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A Proteomics Approach To Study Mouse Long Bones: Examining Baseline Differences And Mechanical Loading-Induced Bone Formation In Young-Adult And Old Mice, Christopher J Chermside-Scabbo, John T Shuster, Petra Erdmann-Gilmore, Eric Tycksen, Qiang Zhang, R Reid Townsend, Matthew J Silva

2020-Current year OA Pubs

With aging, bone mass declines and the anabolic effects of skeletal loading diminish. While much research has focused on gene transcription, how bone ages and loses its mechanoresponsiveness at the protein level remains unclear. We developed a novel proteomics approach and performed a paired mass spectrometry and RNA-seq analysis on tibias from young-adult (5-month) and old (22-month) mice. We report the first correlation estimate between the bone proteome and transcriptome (Spearman

Thrombotic, Cardiovascular, And Microvascular Complications Of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms And Clonal Hematopoiesis (Chip): A Narrative Review, Andrew I Schafer, Douglas L Mann

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), with the exception of myelofibrosis, are venous and arterial thrombosis, as well as more recently discovered cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is the subclinical finding in an individual of somatic mutations that are also found in clinically overt MPNs and other myeloid malignancies. The prevalence of "silent" CHIP increases with age. CHIP can transform into a clinically overt MPN at an estimated rate of 0.5 to 1% per year. It is likely, therefore, but not proven, that many, if not all, MPN patients …

Molecular Characterization Of Sterol C4-Methyl Oxidase In Leishmania Major, Yu Ning, Somrita Basu, Fong-Fu Hsu, Mei Feng, Michael Zhuo Wang, Kai Zhang

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Sterol biosynthesis requires the oxidative removal of two methyl groups from the C-4 position by sterol C-4-demethylase and one methyl group from the C-14 position by sterol C-14-demethylase. In

Systematic Perturbations Of Setd2, Nsd1, Nsd2, Nsd3, And Ash1l Reveal Their Distinct Contributions To H3k36 Methylation, Gerry A Shipman, Reinnier Padilla, Cynthia Horth, Bo Hu, Eric Bareke, Francisca N Vitorino, Joanna M Gongora, Benjamin A Garcia, Chao Lu, Jacek Majewski

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Methylation of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36me) has emerged as an essential epigenetic component for the faithful regulation of gene expression. Despite its importance in development and disease, how the molecular agents collectively shape the H3K36me landscape is unclear.

RESULTS: We use mouse mesenchymal stem cells to perturb the H3K36me methyltransferases (K36MTs) and infer the activities of the five most prominent enzymes: SETD2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, and ASH1L. We find that H3K36me2 is the most abundant of the three methylation states and is predominantly deposited at intergenic regions by NSD1, and partly by NSD2. In contrast, H3K36me1/3 are most …

Recent Progress In Modeling And Treating Diabetes Using Stem Cell-Derived Islets, Marlie M Maestas, Maggie H Bui, Jeffrey R Millman

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) offer the potential to be an unlimited source of cells for disease modeling and the treatment of diabetes. SC-islets can be genetically modified, treated with chemical compounds, or differentiated from patient derived stem cells to model diabetes. These models provide insights into disease pathogenesis and vulnerabilities that may be targeted to provide treatment. SC-islets themselves are also being investigated as a cell therapy for diabetes. However, the transplantation process is imperfect; side effects from immunosuppressant use have reduced SC-islet therapeutic potential. Alternative methods to this include encapsulation, use of immunomodulating molecules, and genetic modification of SC-islets. …

Symposium: What Does The Microbiome Tell Us About Prevention And Treatment Of Ad/Adrd?, Joia K Capocchi, Claudia Figueroa-Romero, Sage J B Dunham, Gina Faraci, Jason A Rothman, Katrine L Whiteson, Dong-Oh Seo, David M Holtzman, Stefanie Grabrucker, Yvonne M Nolan, Rima Kaddurah-Daouk, David A Jett

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Alzheimer's disease-related dementias (ADRDs) are broad-impact multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases. Their complexity presents unique challenges for developing effective therapies. This review highlights research presented at the 2024 Society for Neuroscience meeting which emphasized the gut microbiome's role in AD pathogenesis by influencing brain function and neurodegeneration through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This emerging evidence underscores the potential for targeting the gut microbiota to treat AD/ADRD.

Association Of Resilience-Related Life Experiences On Variability On Age Of Onset In Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Disease, Hye Joo Son, Randall J. Bateman, Jorge J. Llibre-Guerra, Richard J. Perrin, John C. Morris, Carlos Cruchaga, Jason Hassenstab, Alisha Daniels, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It remains unknown whether the associations between protective lifestyles and sporadic dementia risk reported in observational studies also affect age at symptom onset (AAO) in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) with predominant genetic influences. We investigated the associations between resilience-related life experiences and interindividual AAO variability in ADAD.

METHODS: We performed a longitudinal and confirmatory analysis of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network prospective observational cohort (January 2009-June 2018, follow-up duration 2.13 ± 2.22 years), involving clinical, CSF, and lifestyle/behavioral assessments. We performed a 2-pronged comprehensive resilience assessment in each cohort. Cohort 1, incorporating the general resilience definition …

Membrane Association And Polar Localization Of The Legionella Pneumophila T4ss Doto Atpase Mediated By Two Nonredundant Receptors, Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam, Sonja Milek, Stefano Maggi, Kaleigh Ashen, Micah Ferrell, Ahmet Hasanovic, Agnieszka Holgerson, Shanmugapriya Kannaiah, Manpreet Singh, Debnath Ghosal, Grant J Jensen, Joseph P Vogel

2020-Current year OA Pubs

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An Iron-Rich Subset Of Macrophages Promotes Tumor Growth Through A Bach1-Ednrb Axis, Ian W Folkert, Mai T Dang, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

We define a subset of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment characterized by high intracellular iron and enrichment of heme and iron metabolism genes. These iron-rich tumor-associated macrophages (iTAMs) supported angiogenesis and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and were conserved between mice and humans. iTAMs comprise two additional subsets based on gene expression profile and location-perivascular (pviTAM) and stromal (stiTAM). We identified the endothelin receptor type B (Ednrb) as a specific marker of iTAMs and found myeloid-specific deletion of Ednrb to reduce tumor growth and vascular density. Further studies identified the transcription factor Bach1 as a repressor of the iTAM transcriptional …

Human Epidemiology And Response To Sars-Cov-2 (Heros): Objectives, Design, And Enrollment Results Of A 12-City Remote Observational Surveillance Study Of Households With Children, Using Direct-To-Participant Methods, Patricia C Fulkerson, Katherine Rivera-Spoljaric, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The Human Epidemiology and Response to SARS-CoV-2 (HEROS) Study is a prospective, multicity, 6-month incidence study conducted from May 2020 to February 2021. The objectives were to identify risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and household transmission among children and people with asthma and allergic diseases, and to use the host nasal transcriptome sampled longitudinally to understand infection risk and sequelae at the molecular level. To overcome challenges of clinical study implementation due to the coronavirus pandemic, this surveillance study used direct-to-participant methods to remotely enroll and prospectively follow eligible children who are participants in other National Institutes of Health-funded pediatric …

Genetic And Clinical Correlates Of Two Neuroanatomical Ai Dimensions In The Alzheimer's Disease Continuum, Junhao Wen, Aristeidis Sotiras, Daniel S Marcus, Pamela Lamontagne, Tammie L Benzinger, John C Morris, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with heterogeneous atrophy patterns. We employed a semi-supervised representation learning technique known as Surreal-GAN, through which we identified two latent dimensional representations of brain atrophy in symptomatic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients: the "diffuse-AD" (R1) dimension shows widespread brain atrophy, and the "MTL-AD" (R2) dimension displays focal medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy. Critically, only R2 was associated with widely known sporadic AD genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE ε4) in MCI and AD patients at baseline. We then independently detected the presence of the two dimensions in the early stages by deploying the trained …

Distinct Visual Processing Networks For Foveal And Peripheral Visual Fields, Jie Zhang, Huihui Zhou, Shuo Wang

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Foveal and peripheral vision are two distinct modes of visual processing essential for navigating the world. However, it remains unclear if they engage different neural mechanisms and circuits within the visual attentional system. Here, we trained macaques to perform a free-gaze visual search task using natural face and object stimuli and recorded a large number of 14588 visually responsive units from a broadly distributed network of brain regions involved in visual attentional processing. Foveal and peripheral units had substantially different proportions across brain regions and exhibited systematic differences in encoding visual information and visual attention. The spike-local field potential (LFP) …

Cell Type-Specific Epigenetic Priming Of Gene Expression In Nucleus Accumbens By Cocaine, Philipp Mews, Yentl Van Der Zee, Ashik Gurung, Molly Estill, Rita Futamura, Hope Kronman, Aarthi Ramakrishnan, Meagan Ryan, Abner A Reyes, Benjamin A Garcia, Caleb J Browne, Simone Sidoli, Li Shen, Eric J Nestler

2020-Current year OA Pubs

A hallmark of addiction is the ability of drugs of abuse to trigger relapse after periods of prolonged abstinence. Here, we describe an epigenetic mechanism whereby chronic cocaine exposure causes lasting chromatin and downstream transcriptional modifications in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region controlling motivation. We link prolonged withdrawal from cocaine to the depletion of the histone variant H2A.Z, coupled with increased genome accessibility and latent priming of gene transcription, in D1 dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1 MSNs) that relate to aberrant gene expression upon drug relapse. The histone chaperone ANP32E removes H2A.Z from chromatin, and we …

A New Era Of Data-Driven Cancer Research And Care: Opportunities And Challenges, Felicia Gomez, Arpad M Danos, Joshua F Mcmichael, Malachi Griffith, Obi L Griffith, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

People diagnosed with cancer and their formal and informal caregivers are increasingly faced with a deluge of complex information, thanks to rapid advancements in the type and volume of diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment data. This commentary discusses the opportunities and challenges that the society faces as we integrate large volumes of data into regular cancer care.

Pkmyt1 Is A Marker Of Treatment Response And A Therapeutic Target For Cdk4/6 Inhibitor-Resistance In Er+ Breast Cancer, Anran Chen, Cynthia X Ma, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Endocrine therapies (ET) with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibition are the standard treatment for estrogen receptor-α-positive (ER+) breast cancer, however drug resistance is common. In this study, proteogenomic analyses of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from patients with 22 ER+ breast cancer demonstrated that protein kinase, membrane-associated tyrosine/threonine one (PKMYT1), a WEE1 homolog, is estradiol (E2) regulated in E2-dependent PDXs and constitutively expressed when growth is E2-independent. In clinical samples, high PKMYT1 mRNA levels associated with resistance to both ET and CDK4/6 inhibition. The PKMYT1 inhibitor lunresertib (RP-6306) with gemcitabine selectively and synergistically reduced the viability of ET and palbociclib-resistant ER+ breast …

Structural Basis For Adhesin Secretion By The Outer-Membrane Usher In Type 1 Pili, Ryan M Bitter, Maxwell I Zimmerman, Brock T Summers, Jerome S Pinkner, Karen W Dodson, Scott J Hultgren, Peng Yuan

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Gram-negative bacteria produce chaperone-usher pathway pili, which are extracellular protein fibers tipped with an adhesive protein that binds to a receptor with stereochemical specificity to determine host and tissue tropism. The outer-membrane usher protein, together with a periplasmic chaperone, assembles thousands of pilin subunits into a highly ordered pilus fiber. The tip adhesin in complex with its cognate chaperone activates the usher to allow extrusion across the outer membrane. The structural requirements to translocate the adhesin through the usher pore from the periplasm to the extracellular space remains incompletely understood. Here, we present a cryoelectron microscopy structure of a quaternary …

Early Detection Of Malignant And Premalignant Peripheral Nerve Tumors Using Cell-Free Dna Fragmentomics, R Taylor Sundby, Paul A Jones, Divya Srihari, Amy E Armstrong, Stacey Chamberlain, Sanita Burgic, Kara Weekley, John S A Chrisinger, Angela C Hirbe, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

PURPOSE: Early detection of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) informs clinical decision-making, enabling early definitive treatment and potentially averting deadly outcomes. In this study, we describe a cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentomic approach that distinguishes nonmalignant, premalignant, and malignant forms of PNST in the cancer predisposition syndrome, NF1.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: cfDNA was isolated from plasma samples of a novel cohort of 101 patients with NF1 and 21 healthy controls and underwent whole-genome sequencing. We investigated diagnosis-specific signatures of copy-number alterations with in silico size selection as well as fragment profiles. Fragmentomics were analyzed using complementary feature types: …

Adherence To Hygiene Protocols And Doxycycline Therapy In Ameliorating Lymphatic Filariasis Morbidity In An Endemic Area Post-Interruption Of Disease Transmission In Ghana, Linda Batsa Debrah, Philip J Budge, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Filarial lymphedema (LE) remains a significant global problem despite the progress made toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). In Ghana, the main approach to LF is preventive chemotherapy, but this has minimal impact on individuals who have already developed LE. In 2018-2020, a 24-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of stringent hygiene measures using the Essential Package of Care with or without additional administration of doxycycline (DOX) to improve filarial leg LE. This study enrolled 356 participants with LE stages 1-3 from two districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. In addition to regular …

A Retrospective Assessment Of Guideline Adherence And Treatment Outcomes From Clostridioides Difficile Infection Following The Idsa 2021 Clinical Guideline Update: Clostridioides Difficile Infection, Erik R Dubberke, Qinghua Li, Engels N Obi, Vladimir Turzhitsky, Fakhar Siddiqui, Brian H Nathanson

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: The 2021 update to the Infectious Diseases Society of America

METHODS: This retrospective, observational study used the PINC AI Healthcare Database on adult patients who received CDI treatment between 1/2020 and 6/2021 (pre period) and between 10/2021 and 9/2022 (post period). We examined treatment patterns of fidaxomicin, vancomycin, and metronidazole, as well as clinical and health care resource use outcomes of patients treated exclusively with fidaxomicin vs vancomycin, using nearest-neighbor propensity matching and hierarchical regression methods. As a sensitivity analysis, we repeated the fidaxomicin vs vancomycin comparisons among patients with recurrent and nonrecurrent index infections.

RESULTS: A total of …

Body Mass Index And Postacute Sequelae Of Sars-Cov-2 Infection In Children And Young Adults, Ting Zhou, Chongliang Luo, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

IMPORTANCE: Obesity is associated with increased severity of COVID-19. Whether obesity is associated with an increased risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) among pediatric populations, independent of its association with acute infection severity, is unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the association of body mass index (BMI) status before SARS-CoV-2 infection with pediatric PASC risk, controlling for acute infection severity.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study occurred at 26 US children's hospitals from March 2020 to May 2023 with a minimum follow-up of 179 days. Eligible participants included children and young adults aged 5 to 20 years with …

Network-Level Enrichment Provides A Framework For Biological Interpretation Of Machine Learning Results, Jiaqi Li, Ari Segel, Xinyang Feng, Jiaxin Cindy Tu, Andy Eck, Kelsey T King, Babatunde Adeyemo, Nicole R Karcher, Likai Chen, Adam T Eggebrecht, Muriah D Wheelock

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being utilized to identify brain connectivity biomarkers linked to behavioral and clinical outcomes. However, research often prioritizes prediction accuracy at the expense of biological interpretability, and inconsistent implementation of ML methods may hinder model accuracy. To address this, our paper introduces a network-level enrichment approach, which integrates brain system organization in the context of connectome-wide statistical analysis to reveal network-level links between brain connectivity and behavior. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, we used linear support vector regression (LSVR) models to examine the relationship between resting-state functional connectivity networks and chronological age. We compared …

Discovery Of Genomic And Transcriptomic Pleiotropy Between Kidney Function And Soluble Receptor For Advanced Glycation End Products Using Correlated Meta-Analyses: The Long Life Family Study, Mary F Feitosa, Shiow J Lin, Sandeep Acharya, Bharat Thyagarajan, Mary K Wojczynski, Allison L Kuipers, Alexander Kulminski, Kaare Christensen, Joseph M Zmuda, Michael R Brent, Michael A Province

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which may escalate the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). High soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE) and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels are associated with CKD and aging. We evaluated whether eGFR calculated from creatinine and cystatin C share pleiotropic genetic factors with sRAGE. We employed whole-genome sequencing and correlated meta-analyses on combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) p-values in 4182 individuals (age range: 24-110) from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS). We also conducted transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) on whole blood in a subset of …

Three Classes Of Propofol Binding Sites On Gabaa Receptors, Zi-Wei Chen, Satyanarayana M Chintala, John Bracamontes, Yusuke Sugasawa, Spencer R Pierce, Balazs R Varga, Edward H Smith, Christopher J Edge, Nicholas P Franks, Wayland W L Cheng, Gustav Akk, Alex S Evers

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Propofol is a widely used anesthetic and sedative that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA

Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy Timing And Long-Term Health-Related Quality Of Life, Sagar A Patel, Jeff M Michalski, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

IMPORTANCE: The association between radiotherapy (RT) timing after radical prostatectomy and long-term patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in men with prostate cancer is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To measure long-term HRQOL in men with prostate cancer up to 15 years after prostatectomy with or without RT and examine whether early vs late postprostatectomy RT is associated with differences in sexual, urinary, and bowel HRQOL.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective, multicenter, longitudinal cohort analysis using HRQOL data from the PROST-QA (2003-2006) and RP2 consortium (2010-2013) studies was conducted. Men with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy were included. Data were analyzed …

Cardiovascular Outcomes, Health-Promoting Behaviors, And Social Determinants: Structural Racism And The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Jaclyn K. Schwartz, Emily A. Kringle, Suzanne Perea Burns, Catherine R. Hoyt, Kelly M. Harris, Sami Tayeb

2020-Current year OA Pubs

No abstract provided.

Htlv-1 Infected T Cells Cause Bone Loss Via Small Extracellular Vesicles, Nitin Kumar Pokhrel, Haniya Habib, Shamreethaa Seeniraj, Ancy Joseph, Daniel Rauch, Linda Cox, Robert Sprung, Petra Erdmann Gilmore, Qiang Zhang, Robert Reid Townsend, Lee Ratner, Katherine N Weilbaecher, Deborah J Veis, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Adult T cell leukaemia (ATL), caused by infection with human T- lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), is often complicated by hypercalcemia and osteolytic lesions. Therefore, we studied the communication between patient-derived ATL cells (ATL-PDX) and HTLV-1 immortalized CD4+ T cell lines (HTLV/T) with osteoclasts and their effects on bone mass in mice. Intratibial inoculation of some HTLV/T leads to a profound local decrease in bone mass similar to marrow-replacing ATL-PDX, despite the fact that few HTLV/T cells persisted in the bone. To study the direct effect of HTLV/T and ATL-PDX on osteoclasts, supernatants were added to murine and human osteoclast …

Sequential Early-Life Viral Infections Modulate The Microbiota And Adaptive Immune Responses To Systemic And Mucosal Vaccination, Yuhao Li, Jerome M. Molleston, Crystal Lovato, Jasmine Wright, Isabel Erickson, Duyen Bui, Andrew H. Kim, Harshad Ingle, Somya Aggarwal, Lila S Nolan, Ahmed O. Hassan, Lynne Foster, Michael S. Diamond, Megan T. Baldridge

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Increasing evidence points to the microbial exposome as a critical factor in maturing and shaping the host immune system, thereby influencing responses to immune challenges such as infections or vaccines. To investigate the effect of early-life viral exposures on immune development and vaccine responses, we inoculated mice with six distinct viral pathogens in sequence beginning in the neonatal period, and then evaluated their immune signatures before and after intramuscular or intranasal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Sequential viral infection drove profound changes in all aspects of the immune system, including increasing circulating leukocytes, altering innate and adaptive immune cell lineages in tissues, …

Dominantly Inherited Muscle Disorders: Understanding Their Complexity And Exploring Therapeutic Approaches, Andrew R Findlay

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Treatments for disabling and life-threatening hereditary muscle disorders are finally close to becoming a reality. Research has thus far focused primarily on recessive forms of muscle disease. The gene replacement strategies that are commonly employed for recessive, loss-of-function disorders are not readily translatable to most dominant myopathies owing to the presence of a normal chromosome in each nucleus, hindering the development of novel treatments for these dominant disorders. This is largely due to their complex, heterogeneous disease mechanisms that require unique therapeutic approaches. However, as viral and RNA interference-based therapies enter clinical use, key tools are now in place to …

Negative Effect Of Treatment With Mglur5 Negative Allosteric Modulator Afq056 On Blood Biomarkers In Young Individuals With Fragile X Syndrome, Dragana Protic, Stephanie Morris, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Fragile X syndrome, with an approximate incidence rate of 1 in 4000 males to 1 in 8000 females, is the most prevalent genetic cause of heritable intellectual disability and the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder. The full mutation of the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein-1 gene, characterized by an expansion of CGG trinucleotide repeats (>200 CGG repeats), leads to fragile X syndrome. Currently, there are no targeted treatments available for fragile X syndrome. In a recent large multi-site trial, FXLEARN, the effects of the mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, AFQ056 (mavoglurant), were investigated, but did not show …

Inorganic Polyphosphate Promotes Colorectal Cancer Growth Via Trpm8 Receptor Signaling Pathway, Valentina Arrè, Chen Shen, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by a pro-inflammatory microenvironment and features high-energy-supply molecules that assure tumor growth. A still less studied macromolecule is inorganic polyphosphate (iPolyP), a high-energy linear polymer that is ubiquitous in all forms of life. Made up of hundreds of repeated orthophosphate units, iPolyP is essential for a wide variety of functions in mammalian cells, including the regulation of proliferative signaling pathways. Some evidence has suggested its involvement in carcinogenesis, although more studies need to be pursued. Moreover, iPolyP regulates several homeostatic processes in animals, spanning from energy metabolism to blood coagulation and tissue regeneration.

RESULTS: …