releasing, and re-inflating up the limb. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether BFR or pneumatic compression could minimize the effect of EIMD on muscle …

Effects Of Turnouts And Structure Boots On The Kinematics Of Firefighters During A Drop Landing, Edward Jabbour, Stevie Silvas, Maddie Cheaney

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Firefighters require the ability to perform under intense conditions involving challenging movements. Protective gear, such as turnouts and structure boots, plays an impactful role in protecting firefighters. Understanding how the gear influences movement is essential for improving their safety and performance. PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze the effects of turnouts and structure boots on the sagittal plane ankle and knee kinematics of firefighters during a drop-landing. METHODS: Eleven healthy male firefighters participated. Retroreflective markers were attached to the subject's lower extremities to identify their anatomy and movement using a three-dimensional motion capture system. The subjects performed three …

Cartilage Metabolism And Bone Resorption In Ultramarathon Athletes, Joshua Guthrie, Matthew K. Seeley, Jacob Palmer, Porter Laing, Bree Campbell, Andrew Creer, Melani Kelly

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ultramarathon running is becoming more popular, but its effects on bone and joint health are unclear. PURPOSE: To learn more about effects of ultramarathon running on biomarkers of bone and joint health. METHODS: 15 individuals (11 Male, 4 Female; Age = 38 ± 7 years; Mass = 66.9 ± 9.8 kg; Finish time = 28:54:53 ± 3:43:23; Weekly Miles in training = 53 ± 16.3 Miles) provided urine samples immediately before and after the Bear 100-mile Ultramarathon Race. Urine samples were frozen until assay analysis to determine concentrations for nTX (bone resorption marker) and uCTX-II (cartilage metabolism marker). Creatinine …

Muscle Specific Era Overexpression Remodels Mitochondrial Cristae Architecture And Drives Mtdna Replication To Enhance Oxidative Metabolism, Karen Li, Bridgette Ryning, Noor Fahs, Noelle Morrow, Andrea Hevener

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Reduced estrogen action is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in both males and females. However, the tissues and cell-specific targets essential for estrogen-mediated effects on metabolism remain inadequately understood. We have previously shown that muscle-specific estrogen-recpeptor alpha (ERa) knockout reduces metabolism and insulin sensitivity and blunts adaptations to exercise training. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of skeletal muscle ERa overexpression on whole-body metabolism, exercise capacity, and mitochondrial function. METHODS: A tamoxifen-inducible and muscle-specific ERa overexpression model (mERa^OE) was generated in male mice. Body weight was tracked and a glucose …

The Age Of Initial Pointe Training Has A Weak Positive Correlation With Menarche In Female Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers, Jenna M. Dodson, Annie Smedley, Adrienne Henderson, Shayla Bott, Brenda Critchfield, A. Wayne Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In the ballet community, there is significant pressure to start intensive and frequent training at a young age. For example, serious professional students often move away from home as teenagers to train at a ballet boarding school full-time. The sense of urgency in training stems from the relatively short careers of professional ballet dancers and the tendency of ballet companies to replace dancers quickly as they age or get injured. Specialized training so early in adolescence can lead to overuse injuries, psychological stress, and regret later in life. PURPOSE: We studied the impact of intense training (defined as start …

Investigating The Effect Of Fat Bar Attachments On Peak Velocity, Repetitions Until Failure, Energy Expenditure, And Respiratory Quotient In The Bench Pull Exercise, Robert R. Sawyer, Shane Draper, Anthony Ciccone, Tyler Standifird, Nicolas Clark

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

New methods of training in resistance exercise include the use of thick or “fat” bar attachments to promote forearm and grip strength. No study has investigated how these tools affect both acute biomechanical and physiological factors of barbell exercise. PURPOSE: Investigate the effect of using a thick barbell attachment (5.72 cm diameter) on peak velocity, repetitions until failure, total energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient during the bench pull exercise performed at 60% 1RM. METHODS: Six healthy resistance-trained college-aged men underwent three visits. First visit was used to calculate one-rep max (1RM) through force-velocity profiling. Second and third visits were randomized …

"Cued At First Sight": Evaluating The Influence Of Depth On Gaze Cues, Priscilla Jussicha, Malissa Hildreth, Tamara Rodriguez, Morgan Martin, Justin Castillo, April Karlinsky

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

When an individual provides a social cue, such as pointing or looking towards the left or right, an observer’s attention can involuntarily be drawn towards the cued location. Evidence for this social cueing effect comes from observers’ shorter reaction times (RTs) for targets at cued locations than at non-cued locations. However, it remains unknown whether observers are also sensitive to the depth of such social cues (in addition to the side of space indicated). Spatial depth refers to whether an area is relatively “near” or “far” from the observer. PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether …

Effects Of Blood Flow Restriction Training On Muscle Quality, Julia Burke, Jack Cadden, Lindsey Cho, Aaron Chou, Luke Honari, Chadney Lim, Todd Shoepe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Blood flow restricted resistance training (B2RT) has been shown to enhance effectiveness of low-intensity resistance training. While B2RT is increasingly popular, its specific effects on muscle quality have yet to be specified. PURPOSE: The purpose of this intervention was to investigate the effects of B2RT on muscle quality (MQ) of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris. METHODS: 30 undergraduates (11M, 19F) were broken into control (CON, n=15, 21.1±2.1 years, 23.9±3.5 kg/m2) and B2RT (n=15, 19.9±1.4 years, 26.3±5.1 kg/m2) groups. Control maintained normal activity while B2RT participated in an 8-week B2RT training regimen consisting of 3 …

Investigation Into Chin-Force Of Violinists, Ciya Clyde, Miles Mercer, Julia Freedman Silvernail

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Pain and discomfort have become a routine part of life for many orchestral musicians. Violinists in particular experience high number of injuries in their upper body, including the neck, shoulders, and arms. Force applied to the instrument at the chin provides the stabilization of the instrument required for performance but may contribute to these injuries. Due to the scarcity of research on musicians' physical health, it is challenging to determine the sources of musculoskeletal injuries in violinists. Nonetheless, examining the force applied at the chin could serve as a valuable starting point for investigation. PURPOSE: To investigate how chin-force is …

Predicting Eccentric Hamstring Strength From Nordbord And Ultrasound Characteristics: A Preliminary Study, James D. Mead, Lee J Hinkle, Camille L. Nguyen, Aaron W. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Hamstring strength is integral to stability and function in the body. Adequate eccentric hamstring strength (EHS) is an important factor in reducing injury potential in athletes. Currently no studies report on EHS in recreationally active adults. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the connections between EHS and injury potential. PURPOSE: Evaluate the association of eccentric hamstring total force with age, sex, volume, height (cm), weight (kg), average echo intensity (EI), and total hours of physical activity per week (TPA). METHODS: Eleven recreationally active individuals (age: 24.2 ± 4.8 y, ht: 175.4 ± 11.7 cm, wt: 73.2 ± 15.5 kg, …

Pilot Study: The Effect Of Weight Belts And Lifting Straps On Conventional Deadlift Performance, Adam Zeidan, Christian Rogacion, Mason Caragao, Braeden Kraft, Kevin A. Valenzuela, Evan E. Schick

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Weight belts and lifting straps are frequently worn when performing deadlifts for their ergogenic advantages, but no prior research has examined their effects. Purpose: The pilot study investigated the effects of weight belts and lifting straps on deadlift performance variables. Methods: One male subject participated (age 26 years, 78kg, 1.73M) in four separate days, performing conventional deadlifts (CDL) under varying conditions. On day one, the subject performed the CDL without weight belts and lifting straps (RAW). The remaining sessions were randomized between using a weight belt only (BO), lifting straps only (SO), or both weight belt and lifting …

Pilot Study: The Effect Of Weight Belts And Lifting Straps On Neuromuscular Activation During The Conventional Deadlift, Braeden Kraft, Christian Rogacion, Mason Caragao, Kevin Valenzuela, Evan Schick, Adam Zeidan

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearing weight belts and lifting straps during the deadlift is a common practice, yet there is limited scientific data supporting their ergogenic benefit. Purpose: This pilot study aimed to investigate the effect of weight belts and lifting straps on neuromuscular activation of prime mover muscles during a conventional deadlift. Methods: One male participant (age 26, 78 kg, 1.73 m) attended four separate sessions to perform conventional deadlifts (CDL) under different equipment conditions. On the first day, the participant performed the CDL without weight belt or lifting straps (RAW). The equipment conditions on the subsequent days were randomized and …

Differences In Joint Kinematics And Electromyography Activity Among The Conventional, Block, And Deficit Deadlifts, Christian R. Rogacion, Evan E. Schick, Joshua A. Cotter, Kevin Valenzuela

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The conventional deadlift (CDL) is a commonly used lower-body exercise that utilizes the legs, hips, back, and trunk muscles. The block deadlift (BDL) and the deficit deadlift (DDL) are two variations that alter the starting position and height of a deadlift, however, there is a lack of literature that examines both. PURPOSE: To quantify and compare joint kinematics and peak muscle activation differences between a CDL, BDL, and DDL. METHODS: Twenty total resistance-trained male and female participants (25.1 ± 3.6 yrs old, 81.0 ± 15.2 kg) performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the CDL on day one. At …

Effects Of Alkaline Water On Short-Term Anerobic Fatigue, Mason Caragao, Kurt A. Escobar, Joshua A. Cotter Facsm, Evan E. Schick

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Alkaline water is widely marketed for its purported hydration and performance benefits, but there is limited research to support these claims. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of alkaline (ALK) versus neutral (NEU) water on rehydration and anaerobic performance. METHODS: Nine trained males, (age (yrs) 25.7 ± 4.30, height (m) 1.77 ± 0.47, and weight (kg) 87.92 ± 17.17), participated in a randomized crossover design study. Following a ten-hour food and water fast to induce hypohydration, participants were rehydrated with 500 ml of either ALK or NEU water immediately after on-arrival testing. Blood glucose and blood lactate were …

The Influence Of Anticipation On Landing Error Scoring System Performance, Luis J. Valadez, Dominick J. Cece-Sherley, Marisol Valenzuela, Monica X. Cortes, Warren O. Forbes

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Landing Error Score System (LESS) is a field assessment tool that can help identify biomechanics during a drop jump task that predispose an athlete to an increased risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury. While the LESS has shown to be valid and reliable, the pre-planned, anticipatory nature of the drop jump task during the LESS is not indicative of the movement strategies present in many sport settings. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of anticipation on landing error scoring system performance. METHODS: Twenty-two individuals participated in this study. Anticipated jumping trials consisted of …

Does Resistance Exercise Induce Differential Relationships Between Muscle And Brain Oxygenation In Trained Versus Untrained Individuals?, Amelia Ybarra, Aqueen Lenon, Stefan Keslacy

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While the benefits of resistance training for muscles are well-documented, its effects on brain activity are less known. PURPOSE: to investigate the changes in oxygenation levels in the brain and muscles during resistance training, comparing these effects between trained and sedentary individuals. METHODS: Eight participants were recruited, four untrained and four athletes. The bench press protocol included one set of twelve repetitions at a weight corresponding to a Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) of 6. Oxygenation levels in cortex and the right triceps muscle were continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Oxymon). Blood pressure was measured continuously using a finger …

A Comparison Of Achilles Tendon Morphological Characteristics Based Upon Visa-A Score In Active Adults Over Age 50, Joshua Sponbeck, Brie Gisseman, Christian Lefevre, Emily Shuler, Ron Hager, A. Wayne Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(3): 1517-1529, 2024. Morphologic Achilles tendon properties obtained via diagnostic ultrasound imaging are valuable in understanding Achilles tendon health and injury. Currently, limited information exists regarding Achilles tendon morphological properties amongst active aging adults based upon Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA-A) scores. Achilles tendon morphologic properties defined by VISA-A score groupings allow clinicians and researchers to compare data values amongst current patients. Purpose: Comparison of physically active aging adults Achilles tendon morphological properties with various VISA-A scores or a previous Achilles tendon rupture. A convenience sample of 121 participants (71 females, 50 males) at …

Effects Of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training On Muscle Thickness And Quality, Chadney Lim, Julia Burke, Jack Cadden, Lindsey Cho, Luke Honari, Chadney Lim, Todd Shoepe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

By decreasing venous drainage, blood flow restriction in combination with resistance exercise (BFR), stimulates similar signals of fatigue and adaptation at much lower intensity than standard training. PURPOSE: The purpose was to study the effects of BFR on muscle thickness and muscle quality (MQ: strength/unit muscle) following an 8-week intervention. METHODS: 13 male and 17 female college students were recruited and placed in control (CON; n=13) or BFR (n=17) groups who completed training 3x/week, at 50% of occlusion pressure, using 20% of one-repetition maximum, for four compound exercises at 30, 15, 15, and 15 reps. Images captured with Terason …

Is Muscle Fatigue Associated With Increased Cerebral Oxygenation During Resistance Training?, Aqueen Lenon, Amelia Ybarra, Stefan Keslacy

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Fatigue limits performance during resistance training by directly impairing muscle function and brain activity. Does muscle fatigue correspond to changes in brain activity? PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to determine the relatipnship between brain and muscle oxygenation during exercise-induced muscle fatigue between sedentary and athletes. METHODS: Eight participants, four sedentary and four athletes, were included. The protocol was four sets of twelve repetitions of the bench press, with the weight adjusted to induce failure on the final set. Oxygenation levels in the left prefrontal cortex and the right triceps muscle were continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy …

Effects Of Blood Flow Restriction Training On Body Composition Parameters, Daniel Orr, Christina Paulazzo, Jaeden Danko, Joseph Le, Luke Liccini, Miguel Vazquez, Todd Shoepe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Blood flow occlusion with restriction training (BFR) promotes muscle hypertrophy and strength while exercising at lower intensities than traditional training. BFR involves cuffs that restrict venous blood flow while permitting arterial flow to stimulate signaling pathways associated with metabolic stress and muscle fatigue. PURPOSE: The aim was to determine the effects of BFR on total fat mass (TFM), percent body fat (%BF), and total lean mass (TLM). METHODS: 42 college-aged participants (20.6±1.9 years, 23.4± 3.3 kg/m2) were separated into a control (n=18) or BFR group (n=24). Whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed before and after the BFR …

Postural Influences On Post-Exercise Hypotension In Normotensive Young Adults, Jacob Laufenberg, Megan Bratetic, Kannon Jacobson, Kaitlyn Wabakken, Cody Takenaka, Kathy Ostrander, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

BACKGROUND: Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a well-documented phenomenon, but the impact of body position on its magnitude remains incompletely understood. This relationship between body position and post-exercise hypotension is critical, not only for recovery, but for populations with conditions like hypertension or heart disease. PURPOSE This study aims to determine if a post-exercise posture alters the post-exercise hypotension response. The findings may have implications for exercise prescriptions and clinical recommendations for optimizing cardiovascular health. METHODS: Ten participants aged 18-30 years will complete two blood pressure and equipment familiarizationv visits, in addition to four randomized conditions: control-no exercise (CON), seated …

Wearing Cleats Influences Post Exercise Blood Flow To The Foot, Kassity D. Clay, Chase Tomlinson, Mel Harsh, Abigail Wardle, Tyler Burbank, Benjamin J. Smedley, Adam Ranck, Ulrike Mitchell, Aaron W. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Common footwear for field-based athletes often includes cleats, which are typically tight and restrictive. This could reduce blood flow to the foot, potentially compromising the health of structures like the plantar fascia and lead to fasciopathy. PURPOSE: Investigate the influence of wearing cleats on reduced blood flow to the foot via the posterior tibial artery (PTA) after exercise, comparing shod versus unshod conditions. METHODS: 19 individuals (female n= 7; age= 22.7 ±2.0 yrs; weight= 70.3 ±8.8 kg; height= 175.1 ±8.5 cm) with no lower extremity injuries completed a 40-minute data collection session on two separate days, one week …

Comparison Of Energy Expenditure During Virtual Reality Exercise And Outdoor Exercise, Devin M. Green, Myranda Peck, Olivia R. Perez, Eric Lambert, Setareh Zarei, Lijie Zhou, James W. Navalta, Jeffrey Cowley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Human motor control and physiological responses to virtual activities have been largely unquantified. The aim of this study was to compare virtual (VR) and outdoor (OUT) walks of the same distance. There is a growing need to understand how humans experience different modes of virtual activity, so appropriate recommendations for virtual exercise can be given and improve virtual experiences. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare how individuals walk in virtual reality (VR) compared to real life, as well as to evaluate energy expenditure and substrate utilization in the form of fats and carbohydrates. METHODS …