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Articles 1051 - 1080 of 1943
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Investigation Of Truckload Prices In The U.S: Exploratory Analysis, Forecast Methods, And The Influences Of Unemployment On Freight Prices, Alex M. Sanchez
Investigation Of Truckload Prices In The U.S: Exploratory Analysis, Forecast Methods, And The Influences Of Unemployment On Freight Prices, Alex M. Sanchez
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Truckload (TL) pricing is a major factor that influences the manufacturing and retail costs of products. In the U.S., trucks accounts for more than 90% of freight shipped based on value, and it is expected to grow in the following years. TL price setting is a very complex task for logistic companies as it depends on a number of factors including the logistics carriers' business strategies and other social and economic variables. Understanding TL patterns across the U.S. is important not only for logistic companies, but also for policy makers. TL prices are commonly provided on a dollar per mile …
Comparing U.S. And International Medical Graduates' Treatment Of Chronic Diseases: Utilization Of Psychosocial Interventions., Susan E. Jarquin
Comparing U.S. And International Medical Graduates' Treatment Of Chronic Diseases: Utilization Of Psychosocial Interventions., Susan E. Jarquin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Chronic disease care places significant pressure on healthcare provider resources, often requiring the hiring of physicians trained abroad to meet these demands. International medical graduates are on trend to become the primary suppliers of chronic disease care in the U.S. Consequently, there is a need to assess how physicians trained abroad care for patients with chronic diseases. The purpose of this exploratory survey study was to determine whether international and U.S. medical graduates differ in their use of three specific psychosocial interventions when caring for patients suffering from chronic diseases. Medical residents in U.S. allopathic family medicine and internal medicine …
Monumento Piece For Symphonic Orchestra, 8'30", Rafael Langoni Smith
Monumento Piece For Symphonic Orchestra, 8'30", Rafael Langoni Smith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Monumento is a piece for symphonic orchestra finished in November, 2012 under the guidance of Dr. John Oliver Beall. It asks for piccolo, 2 C flutes, 2 oboes---with the second oboe player doubling on English Horn---2 clarinets in B-flat, 2 bassoons; 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, tuba; 4 timpani, first percussionist with snare and tenor drums, second percussionist with bass drum, triangle, large gong and suspended cymbals; strings. Monumento has an approximate duration of 8 minutes and thirty seconds.
A Survey Of Journalism Schools' Online Publication Of Student Content, Sarah E. Moore
A Survey Of Journalism Schools' Online Publication Of Student Content, Sarah E. Moore
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Journalism in the digital age has changed dramatically as the needs and demands of journalism consumers have changed. In turn, the institutions preparing journalists to enter the field must adapt their methods. How can a school of journalism effectively integrate the web into their daily practices and equip students for post-graduation employment through the publication of an online magazine? This paper explores the broadly divergent methods and philosophies of three journalism schools and offers suggestions for schools developing their own online publication based on these observations.
Characterization Of Late Postpartum Sleep Disturbance, Caffeine-Related Performance, And Daily Functioning, Kelsey K. Meekins
Characterization Of Late Postpartum Sleep Disturbance, Caffeine-Related Performance, And Daily Functioning, Kelsey K. Meekins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The early postpartum period is marked by maternal sleep fragmentation and performance deficits. Although sleep gradually improves in postpartum women, reaction times gradually worsen. This performance deficit is seen beyond 6 weeks postpartum, when many women are expected to return to work, and it is unknown when (or if) new mothers' performance deficits fully recover. The current study used existing data to characterize the late postpartum period (6 months-3 years after the child was born) in terms of recovery from sleep disturbance by monitoring the behavior of mothers on both objective and subjective measures. The current study aimed to describe …
Characterization Of The Unique Flagellar Hook Structure Of The Spirochetes Borrelia Burgdorferi And Treponema Denticola, Kelly Ann Heintzelman Miller
Characterization Of The Unique Flagellar Hook Structure Of The Spirochetes Borrelia Burgdorferi And Treponema Denticola, Kelly Ann Heintzelman Miller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The long-term goal of this project is to better understand Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema denticola motility as it relates to pathogenesis. The structure of the spirochete periplasmic flagella is unique when compared to externally located flagella. One unusual characteristic is the flagellar hook, which serves as a universal joint coupling rotation of the membrane bound motor complex to the flagellar filament. The hook is composed of approximately 120 FlgE monomers, and in bacteria with externally located flagella, these structures readily disassociate into monomers (~50 kDa) when treated with heat and detergent. However, in spirochetes the FlgE monomers form a large …
The Association Of Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Biomarkers And Markers Of Inflammation, Diabetes Mellitus And Cardiovascular Disease, Omayma Alshaarawy
The Association Of Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Biomarkers And Markers Of Inflammation, Diabetes Mellitus And Cardiovascular Disease, Omayma Alshaarawy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent atmospheric pollutants, released into air during incomplete combustion of fuel, industrial or domestic coal, wood, cigarette smoke and other organic materials. In addition to being carcinogenic, several animal studies have reported positive associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and inflammation, oxidative stress and the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Occupational studies have reported positive associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Moreover, there is evidence that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may cause disruption of the endocrine system. It is still not clear if lower background exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, independent of the adverse …
The Inhibition Of Splicing Of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Mrna During Starvation By Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K, Travis Cyphert
The Inhibition Of Splicing Of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Mrna During Starvation By Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K, Travis Cyphert
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Splicing of nascent RNA transcripts is an essential step in gene expression and a target of nutrient regulation. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a lipogenic gene whose expression is regulated exclusively at this posttranscriptional stage. Expression of G6PD mRNA increases 15- to 17-fold during refeeding and is inhibited 80-90% by starvation and the addition of polyunsaturated fat to the diet. The large changes in the accumulation of G6PD mRNA are due to changes the rate of pre-mRNA splicing and not changes in its transcription. In this regard, dietary carbohydrate enhances intron removal, which increases the accumulation of G6PD mRNA. Starvation alters …
Patterns Of Lung Cancer Care And Associated Health Outcomes Among Elderly Medicare Fee For Service Beneficiaries In West Virginia And In The United States, Pramit Amrutlal Nadpara
Patterns Of Lung Cancer Care And Associated Health Outcomes Among Elderly Medicare Fee For Service Beneficiaries In West Virginia And In The United States, Pramit Amrutlal Nadpara
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The elderly carry a disproportionate burden of lung cancer in the US. Although significant improvements have been made during the past decade in cancer treatment, substantial disparities still exist in guideline-based lung cancer care and outcomes. Such variation in lung cancer care is a cause for major concern in rural areas like West Virginia (WV). The purpose of this study was to do a comprehensive evaluation of variations in lung cancer care and associated health outcomes in the elderly. This retrospective study was conducted using SEER-Medicare and WVCR--Medicare linked data files for the years 2002-2007. As part of the project, …
Occupational Risk Factors In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Bent C. Doney
Occupational Risk Factors In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Bent C. Doney
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes increased disability and mortality in the U.S. population. Approximately 15% of cases of COPD can be attributed to occupational exposure. There are gaps in the knowledge of the relationships between occupational exposure and COPD and further investigation can provide information helpful in improving COPD preventive strategies in the workplace. The objective of this project was to assess COPD prevalence in population based studies and characterize the relationship between COPD and occupational exposure.;Methods/Results: Three separate U.S. population-based cross-sectional studies of COPD were conducted. In the first study, a COPD job exposure matrix (JEM) was …
Beef Heifer Growth And Reproductive Performance Responses Following Two Levels Of Fall Stockpiled Forage Allocation, Bobbi Lynn Bailey
Beef Heifer Growth And Reproductive Performance Responses Following Two Levels Of Fall Stockpiled Forage Allocation, Bobbi Lynn Bailey
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent research on heifer development systems has been conducted primarily in dry-lot settings and limited information exists comparing systems which utilize standing forage (Larson and Funston, 2011). Objectives of the research presented here include: 1) comparing heifer growth and reproductive performance in response to two levels of stockpiled fall forage allocation: daily herbage DM allocation of 3.5 (LO) or 7.0 (HI) % of BW; and 2) assessing the seasonal dynamics of forage quality, herbage mass, and botanical composition of naturalized pastures containing mixed cool-season species in response to two different fall stocking rates (HI vs LO). Treatments were replicated 3 …
Survival, Injury, And Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Of Cronobacter Sakazakii And Escherichia Coli Resulting From Exposure To Low-Temperature Ground Water, Alisha L. Dailey
Survival, Injury, And Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Of Cronobacter Sakazakii And Escherichia Coli Resulting From Exposure To Low-Temperature Ground Water, Alisha L. Dailey
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Bacteria are constantly being exposed to changing conditions in the environment. Exposure to adverse conditions such as pH, temperature, and desiccation may cause stress to the bacteria, potentially resulting in loss of viability and growth. Cronobacter sakazakii and Escherichia coli were exposed to cold temperature (4°C) and room temperature (24°C) nutrient-limiting groundwater. As a function of time (0 to 15 days), samples were removed from the stress and analyzed. Response of stressed cells was evaluated by three approaches: (i) traditional viable cell counts (nonselective and selective media), (ii) substrate utilization patterns (BIOLOG GN microplates), and (iii) antibiotic resistance patterns (modified …
West Virginia Physical Education Teacher Perceptions Of State Mandated Fitnessgram® Testing And Application Of Results, William M. Miller
West Virginia Physical Education Teacher Perceptions Of State Mandated Fitnessgram® Testing And Application Of Results, William M. Miller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background/Purpose: In response to concerns with increasing rates of childhood obesity, many states have enacted policies that affect physical education. A commonly used approach is state mandated fitness test administration in school-based settings. While this approach is widely debated throughout the literature, one area that lacks research is teachers attitudes toward this fitness testing and the application of results in their professional practice. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of West Virginia physical education teachers toward the mandated use of the FITNESSGRAM® and to gain a better understanding of how the resultant data are employed to …
Forensic And Toxicological Applications Of Franz Diffusion Cells Assessed By Gas Chromatograhy Mass Spectrometry And Ion Mobility Spectrometry., Jordan Wade Moran
Forensic And Toxicological Applications Of Franz Diffusion Cells Assessed By Gas Chromatograhy Mass Spectrometry And Ion Mobility Spectrometry., Jordan Wade Moran
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The first portion of this work evaluated the efficacy of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as a tool for determining remediation success at clandestine methamphetamine laboratory sites. Specifically, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantitation (LOQ), and matrix effects were investigated as relevant to typical remediation sites and situations. The recoveries of pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine from a range of various surfaces likely to be found in a clandestine laboratory were examined. Portable IMS instruments with thermal desorption were found to be a reliable tool for evaluating the degree of remediation if sufficient procedural and instrumental controls are put into place. In …
Efficacy Of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With Parents With Intellectual Disability., Karishma Chengappa
Efficacy Of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With Parents With Intellectual Disability., Karishma Chengappa
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Parents with intellectual disability are faced with the challenges of parenting as well as with having to deal with cognitive difficulties and limited financial and social supports. Deficits in parenting ability often are associated with poor child outcomes such as developmental delays, mental health concerns, neglect, and disruptive behavior disorders. Parents with intellectual disabilities frequently come under the scrutiny of child protective services for neglect and inadequate parenting and are often overrepresented in child maltreatment proceedings. When given systematic skills training using applied behavior analysis, these parents have been shown to improve a narrow range of basic child care skills. …
Strategies To Maximize Feed Quality And Poultry Performance, Kelley G. S. Wamsley
Strategies To Maximize Feed Quality And Poultry Performance, Kelley G. S. Wamsley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The majority of the research in this dissertation was conducted specifically to benefit a local turkey integrator, Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, which has turkey growers in both West Virginia and Virginia. All of the research presented in this dissertation is applied in nature and may be directly implemented in the commercial poultry industry to improve production. Many commercial feed mills utilize low mixer-added fat (MAF) to increase ingredient binding opportunities and pellet quality, but this technique may decrease feed nutrient digestibility. In Chapter 2, two experiments were conducted in order to determine the best feed manufacture technique (MTECH) to maximize …
Epipathogenesis Of Caries: Analyses Of Family Structure, Fear, And Fatalism Upon World Health Organization Decayed, Missing, And Filled Teeth Severity In Appalachia West Virginia And Pennsylvania, R. Constance Wiener
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Appalachian has many social, economic, and biologic factors impacting dental health over the life-course.;Purpose: This study examined dental caries experience and family structure, dental fear, and fatalism in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.;Method: Using a cross-sectional study design, 2002-2009 Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia data were analyzed utilizing the World Health Organization definitions for caries experience, dichotomized into low and high. Three groups were studied: 1) children, 11-13 years (N=237); 2) adolescents, 14-17 years (N=191); and 3) adults, 18 years and above (N=1125). For multivariable model development, generalized estimating equations with exchangeable working structures accounted for family clusters.;Results. For …
Switchgrass Potential On Reclaimed Surface Mines For Biofuel Production In West Virginia, Michael A. Marra
Switchgrass Potential On Reclaimed Surface Mines For Biofuel Production In West Virginia, Michael A. Marra
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The high cost and environmental risks associated with non-renewable energy sources has caused an increased interest in, and development of renewable biofuels. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm season perennial grass, has been investigated as a source of biofuel feedstock due to its high biomass production on marginal soils, its tolerance of harsh growing conditions, and its ability to provide habitat for wildlife and soil conservation cover. West Virginia contains vast expanses of reclaimed surface mine lands and could potentially benefit from the production of switchgrass as a biofuel feedstock. Furthermore, switchgrass production could satisfy Surface Mining Reclamation and Control …
Dna-Based Population Estimation, Harvest Vulnerability, And Home Range Dynamics Of Black Bears In Western Maryland, Michael D. Jones
Dna-Based Population Estimation, Harvest Vulnerability, And Home Range Dynamics Of Black Bears In Western Maryland, Michael D. Jones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
After nearly being extirpated from the state, black bears in Maryland have rebounded to a point where recreational harvest has now become an important management tool. Having a better understanding of bear population parameters, movements, and harvest vulnerability allows managers to implement hunting more effectively and responsibly. To estimate demographics of the Maryland bear population, we implemented noninvasive genetic sampling of bear hair during summer 2011. We used a model-based sampling design that allowed us to collect samples more efficiently. We used presence-only maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling to classify the study area based on predicted probability of bear occurrence, and …
Manufacture And Properties Of Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites, Charlie A. Collins Ii
Manufacture And Properties Of Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites, Charlie A. Collins Ii
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Bio-composites have attracted considerable attention from the industry as potential substitutes for petroleum-derived composites. Starch is a potential candidate because it is biodegradable and is readily available sustainable polymer from agriculture resources. However, it is not easy to process like petroleum-derived polymers because of the lack of defined melting point and is sensitive to high humidity with poor mechanical properties. This study evaluated the processability of starch, lignin and pulp fibers using a BrabenderRTM Torque Rheometer. Type of starch exerted great influence on processability. Gelation characteristics of the four composite mixtures correlated with starch type. Amylose containing composite mixtures (#1 …
Study Of Chemical States, Composition And Adsorption Behavior Of Iron Coated Granular Activated Carbon (Fe-Gac) For Selenate Removal And Feasible Adsorbent Modifications, Ning Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the adsorptive removal of selenate using iron coated granular activated carbon (Fe-GAC) and further investigated its complexation mechanisms and coordination structures using spectroscopic techniques. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium experiments with initial selenium concentration of 1 mg/L were conducted under three different ionic strengths to study selenate adsorption behavior. Selenate adsorption reached equilibrium within 48 hours with more than 85% of the equilibrium capacities being obtained within the first 6 hours. High removal efficiency (i.e., > 75%) was achieved for pH range 2 - 5. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model characterized selenate adsorption kinetics well (R2 = 0.999) and the rate …
Parents Living Within The Paradoxes Of Infant Death From Life-Limiting Anomaly: A Grounded Theory Study, Susan Bush Welch
Parents Living Within The Paradoxes Of Infant Death From Life-Limiting Anomaly: A Grounded Theory Study, Susan Bush Welch
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
BACKGROUND: Life-limiting congenital anomalies are the leading cause of death of infants in the United States. Most of these infants die in intensive care units with limited access to adequate palliative/end-of-life care. There is an extensive knowledge gap about the experience of the parent of infants who died from life-limiting anomaly. PURPOSE: The aims of the study was to explore the process a parent goes through as they experience the birth, life and ultimate death of an infant from a life-limiting explore the process a parent goes through as they experience the birth, life and ultimate death of an infant …
Impact Of Diabetes On Colorectal Cancer Outcomes, Neel A. Shah
Impact Of Diabetes On Colorectal Cancer Outcomes, Neel A. Shah
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic comorbid condition seen in elderly CRC patients. Outcomes of CRC patients with diabetes specifically stage at diagnosis, emergency condition for CRC surgery, survival, and mortality have been insufficiently explored. The aims of the study were to investigate the association between diabetes and stage at diagnosis of CRC in elderly Medicare beneficiaries; to check the association of diabetes with presenting as an emergency condition for CRC surgery in the elderly and; to explore the effect of diabetes on survival of elderly Medicare beneficiaries with CRC. Using the SEER-Medicare data from 2003-2005, patients newly …
Reducing The Risk Of Grass Tetany, Edward Barrow Rayburn, Darin Matlick
Reducing The Risk Of Grass Tetany, Edward Barrow Rayburn, Darin Matlick
Faculty & Staff Scholarship
WVU-Extension fact sheet
Physicochemical Properties Of Alaska Pollock (Theragra Chalcogramma) Surimi Seafood Nutrified With Powdered Cellulose Fiber And Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Alicia Debusca
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Surimi is minced deboned fish meat that has been washed of lipids, sarcoplasmic proteins, and other impurities. Surimi seafood, also known as "imitation crabmeat", is widely enjoyed in the United States; however, it is not currently nutrified with fiber, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and salt substitute. In the present study, preliminary experimentation was done to determine the optimal level of fiber addition. Powdered cellulose was added to Alaska Pollock surimi gels at levels of 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% fiber. The objectives of this initial study were to determine effect of dietary fiber on 1) color and textural …
Estimation Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) Diets Using Fatty Acid Signature Analysis, Edward J. Mcginley
Estimation Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) Diets Using Fatty Acid Signature Analysis, Edward J. Mcginley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Accurate estimates of diets are essential for the management of fisheries, especially when this information is used to construct food webs for a system. Traditionally, these studies have relied on examining the stomachs contents through direct observation of sacrificed fish, or using instruments to "flush" the items from the stomach. These methods only provide information on the recent feeding history. Fatty acid analysis is a biochemical technique that offers promise for examining diets in fish over a longer time scale than just the last few prey species consumed. The goal of this dissertation was to examine the feasibility and efficacy …
Managing Pasture As A Crop - Darrell Emmich, Darrell Emmick
Managing Pasture As A Crop - Darrell Emmich, Darrell Emmick
Faculty & Staff Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Effect Of Rigor State, When Processed, On Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Fillet Quality, Oluwatoyin E. Adebisi
Effect Of Rigor State, When Processed, On Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Fillet Quality, Oluwatoyin E. Adebisi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of rigor development, at time of processing, on weight and length changes, proximate analysis, pH, K-value, color, and texture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fillets. Texture of cooked fillets was characterized using two instrumental methods: Allo-kramer and Variable blade. Forty-five rainbow trout were harvested and immediately slaughtered using percussive stunning they were stored, following evisceration, at 4°C on ice. Fish were processed at 0, 24, and 48 h postharvest, and fillets were vacuumed packaged and stored for 2 days at 4°C. These storage treatments were applauded in the context of a …
Molecular Characterization Of Rainbow Trout Zar1 And Zar1-Like Genes: Their Potential Roles In Egg Quality, Chieh-Hung Lin
Molecular Characterization Of Rainbow Trout Zar1 And Zar1-Like Genes: Their Potential Roles In Egg Quality, Chieh-Hung Lin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) is a maternal-effect gene that is essential for early embryonic development. Recently, a novel gene called Zar1-like (Zar1l) was discovered. Functional studies showed that Zar1l plays an important role in regulating oocyte-to-embryo transition in the mouse. The objectives of this study were to characterize the rainbow trout Zar1 and Zar1l genes and evaluate the potential roles of these genes in controlling egg quality in rainbow trout. Through database mining, we identified the cDNAs encoding rainbow trout Zar1 and Zar1l. The Zar1cDNA codes for a protein of 333 aa ,and the Zar1l cDNA encodes a protein of …
Reversible Myocardial Dysfunction In A Rodent Model Of Prenatal Stress, Jessalyn Marie Hadfield
Reversible Myocardial Dysfunction In A Rodent Model Of Prenatal Stress, Jessalyn Marie Hadfield
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Compelling clinical reports indicate that emotional/behavioral stress alone is sufficient to cause profound, but completely reversible myocardial dysfunction in selected individuals. A rodent cardiomyopathy model was previously reported by combining pre-natal and post-natal behavioral/restraint stress (Stress). A decrease in % FS (the ratio between the diameter of the left ventricle when it is relaxed and when it is contracted) by echocardiogram was previously reported, along with both systolic and diastolic dysfunction by catheter-based hemodynamics, as well as attenuated hemodynamic and inotropic responses to the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO) in Stress compared with matched Controls. The p38mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase …