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Letter To Editor: Reply To Edw􀀢Rd Ludwig, Charlotte Parks

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Parks responds to Ludwig’s article on “animals as a minority.”

Letter To Editor: Hsus Counters On Veal Study, John Hoyt

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Concerning the letter on the Livestock Conservation Institute's reaction to the HSUS veal campaign, I wish to clarify one point. The letter suggests that HSUS was unaware of Provimi, Inc.'s announced intention to undertake a study of the Quantock group-pen production system for milk-fed veal. This suggestion is not the case. We were informed of Provimi's important role in facilitating the evaluation of the group-pen system under U.S. conditions. That this company has begun such testing is a welcome sign and one we acknowledge in our campaign materials.

Letter To Editor: Better Source For Canadian Report, Neal R. Jotham

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Approval of the synopsis of the Canadian Federal Provincial Committee for Humane Trapping Report published in the Int J Stud Anim Prob (2(6):288-289, 1981.

Is There Really A Market For Milk-Fed Veal?, Dana H. Murphy

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

In a two-part "Focus" article in this issue, we relate, first, the origins and subsequent growth of the milk-fed veal industry in Europe and in the U.S. and, second, some recent research findings on several current and potential production systems for raising veal, in light of both economic and humane considerations. At the moment, it seems as if the group-pen system, a far more humane method than the confinement crate, has won the day in the U.K. and may become a major production system in the U.S. But one critical question remains: How many people really want milk-fed veal?

Animal Rights And "Religious Politics", M. W. Fox

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Animal rights philosophy and the animal welfare movement have recently been criticized by religious fundamentalist organizations. Fundamentalists admit it is wrong to treat animals inhumanely, but the basis for this conclusion is human-centered rather than animal-centered.

How To Compose A Laboratory Animal Use Report For The Usda, J. M. Cass

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

All research facilities must submit an annual report on laboratory animal use to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Care Staff as part of the legal requirements of the Federal Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (P.L. 89-544) and its subsequent amendments. This report (USDA: V.C. Form 18-23, Annual Report of Research Facility) must include an explanation of the scientific bases for conducting any research and tests that involve unalleviated distress (the "Pain-No Drugs" situation) in animal subjects. In some cases, only one of these reports is required.

Legislation And Regulation

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The 1981 Swiss Animal Protection Law is a mixture of Promise and Compromise. The Council of Europe has produced a draft convention on animal research.

Veal Re-Vealed: The Veal Industry, Peter C. Lovenheim

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Veal is meat that comes from the male offspring of dairy cows. These animals are not grown to maturity for beef because dairy breeds have been developed primarily for their milk-producing capability and not for the quality of their meat. Therefore, these animals are slaughtered as calves and marketed as "veal."

News And Analysis

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

“Surplus animal populations” and hunting. Animal rights and poultry: a framework for discussion. The French stand firm on the right to hunt. Good marks for calves. Captive bolt shooting. Tissue culture course. Jewish ritual slaughter may ignore animals’ welfare. Follow-up on pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses. Sheep become the latest victims of intensive farming. Wild and exotic pets: better off in the wild. The Draize campaign – a summary. Friendliness and pigs. New electric stunning methods. Coyote control action attempted by DoI and EPA. A look at the LD50, 55 years later. Placental use in microsurgery training. A machine for drying …

Veal-Revealed: The Controversy And New Developments, Dana Murphy

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Veal is meat that comes from the male offspring of dairy cows. These animals are not grown to maturity for beef because dairy breeds have been developed primarily for their milk-producing capability and not for the quality of their meat. Therefore, these animals are slaughtered as calves and marketed as "veal." In May 1981, the HSUS sent a letter to all veal industry companies raising concerns about current veal-rearing practices. Industry spokespersons defended the current system but have also been exploring changes in calf-rearing practices.

Genetic Adaptation In Relation To Animal Welfare, R. G. Beilharz

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The author outlines the adaptation processes of animals and animal populations and discusses their relevance to the animal welfare problem. Because "animal welfare" has many different aspects, including philosophical, ethical, and biological, it is important to examine some fundamental issues underlying the concept. Hence, in this essay, the author comments on how people come to "know," how information accumulates, and how what we know influences our actions. The author also discusses the biological information that is relevant to animal welfare. When this topic has been placed within a broader framework, more generally useful solutions to the "animal welfare problem" may …

Striving For Common Ground: Humane And Scientific Considerations In Contemporary Wildlife Management, Stephen R. Kellert

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Although there is a diversity of opinion about how to view the relationship between humans and wildlife, recent political pressures from the current administration make it mandatory that these diverse groups coalesce to use their combined leverage to halt the planned incursions into the remaining habitats of wildlife. It is also essential to begin to see nature as a complex and interrelated whole and to respect the integrity of that whole rather than select individual species for affection and protection.

Updating The British Cruelty To Animals Act Of 1876: Can The Center Hold?, Judith Hampson

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Long experience with unsuccessful attempts by British animal welfare groups to promote private members' bills for reform or replacement of the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act has convinced reformists that achieving this kind of change by lobbying Parliament may be impossible. For this reason, a small reformist group- spearheaded by the ex-chairman of the Labour Party, Lord Houghton, and an eminent surgeon, the late Lord Platt- was formed and drafted reform proposals in a document widely known as the Houghton/Piatt Memorandum (paper submitted to the Home Secretary, 1976). This report called for a substantial tightening of controls established under the …

Unnecessary Suffering: Definition And Evidence, Frank Hurnik, Hugh Lehman

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Although it is possible to formulate more robust moral principles than "animals should not be made to suffer unnecessarily," there are significant grounds for doubting these more robust principles. But the principle that underlies the dictum regarding unnecessary suffering is generally recognized as valid since denial of it implies that we can do whatever we want with animals. This conclusion is usually considered unacceptable. A determination of any particular instance of suffering is necessary or unnecessary must be based on analysis of the seriousness of the act's purpose that involves the suffering of animals and its relative avoidability, as well …

Meetings And Announcements

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Reports of meetings included a description of a London meeting on alternatives to animals in biomedical research organized by the Lord Dowding Fund, a meeting discussing the mechanism by which human and domestic animal diseases affect wildlife (also in London), and a Mobilization for Animal Rights meeting in Maryland. The announcements included a project launched by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, the first meeting of the new AVMA Animal Welfare Committee, support for a Draize test alternative project at the Medical College of Pennsylvania.

Letter To Editor: M.W. Fox Response To Allan's Letter To Editor, M. W. Fox

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

I have never condoned animal studies of learned helplessness that entail significant physical and psychological trauma - such as five milliamperes of inescapable electrical shock repeated at intervals for several days. I have also forcefully criticized psychologists (Fox, 1981, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 17:80-84) for poor experimental design and needless repetition.

Letter To Editor: Journal Editorial Vindicates Vivisectionists, Pat Allan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

M.W. Fox's editorial, "The 'Show Dog' Syndrome" (IJSAP 3(1):3, 1982) cannot help but be extremely upsetting to any person who wants to see the particularly sadistic and useless experiments involving sentient beings recognized as such. I am referring to Fox's reference to Overmeier's "learned helplessness" experiments involving intense unavoidable electrical shock administered to dogs. Through reference to these kinds of experiments, Fox lends credibility to them; it would seem there is no other way to understand the "show dog" syndrome from a scientific perspective. Fox therefore

validates Overmeier's research and others who engage in similar research.

Letter To Editor: Behavior Inconsistent With Attitudes?, Mary T. Phillips

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

I welcome John and Valerie Braithwaite's survey on "Attitudes Toward Animal Suffering" (tnt j Stud Anim Prob 3(1):42-49, 1982) as a good beginning in establishing a much-needed empirical basis for discussions of the issue. Their selection of survey items is exceptionally well designed, providing a systematic comparison of attitudes across relevant values of several important variables. However, in my opinion, the Braithwaites' analysis of the data obtained reflects a mistaken assumption that one can infer behavior from written responses to a questionnaire. The findings also indicate that attitudes to animal research are strongly influenced by the pain level the animal …

The Issue Of Science And The Issue Of Care, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Dr. Edward Taub, Director of the Behavioral Biology Center of the Institute for Behavioral Research, was, on

November 23, 1981, found guilty of 6 counts of cruelty to animals. Dr. Taub has cried "victimization" and has attempted.

(with some success) to rally researchers to his defense. However, scientists should beware of taking up this case as a cause celebre. Taub was not being tried because his research was cruel (and hence unjustified); he was being tried because his laboratory was grossly unsanitary and did not provide adequate veterinary care. According to one respected laboratory animal veterinarian, the conditions were …

The Slippery Semantics Of A Word: "Dominion", M. W. Fox

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The word "dominion," which is often interpreted as equivalent to "domination," is defined in Webster's dictionary as primarily indicating "sovereignty. Roget's International Thesaurus interprets dominion as "realm, domain or jurisdiction" and therefore makes "dominion," "domination," "sovereignty," and "supremacy" synonymous. Thus, the passage in Genesis 1:26 that proclaims that man has "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth," can be interpreted as meaning that he has been granted sovereignty, jurisdiction, or domination. The passage does not …

Bureaucracy And Wildlife: A Historical Overview, Edward E. Langenau

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

This paper provides a framework for understanding the Government's position on many wildlife topics, including humane ethics. The Government's historical role in wildlife conservation is traced to pertinent theories of bureaucracy. It is shown that Government involvement in wildlife conservation increased through successive stages of change because of interest group activity.

Legislation And Regulation

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

A report of the Australian Senate Inquiry into Animal Welfare

Effects Of Psycho-Physiological Stress On Captive Dolphins, Nick Carter

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

“Morgane (1978) has stated that: Man sees all other creatures through the narrow focus of his knowledge

and sees the whole image in distortion.” But dolphins are extraordinary creatures with complex behavior patterns and capabilities. Humans who appreciate dolphins are almost unanimous “in agreeing that familiarity breeds awe..”. It is suggested that the conditions of capture and confinement may be as stressful to dolphins as they would be for humans. Evidence in support of this speculation is presented. An examination of hundreds of dolphins who died after being caught in trawl nets indicated that only 5% had water in their …

News And Analysis

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The section includes reports on the use of pound animals for research; EEC standards for battery cages for laying hens; a declaration that fish are considered to be animals in Massachusetts, the rescue of dogs from research in Maryland; determining wildlife populations in Virginia; the tuna-dolphin controversy; the protection of laboratory animals; animal experimentation in the UK; the AVMA Animal Welfare Committee; broiler chicken welfare; ignorance regarding wildlife in the USA, the Ames Test as an alternative; the ban on sperm whale hunting; and an analysis of alternatives research supported by the NIH.

The Judeo-Christian Tradition And The Human/Animal Bond, James A. Rimbach

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

This paper surveys the role of animal imagery in the literature of the Old Testament and in post-biblical Jewish literature. The article also discusses biblical materials that speak to humankind's relation to animals. It assesses the subsequent use of these traditions to support or negate specific attitudes toward the natural environment.

No Need To Be Boxed In: Group Pens And Grain For Veal Calves, Michael S. Mosner

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The author’s family has been in the wholesale veal business for 30 years. The basis of this business has been various breeds of female beef calves that are slaughtered at less than 500 lb. These calves are allowed to suck from cows and graze until they are ready for market. However, beef calves tend to vary in quality and quantity depending on the time of the year they are purchased and raised. Generally, calves become scarce in the spring, when feeders are buying calves to put out on pasture. The author comments on the future of the veal industry.

Reporting Requirements Under The Animal Welfare Act: Their Inadequacies And The Public's Right To Know, M. Solomon, P. C. Lovenheim

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The Animal Welfare Act is the only federal statute designed to protect animals used in laboratory research. This law requires research facilities to register with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and meet minimum housing standards, care, and treatment standards for most warm-blooded animals. The Act is administered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), an agency of the USDA. Research institutions are required to file annual reports. However, the reports are frequently deficient. The authors argue that the USDA should issue clear definitions for what is meant by “pain” and “distress. ” They should also provide further …

Meetings And Announcements

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Reports are provided on the following meetings that addressed the use of animals in experiments and possible alternatives. A meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine in London addressed the need for changes in the UK law on animal experimentation. The Scientists Center for Animal Welfare organized a meeting on animal research regulation in the United States. The Tissue Culture Association devoted its Spring 1982 meeting to in vitro alternatives to animals. The British Association for the Advancement of Science organized a symposium on the animal experimentation issue. Finally, the Nottingham University School of Agriculture organized a meeting on managing …

The Silver Spring 17, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

On November 23, 1981, in a Maryland District Court, Dr. Edward Taub was found guilty under a Maryland state anti-cruelty statute of not providing adequate veterinary care for 6 of the 17 monkeys confiscated from his laboratory two months earlier. The case has received extensive press coverage and caused widespread alarm in the scientific community. According to Science (274:121, 1981 ), "scientists throughout the country have been shocked by the Taub case, initially perceiving it as a bid by antivivisectionists to procure a court ruling against animal experimentation." Taub has fostered this impression and has drawn a false analogy between …

Book Review Of "Self-Awareness In Domesticated Animals", M. W. Fox

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

These conference Proceedings contains a selection of valuable papers and discussion that deal with such topics as pain sensation and pain reactions in animals, bodily awareness, awareness and self-awareness, emotions, and display of emotions, and the problem of distinguishing awareness from responsiveness. This last topic was the subject of the opening presentation by D.R. Griffin, who emphasized that further studies of animal communication might serve as a "window" to animals' thoughts and also cautioned that the possibility of self-awareness in social insects should not be ruled out simply because their behavior is often genetically determined and relatively stereotypic. However, the …