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Articles 301 - 330 of 18114
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Effective Strategies To Improve Ai Governance And Regulatory Compliance, Mursal Haroon
Effective Strategies To Improve Ai Governance And Regulatory Compliance, Mursal Haroon
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Senior business leaders across sectors face increasing risks because many organizations lack effective strategies to ensure transparency and regulatory accountability in artificial intelligence (AI) governance. This problem is critical for industry leaders who rely on transparent and compliant AI systems to protect consumers and maintain operational stability. Grounded in the ethical usage of AI systems, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic study was to explore effective strategies senior business leaders use to improve transparency and regulatory accountability in AI governance. The participants were six senior business leaders in the United States who successfully implemented such strategies. Data were collected through …
Staff Education To Improve Provider Knowledge Of Marijuana Use And Mental Health In A Community Mental Health Setting, Kalubi Florence Muganguzi
Staff Education To Improve Provider Knowledge Of Marijuana Use And Mental Health In A Community Mental Health Setting, Kalubi Florence Muganguzi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This staff education doctoral project addressed a practice gap in provider knowledge, confidence, and consistency when assessing, educating, and documenting marijuana use among patients receiving mental health services. The practice-focused question was the following: For staff in a community mental health setting, does a structured staff education intervention on marijuana use and mental health improve knowledge and confidence related to assessment, patient education, documentation, and psychotropic treatment monitoring? The purpose was to translate current evidence into a practical education session, screening guidance, patient counseling points, and documentation prompts. The evidence base included 10 peer-reviewed articles addressing cannabis use, mental health …
Staff Education On The Implementation Of An Evidence-Based, Suicide-Risk-Assessment Education Program For Psychiatric Staff, Yemurai Emily Dzikiti
Staff Education On The Implementation Of An Evidence-Based, Suicide-Risk-Assessment Education Program For Psychiatric Staff, Yemurai Emily Dzikiti
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Suicide is a major public health concern, and consistent suicide risk assessment is essential for patient safety in psychiatric settings. This Doctor of Nursing Practice staff education project addressed a knowledge gap in evidence-based suicide risk assessment among psychiatric clinicians in an outpatient mental health setting. The practice-focused question examined whether an evidence-based suicide risk assessment education program would improve clinicians' knowledge from pre- to post-education. The educational intervention consisted of a 60-minute in-person training session on evidence-based suicide risk assessment using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) and the Suicide Assessment Five-Step Evaluation and Triage (SAFE-T) framework. Ten psychiatric …
The Relationship Between Maintenance And Overhaul Employee Spending, Business Model, Geographic Region, And The Financial Performance Of Commercial Airlines, Naumaan Khalid Sheikh
The Relationship Between Maintenance And Overhaul Employee Spending, Business Model, Geographic Region, And The Financial Performance Of Commercial Airlines, Naumaan Khalid Sheikh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
After nearly 5 decades of deregulation, commercial airline leaders still lack the capability to improve financial performance by structuring their maintenance operations to gain competitive advantages in highly competitive global markets. Without an effective strategy, airline maintenance affects service and financial performance. Framed with Porter’s competitive advantage theory, this quantitative nonexperimental correlational project was to examine the relationships between airline in-house maintenance and overhaul employee spending, business model, geographic region, and financial performance of global commercial full-service carrier (FSC) and low-cost carrier (LCC) airlines. Longitudinal panel data were collected from 121 LCCs and FSCs operating from 2001 to 2019 in …
Cultural Values, Norms, And Mental Health Service Utilization Among Young Adult Guyanese Immigrants, Rhonis Alfred
Cultural Values, Norms, And Mental Health Service Utilization Among Young Adult Guyanese Immigrants, Rhonis Alfred
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Young adult Guyanese immigrants living in the United States often face cultural, familial, and social challenges that influence their perceptions of mental health and willingness to seek professional support. Despite growing attention to immigrant mental health, limited research has explored the experiences of this population. This qualitative study aimed to improve understanding of how cultural values, family dynamics, and acculturation stress influence mental health perceptions and help-seeking behaviors. The theoretical framework underpinning this study was acculturation theory. The research explored how participants navigated cultural identity, family expectations, and adaptation to life in the United States. A purposive sampling strategy was …
Social Workers’ Lived Experiences Of Trauma-Informed Training, Ashley Ann Johnson
Social Workers’ Lived Experiences Of Trauma-Informed Training, Ashley Ann Johnson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Social workers report limited formal training in trauma-informed approaches, and implementation of trauma-informed care varies widely across settings, with inconsistent training uptake and organizational support for sustained practice change. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of social workers in trauma-informed training. The study was guided by trauma-informed care principles and an experiential learning framework. The research question examined how social workers develop trauma-informed competence and how systemic factors influence practice. Data were collected through 11 semi structured interviews with social workers and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three key themes emerged: (a) trauma-informed competence …
How Psychological Capital Promotes Student Flourishing: Mediating Effects Of Career Adaptability And Study Engagement, Sana Nisar, Adnan Adil, Sultan Shujja, Samina Rashid
How Psychological Capital Promotes Student Flourishing: Mediating Effects Of Career Adaptability And Study Engagement, Sana Nisar, Adnan Adil, Sultan Shujja, Samina Rashid
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
In today’s rapidly evolving academic and occupational landscape, understanding the psychological resources that support student well-being is critical. This study investigates the predictive role of academic psychological capital (PsyCap) in fostering flourishing among Pakistani university undergraduates, specifically identifying the mediating mechanisms of career adaptability and study engagement. Grounded in career construction theory and the JD-R model, the research contributes to theory by positioning PsyCap as a key personal resource that facilitates adaptive capacity and meaningful engagement. Data from 350 undergraduates in public-sector universities were analyzed using path analysis. Results revealed that PsyCap significantly predicted flourishing (β = .35, p …
Evaluation Of A Streamlined Insurance Advocacy And Pre-Authorization Process For Hormone Replacement Therapy, Ellison Edwards
Evaluation Of A Streamlined Insurance Advocacy And Pre-Authorization Process For Hormone Replacement Therapy, Ellison Edwards
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This organizational process evaluation project addressed the high rate of insurance denials for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for women with symptomatic menopause and "normal" laboratory values within a private primary care setting. The practice problem involved bureaucratic barriers in the front office and a lack of structured advocacy, which delayed patient access to evidence-based care. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the impact of a streamlined insurance advocacy and pre-authorization process on access to therapy. The project utilized a standardized "Insurance Advocacy Toolkit" and evidence-based templates aligned with the 2023 North American Menopause Society (NAMS) guidelines. Analytical strategies …
Improving Post-Rehabilitation Discharge Outcomes Through A Care Coordination Bundle, Cavene Facey
Improving Post-Rehabilitation Discharge Outcomes Through A Care Coordination Bundle, Cavene Facey
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hospital readmissions remain a significant quality and patient safety concern across the United States, particularly among patients transitioning from rehabilitation settings to home or community-based care. Ineffective care transitions, fragmented communication, inconsistent discharge planning, and inadequate follow-up contribute to preventable hospital readmissions, increased healthcare costs, and poorer patient outcomes. Evidence consistently demonstrates that structured transitional care interventions and standardized care coordination processes improve continuity of care while reducing readmissions and enhancing patient satisfaction The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to develop an evidence-based Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) designed to improve post-rehabilitation discharge outcomes through implementation …
African American Mother Counselors' Lived Experiences During The Dual Pandemics Of Covid-19 And Structural Racism, Shanti Jones
African American Mother Counselors' Lived Experiences During The Dual Pandemics Of Covid-19 And Structural Racism, Shanti Jones
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this study was that the dual pandemics of COVID-19 and structural racism in 2020 created compounded personal and professional stressors for African American mothers who are professional counselors, yet little was known about how they appraised these stressors and selected coping strategies. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe what it means to be an African American mother and professional counselor making decisions about coping strategies to manage personal and professional stressors during the dual pandemics of COVID-19 and structural racism in 2020. Guided by Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology and informed by the Transactional …
Hiring Out-Of-Field Teachers In Urban Title I Schools In Georgia, Lakeshia Pruitt Dixon
Hiring Out-Of-Field Teachers In Urban Title I Schools In Georgia, Lakeshia Pruitt Dixon
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Urban Title I schools commonly experience teacher shortages, prompting principals to hire teachers to teach content areas for which they are not certified. The problem addressed in this study was that 8% of the teachers within a large urban school district in Georgia were teaching out-of-field. Guided by Elmore’s conceptual framework of knowledge, skills, and dispositions, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the factors contributing to principals’ decisions to recommend hiring out-of-field teachers in urban Title I schools in Georgia and to examine the support available for those teachers to meet certification requirements. Semistructured interviews were …
The Impact Of Risk Management Strategies On Financial Forecasting In Small Businesses, Lakisha Hatcher
The Impact Of Risk Management Strategies On Financial Forecasting In Small Businesses, Lakisha Hatcher
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Many small businesses are prone to fail because of ineffective or non-existing financial risk management practices. This problem is important to small business owners because ineffective risk management can hinder financial forecasting, decision-making, and long-term operational sustainment. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry is to explore effective financial risk management strategies used by small business owners to identify and mitigate risk to improve financial risk management activities. The conceptual framework was enterprise risk management. The participants consisted of seven service-based small business owners located in Central Maryland who successfully implemented financial risk management practices. Data were collected through semistructured …
Artificial Intelligence And Autonomous Systems Adoption Strategies For Employees’ Jobs And Self-Worth In Nigerian Banks, Nnamdi Cyriacus Onyebuchi
Artificial Intelligence And Autonomous Systems Adoption Strategies For Employees’ Jobs And Self-Worth In Nigerian Banks, Nnamdi Cyriacus Onyebuchi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
As the Nigerian commercial banking sector navigates rapid financial technology disruption and rising regulatory compliance demands, many institutions have accelerated the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems. Banking executives need to understand these concerns as a primary indicator of employees’ readiness to adapt to AI-enabled workplace changes, sustain their self-worth, and navigate evolving job roles. The purpose of this qualitative exploratory multiple-case study was to explore the understanding of the AI and autonomous systems adoption strategies bank executives may employ to enhance employees’ jobs and self-worth in Nigerian banks. Anchored in sociotechnical systems and stakeholder theories, purposive sampling …
Improving Intake Efficiency In Inpatient Behavioral Health Facilities To Reduce Delays In Care, Lakisha Brown
Improving Intake Efficiency In Inpatient Behavioral Health Facilities To Reduce Delays In Care, Lakisha Brown
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Delays in inpatient psychiatric admissions represent a significant and persistent challenge within U.S. behavioral health systems, contributing to emergency department boarding, reduced quality of care, increasing risk, resource strain, and inefficiencies. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine evidence-based operational strategies that improve intake efficiency and reduce admission delays in inpatient behavioral health facilities. The Lean Healthcare Framework was used, which emphasizes eliminating waste, improving workflow efficiency, and enhancing value. The review question focused on what operational and systems-management evidence-based strategies are most effective in improving intake efficiency. The Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice appraisal tool was used to …
School Counselor Preparedness With Mass School Shootings, Lidia Oviedo
School Counselor Preparedness With Mass School Shootings, Lidia Oviedo
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Mass school shootings represent a significant threat facing K–12 schools, yet the lived experiences of school counselors as they engage in prevention efforts and prepare to respond to and recover from these incidents remain unexplored. This study addressed the discrepancy between the increasing prevalence of mass school shootings and the limited understanding of school counselors' preparedness. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of school counselors regarding their preparedness to prevent, respond to, and recover from mass school shootings. This study was grounded in Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method and informed by the U.S. Department of Education's …
Staff Education To Improve Geriatric Mental Health Screening And Pharmacotherapy, Andy Wu
Staff Education To Improve Geriatric Mental Health Screening And Pharmacotherapy, Andy Wu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) quality improvement project addressed the lack of standardized workflows and clinical confidence regarding geriatric mental health screening and safe antidepressant initiation at a rural primary care clinic. Utilizing the FOCUS-PDSA framework, a 15-minute staff education module and a clinical pocket guide were implemented to train Medical Assistants (MAs) on integrating PHQ-9 and GAD-7 screenings during triage, and to equip providers with EHR SmartPhrases and 2023 AGS Beers Criteria prescribing guidelines. A pre- and post-intervention 5-point Likert scale survey evaluated the knowledge and clinical confidence of the clinic staff (n = 12). Results demonstrated a …
Mental Health Professional Preparedness To Address Mental Health Stigma And Challenges In Military Populations, Scott Martin Katzka
Mental Health Professional Preparedness To Address Mental Health Stigma And Challenges In Military Populations, Scott Martin Katzka
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Veterans and service members often delay or avoid engaging in mental health services because of stigma experienced during military service and after transitioning to civilian life, contributing to worsening mental health outcomes. Although mental health professionals (MHPs) with military cultural competence can reduce stigma and improve engagement in care, little is known about how newly trained MHPs perceive their preparedness to effectively serve this population. The purpose of this hermeneutic, phenomenological study was to answer the question of what the lived experiences of new MHPs regarding their preparedness were to support veterans and service members experiencing mental health stigma. Seven …
Demographic And Socioeconomic Factors Related To Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection In South Sudan, Duncan Ochieng Ochol
Demographic And Socioeconomic Factors Related To Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection In South Sudan, Duncan Ochieng Ochol
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Visceral leishmaniasis, a severe parasitic disease that is invariably fatal, is characterized by frequent outbreaks, and is associated with poverty. South Sudan is among the countries with the highest burden of visceral leishmaniasis. However, few studies have investigated factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in the country. This study investigated demographic (age, gender, marital status, education level and occupation) and socioeconomic factors (transport, access to health services and residence) that may be associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection in South Sudan. The study was anchored on the socioecological model conceptual framework, which describes the interaction between individual and their social environment and …
Effective Techniques In Equine Assisted Therapies From The Facilitators Perspective, Emily Dolezal
Effective Techniques In Equine Assisted Therapies From The Facilitators Perspective, Emily Dolezal
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Equine assisted therapies have been shown to be an effective treatment approach for individuals experiencing mental health issues. However, there have been rising challenges in standardization and nomenclature throughout the field. Current research supporting the benefits of equine assisted therapies is often from the client perspective. There is a gap in understanding what occurred in session that made it beneficial to their mental health. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of equine assisted therapy facilitators in terms of mechanisms that produce positive changes in their clients. The theories and concepts that ground this study …
Strategies To Engage Volunteers For Financial Sustainability Within The Nonprofit Industry, Judith Walker
Strategies To Engage Volunteers For Financial Sustainability Within The Nonprofit Industry, Judith Walker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Nonprofit organizations experience significant challenges in recruiting, engaging, and retaining volunteers. The issue is critical for nonprofit leaders because insufficient volunteer support can undermine day-to-day operations and threaten long-term financial sustainability. Grounded in social exchange theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore effective strategies that leaders in the nonprofit industry use to engage volunteers to increase financial sustainability. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with six nonprofit leaders in the northern United States, as well as public documents. Through thematic analysis, four themes were identified: (a) building relationships and personal connections, (b) …
Imposter Syndrome And Self Determination In Clinical Social Work Supervision, Alexis Tarr
Imposter Syndrome And Self Determination In Clinical Social Work Supervision, Alexis Tarr
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This doctoral project is focused on the social work practice problem of limited understanding of how social workers experience clinical supervision in the context of imposter syndrome. Imposter syndrome can affect confidence, decision making, and overall wellbeing, making it an important issue in clinical social work practice. The purpose of this study was to explore how social workers describe and make meaning of their supervision experiences involving feelings of imposter syndrome. Guiding practice-focused research questions were used to examine how social workers experienced clinical supervision and described autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This study was informed by the self-determination theory, which …
Southeastern United States Community College Instructors’ Perceptions In Implementing Universal Design For Learning, Marshalle Lockhart
Southeastern United States Community College Instructors’ Perceptions In Implementing Universal Design For Learning, Marshalle Lockhart
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study is that community college instructors struggle to implement universal design for learning (UDL) in Southeastern districts in the United States. Grounded in UDL, which was developed by the Center for Applied Technology, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore community college instructors’ perceptions on the challenges they face when implementing UDL in their classroom. For this basic qualitative study, semistructured interviews were conducted with eight community college instructors. Using deductive coding, the data were analyzed using a thematic approach with five themes emerging: (a) UDL improves access but does not …
Strategies Used By Silicon Valley Technology Leaders To Advance Latinx Employees Into Leadership Roles To Increase Firm Productivity, Elizabeth A. Garcia
Strategies Used By Silicon Valley Technology Leaders To Advance Latinx Employees Into Leadership Roles To Increase Firm Productivity, Elizabeth A. Garcia
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The underrepresentation of Latinx professionals in leadership roles remains a challenge for technology leaders. Leaders who lack effective leadership development strategies for Latinx employees may experience reduced innovation, lower productivity, and decreased organizational competitiveness. Grounded in the resource-based view, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore effective strategies used by Silicon Valley technology leaders to advance Latinx employees into leadership roles to increase firm productivity. Participants were 10 technology leaders with experience implementing strategies to hire, develop, and promote Latinx talent. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, public organizational documents, and industry publications. …
From Fields To Flu: Mapping H5n1 Zoonotic Risk In California Rice Fields, Mariati Messinger
From Fields To Flu: Mapping H5n1 Zoonotic Risk In California Rice Fields, Mariati Messinger
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 threatens agriculture, wildlife, and public health in California, where flooded rice fields in the Central Valley provide surrogate wetland habitat for migratory waterfowl and may create ecological interfaces for viral spillover into poultry systems. This quantitative ecological study examined whether county-level rice acreage, Lesser Snow Goose activity, and their interaction were associated with poultry HPAI H5N1 outbreak incidence during complete winter seasons available for analysis. Guided by One Health and disease ecology frameworks, secondary data from USDA, eBird, PRISM, and public surveillance sources were analyzed for 36 county-winter observations using negative binomial regression, logistic …
Marketing Strategies To Enhance Awareness And Attract International Patients In The Medical Tourism Industry Of Trinidad And Tobago, Natasha Rachel Rochford-Chance
Marketing Strategies To Enhance Awareness And Attract International Patients In The Medical Tourism Industry Of Trinidad And Tobago, Natasha Rachel Rochford-Chance
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Disseminating inadequate service information can limit a business's market appeal and hinder its growth. Business leaders must include comprehensive service information in their marketing strategies, as inadequate service information can make a business seem unappealing to potential clients, undermine competitive position, reduce market share, and diminish profitability. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the marketing strategies used by medical tourism business leaders in Trinidad and Tobago to attract international patients and increase profitability. The participants were eight medical tourism business leaders with experience in implementing marketing strategies. McCarthy's marketing mix theory of product, price, place, and …
Examining Variations In Non-Conventional Health Care Utilization Among Students At A Hispanic-Serving Institution, Monideepa B. Becerra, Karina E. Corral
Examining Variations In Non-Conventional Health Care Utilization Among Students At A Hispanic-Serving Institution, Monideepa B. Becerra, Karina E. Corral
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
The use of non-conventional health care, such as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and traditional healing practices, is increasing in the United States. Little is known, however, about its prevalence and influencing factors among college students—especially of varied racial/ethnic background. This study examined these patterns among college students using a cross-sectional survey conducted at a Hispanic-serving institution. Participants reported their use of non-conventional care, and demographic and motivational factors were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate analyses. Of the 641 participants, a majority reported CAM use (96%) and visits to a traditional healer (83%), with higher prevalence among Hispanic and female …
Strategies Managers Used To Mitigate Constraints For Project Success, Teela Washington
Strategies Managers Used To Mitigate Constraints For Project Success, Teela Washington
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Persistent project failures result in significant financial losses and reduced project management efficacy. Project managers who struggle to complete projects to scope, on time, and on budget risk reducing business performance and organizational value. Grounded in change management theory and theory of constraints, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore effective strategies project managers employ to mitigate constraints and improve project success. Participants were 10 project managers who effectively mitigated constraints. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and publicly available documents. Thematic analysis yielded four key themes: leadership, resource management, stakeholder engagement, and …
Medical Recommendations And Bmi Among Black And Hispanic Adolescent Females, Dorothea Polk
Medical Recommendations And Bmi Among Black And Hispanic Adolescent Females, Dorothea Polk
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Adolescent obesity persists as a critical public health challenge in the United States, with Black and Hispanic adolescent females experiencing elevated rates. Adolescent obesity contributes to serious long-term health risks, but provider counseling may support body mass index (BMI) management. Guided by the social-ecological model, this study examined whether receiving medical recommendations to control or lose weight was associated with BMI among Black and Hispanic adolescent females aged 16–19 years and whether meal preparation habits and food security status moderated this association, controlling for age, household income, and race/ethnicity. This quantitative, cross-sectional secondary analysis used multiple linear regression analyses to …
Staff Education To Address Medication Nonadherence Among Patients With Mental Health Challenges, Almena Ilis Huggins
Staff Education To Address Medication Nonadherence Among Patients With Mental Health Challenges, Almena Ilis Huggins
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Patients’ non-adherence to prescribed medication regimens remains a significant challenge in healthcare. Patients often misuse or skip their medications, which undermines treatment outcomes. This was evident at a mental health medical practice located in a suburban area of the southeastern coast. To address this problem, I developed, implemented, and evaluated a staff education program on evidence-based strategies to improve medication adherence among individuals with mental illness. The practice question focused on whether staff knowledge increased following participation in the education program. Four nursing staff participated in the 2-hour education program. Pre- and posttest questionnaires consisted of 15 multiple-choice questions. The …
K-12 Teachers’ Perspectives On The Adoption Of Virtual Reality And Augmented Reality Technology In Classroom Instruction, Breanna Mckenley
K-12 Teachers’ Perspectives On The Adoption Of Virtual Reality And Augmented Reality Technology In Classroom Instruction, Breanna Mckenley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this basic qualitative study was that although some K–12 teachers have access to virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies, these tools are not widely accepted or adopted for classroom instruction. Guided by the technology acceptance model, the purpose of the study was to explore K–12 teachers’ perspectives on their willingness to incorporate VR/AR, the perceived usefulness and ease of use of these technologies, and the challenges they encounter or anticipate during the adoption process. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 K-12 teachers from public, charter, and private schools in the United States who had …