Digital Commons Network^™

The Relationship Of Trait-Like Compassion With Epigenetic Aging: The Population-Based Prospective Young Finns Study, Henrik Dobewall, Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen, Saara Marttila, Pashupati P Mishra, Aino Saarinen, C Robert Cloninger, Igor Zwir, Mika Kähönen, Mikko Hurme, Olli Raitakari, Terho Lehtimäki, Mirka Hintsanen

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Helping others within and beyond the family has been related to living a healthy and long life. Compassion is a prosocial personality trait characterized by concern for another person who is suffering and the motivation to help. The current study examines whether epigenetic aging is a potential biological mechanism that explains the link between prosociality and longevity.

METHODS: We used data from the Young Finns Study that follows six birth-cohorts from age 3-18 to 19-49. Trait-like compassion for others was measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory in the years 1997 and 2001. Epigenetic age acceleration and telomere length …

Treg-Specific Deletion Of The Phosphatase Shp-1 Impairs Control Of Inflammation In Vivo, Qinlei Gu, Kenneth S Tung, Ulrike M Lorenz

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: To achieve a healthy and functional immune system, a delicate balance exists between the activation of conventional T cells (Tcon cells) and the suppression by regulatory T cells (Treg). The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, shapes this 'activation-suppression' balance by modulating Tcon cell resistance to Treg-mediated suppression. Treg cells also express SHP-1, but its role in influencing Treg function is still not fully understood.

METHODS: We generated a Treg-specific SHP-1 deletion model,

RESULTS: We show that SHP-1 modulates Treg suppressive function at different levels. First, at the intracellular signaling level in Treg cells, SHP-1 attenuates …

Phagocytosis Is A Primary Determinant Of Pulmonary Clearance Of Clinical Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates, Rick Van Der Geest, Hongye Fan, Hernán F Peñaloza, William G Bain, Zeyu Xiong, Naina Kohli, Emily Larson, Mara L G Sullivan, Jonathan M Franks, Donna B Stolz, Ryota Ito, Kong Chen, Yohei Doi, Melanie J Harriff, Janet S Lee

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION:

METHODS: We screened 19 clinical respiratory

RESULTS: The respiratory

CONCLUSION: Altogether, these findings show that phagocytosis is a primary determinant of pulmonary clearance of clinical

The Cerebrospinal Fluid Immune Cell Landscape In Animal Models Of Multiple Sclerosis, Gregory F Wu

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The fluid compartment surrounding the central nervous system (CNS) is a unique source of immune cells capable of reflecting the pathophysiology of neurologic diseases. While human clinical and experimental studies often employ cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, assessment of CSF in animal models of disease are wholly uncommon, particularly in examining the cellular component. Barriers to routine assessment of CSF in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) include limited sample volume, blood contamination, and lack of feasible longitudinal approaches. The few studies characterizing CSF immune cells in animal models of MS are largely outdated, but recent work employing transcriptomics have been …

Mora And Ensembletfpredictor: An Ensemble Approach To Reveal Functional Transcription Factor Regulatory Networks, Kevin Boyer, Louis Li, Tiandao Li, Bo Zhang, Guoyan Zhao

2020-Current year OA Pubs

MOTIVATION: Our study aimed to identify biologically relevant transcription factors (TFs) that control the expression of a set of co-expressed or co-regulated genes.

RESULTS: We developed a fully automated pipeline, Motif Over Representation Analysis (MORA), to detect enrichment of known TF binding motifs in any query sequences. MORA performed better than or comparable to five other TF-prediction tools as evaluated using hundreds of differentially expressed gene sets and ChIP-seq datasets derived from known TFs. Additionally, we developed EnsembleTFpredictor to harness the power of multiple TF-prediction tools to provide a list of functional TFs ranked by prediction confidence. When applied to …

A Review Of Technological Innovations Leading To Modern Endovascular Brain Aneurysm Treatment, David C Lauzier, Anna L Huguenard, Anja I Srienc, Samuel J Cler, Joshua W Osbun, Arindam R Chatterjee, Ananth K Vellimana, Akash P Kansagra, Colin P Derdeyn, Dewitte T Cross, Christopher J Moran

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Tools and techniques utilized in endovascular brain aneurysm treatment have undergone rapid evolution in recent decades. These technique and device-level innovations have allowed for treatment of highly complex intracranial aneurysms and improved patient outcomes. We review the major innovations within neurointervention that have led to the current state of brain aneurysm treatment.

Disease-Causing Mutations In Genes Encoding Transcription Factors Critical For Photoreceptor Development, Chi Sun, Shiming Chen

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Photoreceptor development of the vertebrate visual system is controlled by a complex transcription regulatory network. OTX2 is expressed in the mitotic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and controls photoreceptor genesis. CRX that is activated by OTX2 is expressed in photoreceptor precursors after cell cycle exit. NEUROD1 is also present in photoreceptor precursors that are ready to specify into rod and cone photoreceptor subtypes. NRL is required for the rod fate and regulates downstream rod-specific genes including the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 which further activates rod-specific genes and simultaneously represses cone-specific genes. Cone subtype specification is also regulated by the interplay of …

Enhancing The Therapeutic Activity Of Hyperimmune Igg Against Chikungunya Virus Using Fcγriiia Affinity Chromatography, Julie M Fox, Vicky Roy, Bronwyn M Gunn, Glen R Bolton, Daved H Fremont, Galit Alter, Michael S Diamond, Austin W Boesch

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito transmitted alphavirus of global concern. Neutralizing antibodies and antibody Fc-effector functions have been shown to reduce CHIKV disease and infection in animals. However, the ability to improve the therapeutic activity of CHIKV-specific polyclonal IgG by enhancing Fc-effector functions through modulation of IgG subclass and glycoforms remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of CHIKV-immune IgG enriched for binding to Fc-gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) to select for IgG with enhanced Fc effector functions.

METHODS: Total IgG was isolated from CHIKV-immune convalescent donors with and without additional purification by FcγRIIIa affinity chromatography. The …

Proteins In Tumor-Derived Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Indicate Tumor Origin, Meltem Barlin, Petra Erdmann-Gilmore, Jacqueline L Mudd, Qiang Zhang, Robert W Seymour, Zhanfang Guo, Julia R Miessner, S Peter Goedegebuure, Ye Bi, Omar A Osorio, Jennifer Alexander-Brett, Shunqiang Li, Cynthia X Ma, Ryan C Fields, R Reid Townsend, Jason M Held

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promote tumorigenesis, premetastatic niche formation, and metastasis via their protein cargo. However, the proteins packaged by patient tumors into EVs cannot be determined in vivo because of the presence of EVs derived from other tissues. We therefore developed a cross-species proteomic method to quantify the human tumor-derived proteome of plasma EVs produced by patient-derived xenografts of four cancer types. Proteomic profiling revealed individualized packaging of novel protein cargo, and machine learning accurately classified the type of the underlying tumor.

Impact Of Early Pericardial Fluid Chymase Activation After Cardiac Surgery, Brittany Butts, Lee A Goeddel, Jingyi Zheng, Betty Pat, Pamela Powell, James Mobley, Sarfaraz Ahmad, Chad Steele, David Mcgiffin, James E Davies, James F George, Spencer J Melby, Carlos M Ferrario, Louis J Dell'italia

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Chymase is a highly destructive serine protease rapidly neutralized in the circulation by protease inhibitors. Here we test whether pericardial fluid (PCF) chymase activation and other inflammatory biomarkers determine intensive care unit length of stay, and explore mechanisms of chymase delivery by extracellular vesicles to the heart.

METHODS: PCF was collected from adult patients (17 on-pump; 13 off-pump) 4 h after cardiac surgery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing chymase were injected into Sprague-Dawley rats to test for their ability to deliver chymase to the heart.

RESULTS: The mean intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mean total length of stay was …

Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Fragmentation, And Social Jet Lag Increase Temperature Preference In Drosophila, S Tanner Roach, Melanie C Ford, Vikram Simhambhatla, Vasilios Loutrianakis, Hamza Farah, Zhaoyi Li, Erica M Periandri, Dina Abdalla, Irene Huang, Arjan Kalra, Paul J Shaw

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Despite the fact that sleep deprivation substantially affects the way animals regulate their body temperature, the specific mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not well understood. In both mammals and flies, neural circuits regulating sleep and thermoregulation overlap, suggesting an interdependence that may be relevant for sleep function. To investigate this relationship further, we exposed flies to 12 h of sleep deprivation, or 48 h of sleep fragmentation and evaluated temperature preference in a thermal gradient. Flies exposed to 12 h of sleep deprivation chose warmer temperatures after sleep deprivation. Importantly, sleep fragmentation, which prevents flies from entering deeper stages of …

Therapeutic Activity Of Lipoxin A4 In Tio2-Induced Arthritis In Mice: Nf-Κb And Nrf2 In Synovial Fluid Leukocytes And Neuronal Trpv1 Mechanisms, Telma Saraiva-Santos, Tiago H Zaninelli, Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Lipoxin A4 (LXA

METHODS: Mice were stimulated with TiO

RESULTS: LXA

CONCLUSION: LXA

T-Cell Redirecting Therapies For B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Recent Progress And Future Directions, David A Russler-Germain, Armin Ghobadi

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Several key advances in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) over the past two decades have strategically exploited B-cell lineage markers suitable for targeting by immunotherapies. First, the addition of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) rituximab to a range of standard therapies conferred remarkable outcomes improvements in diverse settings, perhaps most prominently an overall survival advantage in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Subsequently, multiple chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies targeting CD19 have revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory (rel/ref) DLBCL and are active in other B-NHL subtypes as well. Most recently, the longstanding aspiration to exploit patients' …

Locus Specific Endogenous Retroviral Expression Associated With Alzheimer's Disease, Tyson Dawson, Uzma Rentia, Jessie Sanford, Carlos Cruchaga, John S K Kauwe, Keith A Crandall

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transcriptionally-active remnants of ancient retroviral infections that may play a role in Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS: We combined two, publicly available RNA-Seq datasets with a third, novel dataset for a total cohort of 103 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 45 healthy controls. We use telescope to perform HERV quantification for these samples and simultaneously perform gene expression analysis.

RESULTS: We identify differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed HERVs in Alzheimer's disease patients. Differentially expressed HERVs are scattered throughout the genome; many of them are members of the HERV-K superfamily. A number of HERVs are correlated …

Functional Trajectories During Innate Spinal Cord Repair, Nicholas O Jensen, Brooke Burris, Lili Zhou, Hunter Yamada, Catrina Reyes, Zachary Pincus, Mayssa H Mokalled

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Adult zebrafish are capable of anatomical and functional recovery following severe spinal cord injury. Axon growth, glial bridging and adult neurogenesis are hallmarks of cellular regeneration during spinal cord repair. However, the correlation between these cellular regenerative processes and functional recovery remains to be elucidated. Whereas the majority of established functional regeneration metrics measure swim capacity, we hypothesize that gait quality is more directly related to neurological health. Here, we performed a longitudinal swim tracking study for 60 individual zebrafish spanning 8 weeks of spinal cord regeneration. Multiple swim parameters as well as axonal and glial bridging were integrated. We …

Cell Wall Composition In Cryptococcus Neoformans Is Media Dependent And Alters Host Response, Inducing Protective Immunity, Rajendra Upadhya, Woei C Lam, Camaron R Hole, Joseph G Vasselli, Jennifer K Lodge

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION:

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine how different media influenced the amount of chitin and chitosan in the cell wall, which in turn impacted the cell wall architecture and host response.

METHODS: Yeast extract, peptone, and dextrose (YPD) and yeast nitrogen base (YNB) are two commonly used media for growing Cryptococcus before use in in vitro or in vivo experiments. As a result,

RESULTS: We observed that the growth of wild-type

CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the importance of culture media and pH during growth in shaping the content and organization of the

A Universal Neocortical Mask For Centiloid Quantification, Pierrick Bourgeat, Vincent Doré, Christopher C Rowe, Tammie Benzinger, Duygu Tosun, Manu S Goyal, Pamela Lamontagne, Liang Jin, Michael W Weiner, Colin L Masters, Jurgen Fripp, Victor L Villemagne, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Oasis3, Aibl Research Group

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: The Centiloid (CL) project was developed to harmonize the quantification of amyloid beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) scans to a unified scale. The CL neocortical mask was defined using

METHODS: Using data from the Alzheimer's Dementia Onset and Progression in International Cohorts (ADOPIC) study (Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle + Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative + Open Access Series of Imaging Studies), age-matched pairs of mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls (HC) were selected:

RESULTS: In the GAAIN dataset, the universal mask led to a small reduction in the variance of the YC, and a small increase in …

Toward A Computational Theory Of Manifold Untangling: From Global Embedding To Local Flattening, Xin Li, Shuo Wang

2020-Current year OA Pubs

It has been hypothesized that the ventral stream processing for object recognition is based on a mechanism called cortically local subspace untangling. A mathematical abstraction of object recognition by the visual cortex is how to untangle the manifolds associated with different object categories. Such a manifold untangling problem is closely related to the celebrated kernel trick in metric space. In this paper, we conjecture that there is a more general solution to manifold untangling in the topological space without artificially defining any distance metric. Geometrically, we can either

Conditional Protein Degradation In Yarrowia Lipolytica Using The Auxin-Inducible Degron, Zhenlin Han, Jessica Maruwan, Yinjie Tang, Wei Wen Su

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Conditional protein degradation is a powerful tool for controlled protein knockdown. The auxin-inducible degron (AID) technology uses a plant auxin to induce depletion of degron-tagged proteins, and it has been shown to be functional in several non-plant eukaryotes. In this study, we demonstrated AID-based protein knockdown in an industrially important oleaginous yeast

Ube2c Expression Is Elevated In Hepatoblastoma And Correlates With Inferior Patient Survival, Ruth Nousiainen, Katja Eloranta, Noora Isoaho, Stefano Cairo, David B Wilson, Markku Heikinheimo, Marjut Pihlajoki

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant liver tumor among children. To gain insight into the pathobiology of HB, we performed RNA sequence analysis on 5 patient-derived xenograft lines (HB-243, HB-279, HB-282, HB-284, HB-295) and 1 immortalized cell line (HUH6). Using cultured hepatocytes as a control, we found 2,868 genes that were differentially expressed in all of the HB lines on mRNA level. The most upregulated genes were

Identification Of Prok2 Gene Polymorphisms As Predictors Of Methamphetamine Use Disorder Risk And Indicators Of Craving Scale In The Chinese Han Population, Zhao Jiang, Tianxiao Zhang, Wei Han, Jing Xiao, Wenpei Zhang, Xiaochen Wang, Jianing Liu, Ying Yang, Congying Yang, Fanglin Guan, Tao Li, John P Rice

2020-Current year OA Pubs

No abstract provided.

Non-Canonical Functions Of Ezh2 In Cancer, Sarah M Zimmerman, Phyo Nay Lin, George P Souroullas

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Mutations in chromatin modifying genes frequently occur in many kinds of cancer. Most mechanistic studies focus on their canonical functions, while therapeutic approaches target their enzymatic activity. Recent studies, however, demonstrate that non-canonical functions of chromatin modifiers may be equally important and therapeutically actionable in different types of cancer. One epigenetic regulator that demonstrates such a dual role in cancer is the histone methyltransferase EZH2. EZH2 is a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which plays a crucial role in cell identity, differentiation, proliferation, stemness and plasticity. While much of the regulatory functions and oncogenic activity of …

Role Of Cardiopulmonary Interactions In Development Of Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury-Experimental Evidence And Clinical Implications, Neel Shah, Bhushan H Katira

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) impacts outcomes in ARDS and optimization of ventilatory strategies improves survival. Decades of research has identified various mechanisms of VILI, largely focusing on airspace forces of plateau pressure, tidal volume and driving pressure. Experimental evidence indicates the role of adverse cardiopulmonary interaction during mechanical ventilation, contributing to VILI genesis mostly by modulating pulmonary vascular dynamics. Under passive mechanical ventilation, high transpulmonary pressure increases afterload on right heart while high pleural pressure reduces the RV preload. Together, they can result in swings of pulmonary vascular flow and pressure. Altered vascular flow and pressure result in increased vascular …

Multi-Omic Analysis Of The Tumor Microenvironment Shows Clinical Correlations In Ph1 Study Of Atezolizumab +/- Soc In Mm, Sandy Wong, Habib Hamidi, Luciano J Costa, Selma Bekri, Natalia Neparidze, Ravi Vij, Tina G Nielsen, Aparna Raval, Rajan Sareen, Elisabeth Wassner-Fritsch, Hearn J Cho

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable, and treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease is challenging. There is an unmet need for more targeted therapies in this setting; deep cellular and molecular phenotyping of the tumor and microenvironment in MM could help guide such therapies. This phase 1b study (NCT02431208) evaluated the safety and efficacy of the anti-programmed death-ligand 1 monoclonal antibody atezolizumab (Atezo) alone or in combination with the standard of care (SoC) treatments lenalidomide (Len) or pomalidomide (Pom) and/or daratumumab (Dara) in patients with R/R MM. Study endpoints included incidence of adverse events (AEs) and overall response rate (ORR). A novel …

Racial Disparities In Access To Dbs: Results Of A Real-World U.S. Claims Data Analysis, Michael Frassica, Drew S Kern, Mitra Afshari, Allison T Connolly, Chengyuan Wu, Nathan Rowland, Juan Ramirez-Castaneda, Mwiza Ushe, Claudia Salazar, Xenos Mason

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective and standard-of-care therapy for Parkinson's Disease and other movement disorders when symptoms are inadequately controlled with conventional medications. It requires expert care for patient selection, surgical targeting, and therapy titration. Despite the known benefits, racial/ethnic disparities in access have been reported. Technological advancements with smartphone-enabled devices may influence racial disparities. Real-world evidence investigations can shed further light on barriers to access and demographic disparities for DBS patients.

METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using Medicare claims linked with manufacturer patient data tracking to analyze 3,869 patients who received DBS. Patients were …

Caregiver Perspectives On The Continued Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Children With Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities, R A Northrup, E Jones, V Singh, C Holingue, M Meck, C A Gurnett, M Van Stone, L G Kalb

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted caregivers, especially those raising a child with an intellectual/developmental disability (IDD). While research has shown substantial disruption to the family, school, and occupational lives of the IDD community, little is known about the long-term impacts of COVID-19. To address this question, 249 caregivers were surveyed via an online questionnaire, between April and August of 2022 (more than 2 years into the pandemic) about potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on their child's access to health- and school-based therapeutic services, caregiver mental health, and family life. The majority of caregivers reported disruptions in access to …

Introducing Sonhr-Reporting Guidelines For Social Networks In Health Research, Douglas A. Luke, Edward Tsai, Bobbi J. Carothers, Sara Malone, Beth Prusaczyk, Todd B. Combs, Mia T Vogel, Jennifer Watling Neal, Zachary P. Neal

2020-Current year OA Pubs

OBJECTIVE: The overall goal of this work is to produce a set of recommendations (SoNHR-Social Networks in Health Research) that will improve the reporting and dissemination of social network concepts, methods, data, and analytic results within health sciences research.

METHODS: This study used a modified-Delphi approach for recommendation development consistent with best practices suggested by the EQUATOR health sciences reporting guidelines network. An initial set of 28 reporting recommendations was developed by the author team. A group of 67 (of 147 surveyed) experienced network and health scientists participated in an online feedback survey. They rated the clarity and importance of …

The Role Of Vaccination Route With An Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine In Protection, Viral Control, And Transmission In The Sars-Cov-2/K18-Hace2 Mouse Infection Model, Alexandria Dickson, Elizabeth Geerling, E Taylor Stone, Mariah Hassert, Tara L Steffen, Taneesh Makkena, Madeleine Smither, Katherine E Schwetye, Jianfeng Zhang, Bertrand Georges, M Scot Roberts, John J Suschak, Amelia K Pinto, James D Brien

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Vaccination is the most effective mechanism to prevent severe COVID-19. However, breakthrough infections and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remain a significant problem. Intranasal vaccination has the potential to be more effective in preventing disease and limiting transmission between individuals as it induces potent responses at mucosal sites.

METHODS: Utilizing a replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (AdCOVID) in homozygous and heterozygous transgenic K18-hACE2, we investigated the impact of the route of administration on vaccine immunogenicity, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and survival.

RESULTS: Mice vaccinated with AdCOVID via the intramuscular or intranasal route and subsequently challenged with SARS-CoV-2 showed …

Allele-Specific Quantification Of Human Leukocyte Antigen Transcript Isoforms By Nanopore Sequencing, Andrew E O Hughes, Maureen C Montgomery, Chang Liu, Eric T Weimer

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: While tens of thousands of HLA alleles have been identified by DNA sequencing, the contribution of alternative splicing to HLA diversity is not well characterized. In this study, we sought to determine if long-read sequencing could be used to accurately quantify allele-specific HLA transcripts in primary human lymphocytes.

METHODS: cDNA libraries were prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 donors and sequenced by nanopore long-read sequencing. HLA reads were aligned to donor-specific reference sequences based on the known type of each donor. Allele-specific exon utilization was calculated as the proportion of reads aligning to each allele containing known exons, …

Social Media For Research Discourse, Dissemination, And Collaboration In Rheumatology, Ariella Coler-Reilly, Elizabeth R. Graef, Alfred H J Kim, Jean W. Liew, Michael S. Putman, Sebastian E. Sattui, Kristen J. Young, Jeffrey A. Sparks

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Social media has become an important venue for rheumatologists, patients, organizations, and other stakeholders to discuss recent research advances in diagnosis and management of rheumatic disorders. In this article, we describe the current state of how social media may enhance dissemination, discourse, and collaboration in rheumatology research. Social media may refer to social platforms like Twitter and Instagram or digital media like podcasts and other websites that are operated for providing as free, open-access medical education (FOAM). Twitter has been one of the most active social media venues and continues to host a vibrant rheumatology community. Examples of research discussions …