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Inactivation By Uv-Radiation And Internalization Of Coliforms And Escherichia Coli In Aquaponically And Hydroponically Grown Lettuce, Matthew J. Moriarty Jan 2014

Inactivation By Uv-Radiation And Internalization Of Coliforms And Escherichia Coli In Aquaponically And Hydroponically Grown Lettuce, Matthew J. Moriarty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent studies have shown that coliform bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli O157:H7, can internalize in leafy green produce. Therefore, a risk exists for lettuce being grown in systems using mixed water sources. Additionally, Ultra Violet light radiation has been shown to inactivate coliforms in water. For this reason, an experiment was conducted at West Virginia University's aquaculture facility to determine the effect of UV-radiation in water supplying an aquaponic channel with nutrients, and to assess the risk of coliform and E. coli internalization. In this experiment, the spring fed, flow-through aquaponic system was receiving runoff from cattle pastures as a source …

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Effects Of Novel Feed Ingredients And Additives On Feed Quality And Broiler Performance, Ashley Marie Evans Jan 2014

Effects Of Novel Feed Ingredients And Additives On Feed Quality And Broiler Performance, Ashley Marie Evans

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the poultry industry, feed and feed manufacture account for 60 to 70% of production costs. Because of this, integrators are continually seeking ways to decrease costs while maintaining pellet quality and bird performance. The research presented in this dissertation offer several novel feed ingredients that have the potential to replace costly feed ingredients, increase pellet quality, improve bird growth and performance, and improve nutrient digestibility. In Chapter 2, four experimental phytase enzymes (A -- D) were examined for thermostability during pelleting, as well as efficacy in vivo. Phytase activity post-pelleting demonstrated high variability between phytases, ranging from 120 to …

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Evaluating The Inclusion Of Phytase Super-Dose In Various Broiler Diet Formulations And Novel Pellet Binders, John W. Boney Jan 2014

Evaluating The Inclusion Of Phytase Super-Dose In Various Broiler Diet Formulations And Novel Pellet Binders, John W. Boney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Grains commonly used in poultry diets contain phytic acid, a known anti-nutrient that binds dietary phosphorus rendering it unavailable for absorption also decreasing the digestibility of other nutrients. Phytic acid also increases mucin production and endogenous amino acid secretions causing a gut irritant effect which may decrease performance. An abundance of phytase literatures suggests that phytase enzymes can liberate bound phosphorus enhancing phytate phosphorus utilization and bone mineralization. Recently, the use of super-doses of phytase has been suggested to, not only liberate bound phosphorus, but to alleviate the gut irritant effect associated with phytate phosphorus. Therefore, an experiment was conducted …

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Choice Between Reinforcers With And Without Delayed Shock, Aaron D. Dumas Jan 2014

Choice Between Reinforcers With And Without Delayed Shock, Aaron D. Dumas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Some problematic human behaviors can be conceptualized as choice of a large immediate reinforcer followed by a delayed aversive event, in lieu of a small immediate reinforcer and no delayed aversive event. For example, a night of binge drinking may result in ample social reinforcers and other fun in the short-term, but it is followed the next day by an intense hangover. Alternatively, opting for moderate alcohol consumption might not produce as intensely pleasing of an evening, but it avoids the aversive hangover. The aim of the present experiment was to develop an animal laboratory model for studying such choice …

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Inhibition Of Arterial Kdr Channels By Dpo-1 And Activation Of Cloned Human Bk Channels By Bpa-Ms, Ibra S. Fancher Iv Jan 2014

Inhibition Of Arterial Kdr Channels By Dpo-1 And Activation Of Cloned Human Bk Channels By Bpa-Ms, Ibra S. Fancher Iv

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The following documents our attempt at answering a fundamental question in vascular smooth muscle: Which K+ channels control membrane potential, and thus, vascular tone? A number of groups have approached this question and great strides have been made; however, uncertainty remains as to which specific K+ channel(s) underlies this physiologically important current. Previous studies using nonselective pharmacological inhibitors of voltage-dependent K+ (KV) channels, particularly delayed rectifier K+ (KDR) channels, indicate membrane depolarization, Ca2+ influx, and vasoconstriction. Importantly, however, there are more than 40 genes known to encode KV channel subunits. We hypothesize that KDR channels composed of KV 1 subunits …

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"Busy Mischievous Ffellows": Imperial Agency In Pennsylvania During The Seven Years' War, Benjamin G. Scharff Jan 2014

"Busy Mischievous Ffellows": Imperial Agency In Pennsylvania During The Seven Years' War, Benjamin G. Scharff

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project explores British colonial interaction with imperial authority in mid-eighteenth century Pennsylvania. The goal is to show that reactions to this authority proved much more complicated than previously identified. This has been done by examining the personal interactions of Pennsylvanians with Britons in political, economic, diplomatic and inter-colonial affairs. Upon examination of these exchanges, it becomes clear that Pennsylvanians differed greatly in their support of British authority depending on their personal place in society and the particular issues they were most personally connected to. By demonstrating the variety of reactions, this research highlights the importance of studying colonial opposition …

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Phosphorus Forms And Availability In Organicallymanaged Grasslands, Saraswati Poudel Acharya Jan 2014

Phosphorus Forms And Availability In Organicallymanaged Grasslands, Saraswati Poudel Acharya

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Phosphorus (P), an essential element for plants and animals, can be a limiting nutrient in organically-managed soils. To better understand P dynamics in organically-managed grasslands, P forms and availability in certified organic grasslands at the WVU Organic Research Farm were determined. The experimental design was a randomized complete block established in 2000 and has been maintained continuously with certified organic methods. We compared three Usage systems (Pasture, Buffer, and Hay) each at two levels of Fertility (High and Low). Phosphorus forms were determined by sequential fractionation with H2O, NaHCO3, NaOH and HCl. Extractable P was determined using several soil test …

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Shedding Light On Gis: A 3d Immersive Approach To Urban Lightscape Integration Into Gis, Andrew Kaufman Jan 2014

Shedding Light On Gis: A 3d Immersive Approach To Urban Lightscape Integration Into Gis, Andrew Kaufman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have the ability to map, model, and analyze real world data and phenomena, and yet visibility and lighting conditions are rarely considered or researched in Geographic Information Science (GISci). Lighting technologies have been created and implemented to overcome the darkness of night and other issues of visibility, and in no place is that more evident than urban areas. Though not researched heavily in GIS, it is now possible to model and analyze lighting of the built environment using GIS, 3D modeling and rendering software. This thesis explores the night time urban lightscape, its spatial aspects and …

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Environmental And Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Salamanders In Riparian Forests: A Review, Hannah Clipp, James Anderson Jan 2014

Environmental And Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Salamanders In Riparian Forests: A Review, Hannah Clipp, James Anderson

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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Density-Dependent Regulation Of Brook Trout Population Dynamics Along A Core-Periphery Distribution Gradient In A Central Appalachian Watershed, Brock M. Huntsman, J Todd Petty Jan 2014

Density-Dependent Regulation Of Brook Trout Population Dynamics Along A Core-Periphery Distribution Gradient In A Central Appalachian Watershed, Brock M. Huntsman, J Todd Petty

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Spatial population models predict strong density-dependence and relatively stable population dynamics near the core of a species' distribution with increasing variance and importance of density-independent processes operating towards the population periphery. Using a 10-year data set and an information-theoretic approach, we tested a series of candidate models considering density-dependent and density-independent controls on brook trout population dynamics across a core-periphery distribution gradient within a central Appalachian watershed. We sampled seven sub-populations with study sites ranging in drainage area from 1.3–60 km2and long-term average densities ranging from 0.335–0.006 trout/m. Modeled response variables included per capita population growth rate of young-of-the-year, adult, …

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Measuring Legume Content In Pastures Using Digital Photographs, Edward Barrow Rayburn Jan 2014

Measuring Legume Content In Pastures Using Digital Photographs, Edward Barrow Rayburn

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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Visual Reference Guide For Estimating Legume Content In Pastures, Edward Barrow Rayburn, James T. Green Jan 2014

Visual Reference Guide For Estimating Legume Content In Pastures, Edward Barrow Rayburn, James T. Green

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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The Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Rolipram Attenuates Heroin-Seeking Behavior Induced By Cues Or Heroin Priming In Rats, Miaojun Lai, Huaqiang Zhu, Anna Sun, Dingding Zhuang, Dan Fu, Weisheng Chen, Han-Ting Zhang, Wenhua Zhou Jan 2014

The Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Rolipram Attenuates Heroin-Seeking Behavior Induced By Cues Or Heroin Priming In Rats, Miaojun Lai, Huaqiang Zhu, Anna Sun, Dingding Zhuang, Dan Fu, Weisheng Chen, Han-Ting Zhang, Wenhua Zhou

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increases intracellular cAMP/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) signaling. Activation of this signaling is considered as an important compensatory response that decreases motivational properties of drugs of abuse. However, it is not known whether PDE4 is involved in heroin seeking. Self-administration of heroin (50

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Mau Mau Crucible Of War: Statehood, National Identity And Politics In Postcolonial Kenya, Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Jan 2014

Mau Mau Crucible Of War: Statehood, National Identity And Politics In Postcolonial Kenya, Nicholas Kariuki Githuku

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The postcolonial African state has been the subject of extensive study and scrutiny by various scholars of great repute such as Colin Legum, Crawford Young, Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg, Pierre Englebert and Jean-Francois Bayart to name but a few. Crawford Young's work is especially interesting because of the manner in which he treats the process of state formation. Crawford Young traces the process to the early beginning of European colonization and focuses on the legacy of the colonial state after independence. Colonial appendages of old European states were, for some metropolises, no longer economically viable or sustainable …

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Integrated Motor Protein Based Nanodevices For Biomolecular Transport, Yongkuk Lee Jan 2014

Integrated Motor Protein Based Nanodevices For Biomolecular Transport, Yongkuk Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A living cell can be considered as a miniaturized device, which carries out complicated tasks such as reproduction, energy conversion and molecule transport. Many cellular functions are highly efficient and mostly performed at nanoscale, which is pursued in fields of Micro total analysis system (&mgr;-TAS) or lab-on-a-chip. Due to unique mechanical functions performing micro/nano transport with high efficiency of the chemo-mechanical energy conversion in cells, motor proteins have been emphasized to perform laboratory functions such as delivery, assembly, detection, and micro/nano-engines. However, several issues ranging from in vitro stability of motor proteins to understanding their functionalities with inorganic materials remain …

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In Vitro Recapitulation Of Functional Microvessel Using Microfluidic Platform, Xiang Li Jan 2014

In Vitro Recapitulation Of Functional Microvessel Using Microfluidic Platform, Xiang Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Microfluidic technologies have enabled in vitro studies to mimic in vivo microvessel environment with sufficient complexity. However, there are still existing knowledge gaps and lack of convincing evidence to demonstrate and quantify key features of a functional microvessel. In this dissertation, a physiologically realistic microvessel model was developed with a stable and mature endothelium for studying complex vascular phenomena, such as endothelial cell signaling and barrier functions with the microscopic resolution at individual cellular levels. With advanced micromanufacturing and microfluidic technologies, two types of cost-efficient, easy to operate and reproducible microchannel network devices were fabricated, and the fabricated microchannels mimicked …

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Mothers' Adaptation To Caring For A New Baby, Darcey N. Powell Jan 2014

Mothers' Adaptation To Caring For A New Baby, Darcey N. Powell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

To date, most research on parents' adjustment after adding a new baby to their family unit has focused on mothers' initial transition to parenthood. This past research has examined changes in mothers' marital satisfaction and perceived well-being across the transition, and has compared their prenatal expectations to their postnatal experiences. This project assessed first-time and experienced mothers' stress and satisfaction associated with parenting, their adjustment to competing demands, and their perceived well-being longitudinally before and after the birth of a baby. Additionally, how maternal and child-related variables influenced the trajectory of mothers' postnatal adaptation was assessed. These variables included mothers' …

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Grass Component Effect On Soil Physical Properties In An Organic Crop Rotation, Emily Leslie Romano Jan 2014

Grass Component Effect On Soil Physical Properties In An Organic Crop Rotation, Emily Leslie Romano

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the past few decades, organic productions systems have become increasingly popular due to rising environmental awareness. Much research has been done on crop rotations and fertilization in conventional agricultural systems, but because organic management practices are often different from those in conventional systems, much is unknown about the effect of organic management practices on soil quality. Composted manure and a temporary grass component within an organic crop rotation may be capable of improving soil quality, and may be particularly important in the absence of synthetic chemical inputs. The objective of this research was to evaluate soil quality changes in …

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Elucidation Of The Early Steps Of Ergot Alkaloid Synthesis By Pathway Reconstruction In Aspergillus Nidulans, Katy Ryan Jan 2014

Elucidation Of The Early Steps Of Ergot Alkaloid Synthesis By Pathway Reconstruction In Aspergillus Nidulans, Katy Ryan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Ergot alkaloids are pharmaceutically and agriculturally important secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi in the Clavicipitaceae (order Hypocreales) and Trichocomaceae (order Eurotiales). Ergot alkaloid pathways vary among producers due to genetic variation within ergot alkaloid synthesizing (eas) gene clusters. However, the early steps of the pathway leading to the formation of chanoclavine-I appear to be evolutionarily conserved among producers. Chanoclavine-I synthesis occurs in at least five steps, and knockout and heterologous expression studies have demonstrated that four genes, dmaW, easF, easE, and easC, are required for pathway steps prior to chanoclavine-I formation. It was unknown whether these genes …

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"I Feel That Our House Is The Future As Well As The Past": Architecture, Monumentality And Form In The Modernist Novel, Harrington Weihl Jan 2014

"I Feel That Our House Is The Future As Well As The Past": Architecture, Monumentality And Form In The Modernist Novel, Harrington Weihl

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Questions of how literary modernism and literary realism can be distinguished from one another, particularly in the transitional period at the beginning of the twentieth century, are central concerns in the study of literature. I argue here that in E.M. Forster's 1913 novel Howards End, the 'monumentality' of the titular house is the key to its inclusion in the modernist canon. This monumentality is incomplete, I claim, and as such formally replicates the impossibility of comprehending or representing modern life. I conclude with a similar reading of Elizabeth Bowen's 1929 novel The Last September in order to demonstrate that this …

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Evaluation Of Hydrotreated Biofuels For Use In Naval Diesel Engines, Cory J. Morgan Jan 2014

Evaluation Of Hydrotreated Biofuels For Use In Naval Diesel Engines, Cory J. Morgan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In recent years the U.S. Navy has developed several energy goals to displace foreign petroleum-derived fuels. One of these goals involves replacing existing fuels with alternative hydrotreated biofuels. Hydrotreated biofuels are a second generation renewable diesel fuel and generally have similar fuel properties and characteristics as petroleum-derived fuels. The U.S Navy is currently investigating several alternative biofuels including HRJ5, HRD76, DSH76, and HDCD76. To ensure these fuels perform similarly to or better than petroleum fuels, the U.S. developed a fuel specification program. Part of this program involves preliminary evaluations of the alternative biofuels in a laboratory environment to identify negative …

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The Denaturalization Of Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra's El Igenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote De La Mancha In Children's Entertainment In The United States, Danielle Vincenza South Jan 2014

The Denaturalization Of Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra's El Igenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote De La Mancha In Children's Entertainment In The United States, Danielle Vincenza South

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Versions of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra's El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha for United States children have been adapted to fit the North American target market. This research aims to identify what changes have occurred and the impact the United States' cultural touch could have on the comprehension of the original text. In the analysis to follow, the four chosen works, two books and two cartoons, demonstrate American beliefs that appeal to the intended audience. One book, entitled Adventures of Don Quixote written by Argentina Palacios, conveys the concept of the American Dream to her readers. UB IWERKS's …

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Il-15 Signaling In Skeletal Muscle: Implications In Modulation Of Pgc-1alpha And Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Grant C. O'Connell Jan 2014

Il-15 Signaling In Skeletal Muscle: Implications In Modulation Of Pgc-1alpha And Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Grant C. O'Connell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Altering interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling through ablation of interleukin receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in the IL-15Ralpha global KO mouse has been shown to result in an oxidative shift in skeletal muscle characterized by enhanced fatigue resistance and increases in mitochondrial density. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear, as IL-15 signaling in skeletal muscle has been virtually unexplored. It has been previously suggested that loss of IL-15Ralpha in the global KO mouse directly results in an increase in muscle IL-15 secretion, and this increase in secreted IL-15 acts on skeletal muscle in an autocrine fashion, directly stimulating pro-oxidative remodeling. Thus, the …

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High Salt Diet-Induced Alteration In Vascular Reactivity In Wild-Type And Adenosine A2a Receptor Null Mice, Isha Pradhan Jan 2014

High Salt Diet-Induced Alteration In Vascular Reactivity In Wild-Type And Adenosine A2a Receptor Null Mice, Isha Pradhan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Alteration in vascular reactivity serves as a marker for cardiovascular disease. Enhancement of vasodilatory response through adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) signaling against high salt (HS) diet is speculated to be an adaptive response as salt-sensitive rats showed upregulation of A 2AAR and cyp-epoxygenases but salt-resistant rats did not. However, no direct evidence is available showing the compensatory role of A2A AR signaling upon salt loading. For this, understanding the functional and biochemical outcome of HS diet on vascular tone regulation and its underlying signaling mechanism in the presence and absence of A 2AAR is required. This dissertation was carried out …

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A Poultry Litter Marker Gene Correlates With Pathogen And Indicator Bacteria Deposition On, Growth In And Transport From Poultry Bedding, Kameswari Sirisha Mantha Jan 2014

A Poultry Litter Marker Gene Correlates With Pathogen And Indicator Bacteria Deposition On, Growth In And Transport From Poultry Bedding, Kameswari Sirisha Mantha

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Poultry is one of the major contributors of inputs to U.S. environmental waters due to the large number of poultry grown per year in the U.S. and litter disposal practices. Two studies were conducted during this research: (1) to determine the temporal rate of deposition and growth or decay of microorganisms in poultry litter originating from poultry feces and (2) the release and transport of poultry litter associated microorganisms from soiled poultry litter applied as fertilizer through soil columns under simulated rainfall. First, deposition studies were conducted to evaluate the deposition rate of microorganisms on poultry bedding during the growth …

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Corridos, Drugs, And Violence: An Analysis Of Mexican Drug Ballads, Kristen L. Richmond Jan 2014

Corridos, Drugs, And Violence: An Analysis Of Mexican Drug Ballads, Kristen L. Richmond

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Narcocorridos, or Mexican drug ballads, are a contemporary form of the corrido connected to banda music in the northern part of Mexico and along the border in the United States. The narcocorrido is sometimes compared to gangsta rap due to its exciting narratives of drug traffickers who rose above poor socio-economic conditions to become powerful and wealthy figures in the drug trade. The stories reflected in Mexican drug ballads highlight the lifestyle of drug lords and aspects of the drug trade that are imbued with violence. Narcocorrido lyrics focus on misfortunes and death while referencing events related to illegal criminal …

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Effects Of The Popcorn Flavorings, Diacetyl And 2,3-Pentanedione, In The Airways, Eric J. Zaccone Jan 2014

Effects Of The Popcorn Flavorings, Diacetyl And 2,3-Pentanedione, In The Airways, Eric J. Zaccone

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

"Popcorn workers' lung" (PWL) is a bronchiolitis obliterans-like obstructive disease caused by inhalation of butter flavoring vapor during the manufacture of microwave popcorn. Lung function tests of employees at several microwave popcorn plants revealed that the severity of abnormal lung function correlated with increasing cumulative exposure to the butter flavorant, diacetyl. Recently, the diacetyl substitute, 2,3-pentanedione, has also been identified as a respiratory hazard. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) demonstrated in rats that inhalation of occupationally-relevant concentrations of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione vapor for 6 h resulted in airway epithelial necrosis and apoptosis in the nasal passages …

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Grazing Management Practices Among West Virginia Beef Producers, Marcus T. Mccartney Jan 2014

Grazing Management Practices Among West Virginia Beef Producers, Marcus T. Mccartney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The importance of sustainability has been recognized around the globe due to significant concerns about the unintended social, environmental, and economic effects of rapid population growth, economic growth and natural resource consumption and since has been implemented into government policies. Agriculture can significantly affect sustainability. It is vital to understand the current practices of farmers to promote best practices where needed and to continue to support and encourage best practices being utilized.;The purpose of this study was to determine the current grazing management practices among West Virginia beef producers. A descriptive research design using a mailed questionnaire was used to …

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An Overview Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia And Cancer Immunology: (I) Concepts And Therapeutic Strategies And (Ii) Repsox As A Candidate Cell-Engineering Tool, Audrey Nadine Jajosky Jan 2014

An Overview Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia And Cancer Immunology: (I) Concepts And Therapeutic Strategies And (Ii) Repsox As A Candidate Cell-Engineering Tool, Audrey Nadine Jajosky

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is intentionally broad in scope and describes the conceptual frameworks, research advances, and clinical successes that inspired a therapeutic vision that, in turn, prompted specific RepSox experiments (Jajosky, 2014). The goal of this dissertation is to guide and encourage students interested in engineering anti-cancer immune therapies by providing perspective and suggestions. Chapter I provides background on acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, and the chemical reprogramming tool "RepSox." Chapter II describes how tumor cells passively evade immune recognition and actively suppress immune cells to escape destruction. Immunotherapeutic strategies are described that increase tumor-cell immunogenicity …

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Aquaponic Production Of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Using Effluent From A Cold Water Flow-Through Aquaculture System, Gaylynn Elise Johnson Jan 2014

Aquaponic Production Of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Using Effluent From A Cold Water Flow-Through Aquaculture System, Gaylynn Elise Johnson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture (the rearing of fish) and hydroponics (the conventional method of soilless farming). Effluent produced from the production of fish can be utilized as a source of nutrients by plants for growth in a hydroponic subsystem. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an economically important vegetable crop that can be grown aquaponically. However, the suitability of lettuce for production in cold water flow-through systems (FTSs) is poorly described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth, market rating, and nutrient uptake of lettuce grown in a cold water FTS. Three objectives were established to examine …

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