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Ijsap 1980 Volume 1, Number 3

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 1(3), 1980

EDITORIALS

Domestogenic Diseases - M. W. Fox 146-147

The Benefits of Tender Loving Care - W.B. Gross 147-149

The "Reasonable Ground" as a Problem of the German Animal

Protection Act - G .M. Teutsch 149-151

NEWS AND ANALYSIS 152-155

Companion Animals -

Trap Injuries to Pets

U.S. Dog and Cat Ownership Estimates

Laboratory Animals –

Effects of Caging in Animal Studies

Export Embargo

Farm Animals -

Farm Animal Welfare Concerns Recognized

Malignant Hyperthermia and PSE Meat

Porcine Aggression: …

Ijsap 1980 Volume 1, Number 5

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 1(5), 1980

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 274

EDITORIALS

The Journal and its Organization A.N. Rowan 275-276

Troubled Times at the RSPCA - D. Wilkins 276-278

NEWS AND ANALYSIS 279-286

Companion Animals -

Alleviating Surface Transit Stress on Horses- Thesis Abstract

Fad Dogs

Laboratory Animals –

More Light on Animal Care

CSPCA Toxicology Panel Report

Experimenting on Endangered Species A Legal Challenge

Farm Animals -

Great Britain Bans Removal of Antlers in Velvet

from Live Deer

Effects of Housing Systems …

Ijsap 1980 Volume 1, Number 1

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 1(1),

1980 LETTERS

EDITORIALS

Delineation of Journal Scope and Goals - M.W. Fox and A.N. Rowan

Toward a Science of Animal Welfare - F.M. Loew

NEWS AND ANALYSIS

Companion Animals -

Training for Standardbreds

Laboratory Animals -

UK Animal Experimentation

Farm Animals -

Hens Take to Grass

Sodium and Egg Production

Dairy Cow Housing Systems

Wild Animals -

Inbreeding

Mortality in Ungulates

COMMENTS

Toward a Common Ground - M.W. Fox

The History and Impact of UFAW - W.M. Scott

OR …

Ijsap 1980 Volume 1, Number 6

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 1(6), 1980

EDITORIALS

Empathy or Anthropomorphism? - M.W. Fox 346

Predation – The Way of Life - J .R. Rooney 347-348

NEWS AND ANALYSIS 349-354

Companion Animals -

Boyhood Cruelty Toward AnimalsFad Dogs

Laboratory Animals –

Scientists Evaluate Alternatives

Ethical Principles in Animal Experimentation

Farm Animals -

Animal Welfare and Electro-Immobilization

Halothane Screening for Stress-Sensitive Pigs

Wild Animals –

Black Rhino on Endangered Species List

Foot-Snare Vs. Leg-Hold Traps

COMMENTS

The Clever Hans …

Ijsap 1980 Volume 1, Number 4

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 1(4), 1980

EDITORIALS

Alternatives and Animal Rights: A Reply to Maurice Visscher -

A.N. Rowan 210-211

Advocacy, Objectivity and the Draize Test- P. Singer 211-213

FOCUS 214-217

Live Animals in Car Crash Studies

NEWS AND ANALYSIS 218-217

Abstract: Legal Rights of Animals in the U.S.A.

Companion Animals -

Pharmacology of Succinylcholine

USDA Licenses Vaccine for Canine Parvovirus

Laboratory Animals –

Exercise Cage for Rhesus Monkeys

CKC Moves to Ban Laboratory Breeders

Farm Animals -

Battery Hen Welfare

Intensive …

Laboratory Animals And Alternatives In The 80'S, Andrew N. Rowan

Laboratory Experiments Collection

No abstract provided.

The Involvement Of The Farm Animal Veterinarian In Animal Welfare, David G. Llewellyn

Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection

The farm animal practitioner has always played a dual role. The primary role is humanitarian, concerned with the well-being of the livestock, and the secondary role relates to the economics of the enterprise.

Benign Uses Of Wildlife, Victor B. Scheffer

Conservation Collection

During the Age of Environmental Awareness, which dawned in the late 1960's, Americans turned to using wild animals more benignly (or in ways harmless both to individuals and populations) and less exploitatively. The evidence includes: new federal legislation reflecting a public shift toward benign uses, growth of interest in 'nongame' wildlife, growth of interest in wildlife watching (rate of increase in number of camera safaris estimated at 32% per annum in 7 recent years), growth in membership of animal-interest organizations (rate of increase estimated at 7.7% per annum in 15 recent years), and growth of interest in animal rights. Per …

Live Animals In Car Crash Studies, Nancy Heneson

Experimentation Collection

The scientific rationale for using live animals in car crash studies proceeds from the argument that comparative biomedical and biomechanical data are needed to develop an instrumented dummy, or anthropomorphic test device, which will provide reliable, reproducible information for designing safe cars. The animal studies are thus not really ends in themselves, i.e., they do not supply data which can be readily applied to real situations. Instead, they contribute to a pool of information which is supposed to lead to the perfecting of an experimental subject (the instrumented dummy) which will eventually render the further use of Iive animals unnecessary.

Livestock Behavior As Related To Handling Facilities Design, Temple Grandin

Agribusiness Collection

A knowledge of the behavior of different species of livestock as well as different breeds within a particular species is essential to the proper planning of a handling facility. An optimal facility should incorporate features which minimize stress on the animal and maximize the efficiency of movement from holding pen to slaughter area. Handler awareness of the animals' perception of critical distance flight zone and personal space requirements also reduces problems with balking and alarm behavior. Many improvements can be made with relative ease, thus enabling already existing facilities to upgrade their operations.

Bruises And Carcass Damage, Temple Grandin

Agribusiness Collection

Bruising and carcass damage is a major source of financial loss to slaughterhouses in the United States, approximately $46 million per annum. The absence of easily administered tests to determine where and/or when bruising occurs results in the slaughter plant absorbing carcass damage costs. Rough, abusive handling of livestock accounts for over half of all bruising. Injuries occur through overuse of persuaders, careless transport methods, and faulty equipment. Other elements relevant to carcass loss include branding cattle, abscesses, spreader and crippling injuries, sickness and death during extreme weather conditions, and carcass shrink. The 1979 regulations under the Humane Methods of …

The Ministry Of Agriculture's Involvement With Animal Welfare, Roy Moss

Agribusiness Collection

Keeping livestock healthy is primarily the responsibility of owners. Indeed, if they did not do so they would certainly not make a profit. Advice on the prevention, treatment and possible cure of disease is the responsibility of the veterinary surgeon. Prevention of physical damage to animals and their adoption of abnormal behavior caused by confinement which prevents them from exercising their inherited behavioral patterns is the joint responsibility of the ethologist, the technologist who designs the confinement system and ancillary equipment, the livestock husbandry specialist, the veterinary surgeon and the owner. If society also decides that there is a need …

Designs And Specifications For Livestock Handling Equipment In Slaughter Plants, Temple Grandin

Agribusiness Collection

Properly designed, maintained and operated livestock handling facilities are more humane and more efficient in ensuring a steady uninterrupted flow of livestock to the slaughter line, and will usually pay for themselves by reducing bruises, injuries and lost work time. Down time or lost work time in a large slaughter plant is expensive since a five minute delay can cost over $500 in lost meat production. Another benefit of good systems is increased safety for the employees; many serious accidents have occurred when agitated cattle turn and trample a handler.

Although specific recommendations vary for different species, certain general principles …

Sheep Mulesing And Animal Lib, Nancy Heneson

Animal Welfare Collection

The practice of mulesing sheep to prevent blowfly strike has recently come under fire from the Animal Liberation movement in Australia. Although it is only one of the many issues which Animal Lib has raised in its campaign to reform various sectors of the livestock industry, it is particularly illustrative of the kinds of conflicts in world view which arise when animal rights activists turn the spotlight on the farming establishment. Spokesmen for the livestock industries are quick to stress the emotional and sometimes sensational portrayal by Animal Libbers of time-honored animal management practices, as well as the sinister role …

Nsmr: Its Image, Direction And Future, J. Russell Lindsey

Experimentation Collection

The point I wish to emphasize is that NSMR, like all of its predecessors representing the scientific community, has consistently maintained a defensive posture while claiming that a// practices of animal use and care within the biomedical community have been "lily white." In my judgment, this has been a major tactical error because abuses of freedoms to use animals in research too frequently have been and continue to be common knowledge (e.g., Science, Editorial, 1976). NSMR's complete unwillingness to face up to these realities and torespond positively to the public's legitimate concerns has led to the inevitable loss of credibility …

Definition Of The Concept Of "Humane Treatment" In Relation To Food And Laboratory Animals, Bernard E. Rollin

Animal Welfare Collection

The very title of this talk makes a suggestion which must be forestalled, namely the idea that laboratory and food animals enjoy some exceptional moral status by virtue of the fact that we use them. In fact, it is extremely difficult to find any morally relevant grounds for distinguishing between food and laboratory animals and other animals and, far more dramatically, between animals and humans. The same conditions which require that we apply moral categories to humans rationally require that we apply them to animals as well. While it is obviously pragmatically impossible in our current sociocultural setting to expect …

Bringing Nature Into The Zoo: Inexpensive Solutions For Zoo Environments, David Hancocks

Zoos and Aquariums Collection

Animals in captivity have traditionally been kept in sterile and inappropriate environments. Typically this situation still prevails in zoos. Cages are designed only for restraint of the animals, expediency for the public, and convenient maintenance by keepers. The animals' behavioral needs are often ignored. By using nature as a norm, and by using natural materials, the spatial and temporal environment of a captive animal can be easily and greatly enriched. Several examples which have been used at Woodland Park Zoological Gardens are discussed. Their application and expansion are appropriate for most urban zoos.

Mechanical, Electrical And Anesthetic Stunning Methods For Livestock, Temple Grandin

Agribusiness Collection

A good stunning method must render an animal unable to experience pain and sensation prior to hoisting and slaughter. The three basic types of stunning methods which are classified as being humane (i.e., painless) in the United States, Europe and other foreign countries are captive bolt (penetrating and nonpenetrating), electrical, and C02 (carbon dioxide) gas anesthesia.

The physiological mechanisms of stress are the same before and after the onset of unconsciousness. The release of epinephrine as a result of stress inducers has an effect on the quality of the meat and it is therefore desirable to use a stunning method …

History And Development Of Federal Animal Welfare Regulations, Pierre A. Chaloux, Max B. Heppner

Laws and Legislation Collection

In recent years, Congress has passed a number of laws that direct various government agencies to safeguard animal welfare. Our own agency has been involved principally in enforcing the Animal Welfare Act and the Horse Protection Act, and therefore we will limit this discussion to these two laws.

The Animal Welfare Act was passed in 1966 and amended in 1970 and 1976. The Act uses a system of licensing and registration to regulate a number of nonfarm businesses and organizations. These groups are required to provide humane care and treatment to regulated animals, which include hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, …

The Psychological Relationship Between Dairy Cows And Dairy Cowmen And Its Implications For Animal Welfare, Martin F. Seabrook

Human and Animal Bonding Collection

While no one could ever say that the conditions for animals and people were ideal in the days of hand milking, the question of animal welfare was less pressing as man was at ease and in balance and harmony with nature. Only as units became larger, and machine milking took the place of the cowman's or dairy maid's hand, did we have to worry about whether man was exploiting this animal species.

Amputation Of Vibrissae In Show Dogs, Thomas E. Mcgill

Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection

Dogs of many different breeds competing in the show-ring are routinely subjected to amputation of the vibrissae, organs that are commonly and incorrectly called "whiskers." This procedure is thought to give the animal's head a cleaner look, which in turn supposedly increases its chances of winning. There are several tricks involved in "whisker trimming" since the animals can retract each vibrissae at least one-quarter inch. Furthermore, they often object strenuously to the operation.

Attitudes Of Secondary School Students In Israel Toward The Use Of Living Organisms In The Study Of Biology, Pinchas Tamir, Aliza Hamo

Attitudes Towards Animals Collection

The study deals with attitudes and views of 456 Israeli students in grades 7, 9, and 11 regarding the use of living animals in research and biology instruction. It was found that most students are interested in studying Jive animals through direct observation and experiment and feel that this kind of learning is superior to learning from secondary sources. At the same time, however, most students exhibit concern for and affection toward living organisms in general and higher animals, especially pets and "beneficial" animals, in particular. The need to consider both sides of the issue is highlighted, and practical implications …

The Effect Of Stress On Livestock And Meat Quality Prior To And During Slaughter, Temple Grandin

Agribusiness Collection

The effects of stress on cattle, pigs and sheep prior to slaughter are reviewed. Long-term preslaughter stress, such as fighting, cold weather, fasting and transit, which occurs 12 to 48 hours prior to slaughter depletes muscle glycogen, resulting in meat which has a higher pH, darker color, and is drier. Short-term acute stress, such as excitement or fighting immediately prior to slaughter, produced lactic acid from the breakdown of glycogen. This results in meat which has a lower pH, lighter color, reduced water binding capacity, and is possibly tougher. Psychological stressors, such as excitement and fighting, will often have a …

Stress: What Is It And How Can It Be Quantified?, T. H. Friend

Sentience Collection

An animal may be considered to be in a state of stress if abnormal behavior or extreme adjustments in its behavior or physiology are necessary in order to cope with adverse aspects of its environment. Methods used to determine if an animal is stressed can be either behavioral or physiological. Behavioral methods may be highly erroneous due to their subjective nature since alterations in behavior do not necessarily prove that an animal is stressed. There is no single measure of stress that can be used in all situations at this time. Every measure must be critically evaluated to ensure that …

Problems With Kosher Slaughter, Temple Grandin

Agribusiness Collection

Ritual slaughter to produce kosher meat is rooted in the teachings and writings of the Talmud. However, the preslaughter handling features of modern systems, particularly the shackling and hoisting of large steers, contravene the basic message of humaneness included in the teachings. The throat-cutting of a live, conscious animal is relatively pain-free, provided that certain precautions are followed, but U.S. kosher plants need to install newly developed conveyor-restrainer systems to eliminate the abuses of shackling and hoisting. Conveyor-restrainer systems for large and small animals are discussed.

Ethology And Laboratory Animal Welfare, James A. Cohen

Laboratory Experiments Collection

At its annual conference, held this June at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, the Animal Behavior Society (ABS) passed a resolution opposing HR 4805, a bill which would establish a National Center for Alternative Research to develop and coordinate alternative methods of research and testing which do not involve the use of live animals. The ABS, which represents some 1750 North American animal behavior researchers, took issue with the bill on the grounds that: a) it discourages replication of previously-obtained results, b) there are currently no satisfactory substitutes for live animals in behavioral research, c) it would complicate and …

Reverence For Life: An Ethic For High School Biology Curricula, George K. Russell

Education Collection

Ethical and pedagogical arguments are presented against the use of animals by high school students in experiments causing pain/suffering/death of the animal. No justification is seen for such experimentation when perfectly valid alternatives, using noninvasive techniques, exist or could be developed. An important concern is the emotional and psychological growth of young people. An overall objective of high school biology curricula must be to assist students in making viable connections with living biological processes and the natural world.

Objectives Of Animal Use In Biology Courses, William V. Mayer

Education Collection

To confine discussion of educational use of animals to experimentation is to focus on only part of the animal use problem. To focus on use of animals in the classroom solely is to negate the value of field and community resource areas such as zoos, animal parks, nature trails, etc. The primary objective in dealing with living organisms is to inculcate a respect for all life. Objectives that focus on use of living animals for experimental purposes can, at best, be secondary and may in many cases be contrived. An understanding of animal life requirements and animal contributions is an …

Pain-Infliction In Animal Research, Dorothy Tennov

Experimentation Collection

A summary of research outlining the main sources of pain and stress to animals in laboratories provides the background for the results of a survey conducted by the author on how students feel about experimentation involving animals. The psychological aspects of student reaction to animal experimentation are examined. The conclusion outlines specific recommendations on ways to minimize pain and discomfort of laboratory animals.

The Vertebrate Animal In High School Biology, Alan M. Beck

Education Collection

Live vertebrates afford opportunities to capture student interest and develop important educational experiences. Humane care and handling of the animals can be one of the most significant aspects of the lesson.

The study of classroom animals could include a wide range of observational and experimental protocols that do not compromise humane or conservational standards while providing background on the basics of science that encourage and prepare the student for continued education. Basic attention to detail and careful supervision will insure humane care of the animals and minimize the possibility of injury to students from bites and infection or discomfort from …