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Change For The Use Of Phenobarbital In Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome, Rylee J. Studiner Aug 2025

Change For The Use Of Phenobarbital In Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome, Rylee J. Studiner

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a critical condition commonly encountered in hospital settings. If not properly treated, AWS can progress to seizures, delirium tremens, and death. Traditionally, benzodiazepines guided by the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar), have served as a mainstay of treatment. However, emerging evidence supports the use of phenobarbital as a pharmacologic alternative and the Severity of Ethanol Withdrawal Scale (SEWS) as a more objective and clinically practical assessment tool. This doctor of nursing practice (DNP) project aimed to develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the use of phenobarbital in managing severe …


Staff Education On Using The Epworth Sleepiness Scale In Primary Care, Amanda Robyn Jones Aug 2025

Staff Education On Using The Epworth Sleepiness Scale In Primary Care, Amanda Robyn Jones

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sleep disorders are prevalent in primary care settings and often remain underdiagnosed due to inconsistent assessment practices. This doctoral project was conducted to develop, implement, and evaluate whether an educational intervention for registered nurses would enhance their knowledge on using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for sleep assessment in primary care. Guided by adult learning theories and the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation instructional design model, the aim of the project was to address the practice gap related to inadequate sleep evaluations, ultimately improving patient outcomes and promoting holistic care. Evidence was collected through pre and post intervention assessments, …


Effective Strategies K–12 School Leaders Can Use To Improve Technology Integration In Classrooms, Shamila Ahmed Hashim Aug 2025

Effective Strategies K–12 School Leaders Can Use To Improve Technology Integration In Classrooms, Shamila Ahmed Hashim

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

With the rapid rise in demand for effective technology integration in K-12 classrooms, particularly in nonpublic schools, strong leadership is crucial. The absence of effective strategies can hinder student learning outcomes, posing a significant challenge for educators who are striving to improve academic success. This qualitative research project included a pragmatic inquiry design was to explore the strategies that some K–12 school leaders apply to improve classroom technology integration and enhance student learning outcomes. Grounded in the technology integration matrix framework, the study involved a purposive sample of five school leaders from nonpublic K-12 institutions in Maryland. Data were collected …


Antidepressant Medication Nonadherence In Adult Patients With A Major Depressive Disorder, Sandrine Djou Kaze Aug 2025

Antidepressant Medication Nonadherence In Adult Patients With A Major Depressive Disorder, Sandrine Djou Kaze

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The chosen approach for the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was a clinical practice guideline (CPG) on interventions to improve antidepressant medication adherence in adults diagnosed with depression in an outpatient setting. The consequences of medication nonadherence in patients with depression are devastating for individuals and the healthcare system. Therefore, addressing it within nursing practice is essential to improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. The practice question related to the DNP project was to determine whether the CPG could improve antidepressant medication compliance in adults diagnosed with a depressive disorder in an outpatient setting. I aimed to develop a …


The Impact Of Digital Sexual Health Education Using Social Media On African American Undergraduate Students, Valora Reid Bishop Aug 2025

The Impact Of Digital Sexual Health Education Using Social Media On African American Undergraduate Students, Valora Reid Bishop

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite making up approximately 12% of the United States’ population in 2020, African Americans ages 15 to 24 years old comprised 32% of the reported sexually transmitted diseases. The purpose of this quantitative research was to examine the impact of digital sexual health education (SHE) information on sexual health behaviors among African American undergraduate college students aged 18 to 24 years. The two research questions explored if the use of digital SHE information reduced the risk of adverse sexual health behaviors among African American undergraduate college student ages 18 to 24 years old; and if there was a relationship between …


Travel Professionals’ Successful Strategies For Implementing New Products, Mary Ashley Switzer Aug 2025

Travel Professionals’ Successful Strategies For Implementing New Products, Mary Ashley Switzer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The rapid introduction of new and innovative travel products presents challenges for travel industry professionals striving to stay competitive in a dynamic marketplace. This is a significant concern for travel professionals and industry leaders, as effectively implementing strategies can improve client satisfaction and support sustained business growth. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to explore the strategies used by travel industry professionals to successfully implement new, innovative tourism products to gain a competitive advantage. Grounded by the Red Queen effect competitive advantage model, six U.S.-based travel professionals with 5 years of experience and at least $1 million …


State Government Policies And Opioid Overdoses And Deaths, William Jerome Howard Aug 2025

State Government Policies And Opioid Overdoses And Deaths, William Jerome Howard

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In the United States, opioid deaths posed a significant public health crisis with profound social and economic implications. The opioid crisis continued despite the implementation of state-level prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP), naloxone access laws (NALs), and Medicaid expansion programs. Existing research demonstrated opioid deaths and nonfatal overdose patterns highlight the need for targeted harm reduction strategies, but there remained a lack of quantitative studies that addressed the effectiveness of opioid harm reduction policies. The purpose of this quasi-experimental quantitative research was to evaluate the relationship between state-level PDMPs, NALs, Medicaid expansion programs, and the COVID-19 global pandemic period (2020-2023), …


Strategies To Recruit And Retain Physicians In Rural Hospital Health Systems, Montoya Major Aug 2025

Strategies To Recruit And Retain Physicians In Rural Hospital Health Systems, Montoya Major

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Physician shortages in rural areas represent a serious and escalating challenge in the United States, with approximately 20% of the population residing in these regions while only about 9% of physicians practice there. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify key underlying factors contributing to physician shortages in rural hospital health settings and identify potential strategies to recruit and retain physicians. The review question concerned strategies and practices administrators use to attract and retain physicians in underserved rural areas. Herzberg’s two-factor theory serves as the framework and offers a perspective on employee motivation and job satisfaction. A review …


Reorganization: An Exploration Of Public Workplace Outsourcing, A Strategic Plan, Joshua Bicchinella Aug 2025

Reorganization: An Exploration Of Public Workplace Outsourcing, A Strategic Plan, Joshua Bicchinella

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

An education agency experienced a decline in loan originations from 2013 to 2023, creating fiscal challenges that threatened service sustainability. This created a need for operational strategies to stabilize funding and preserve resources. The problem was significant to the organization and the community’s ability to obtain equitable educational opportunities. The practice-focused question asked: What are the perspectives of staff and management concerning the agency's strategies to downsize and realign for sustainability? The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore staff and management perspectives on downsizing and outsourcing as strategies to maintain operations. The study was informed by concepts …


Effects Of Summer School Attendance On The Assessed Reading Proficiency Of Third Grade Students, Lydia Evers Aug 2025

Effects Of Summer School Attendance On The Assessed Reading Proficiency Of Third Grade Students, Lydia Evers

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Evidence shows students who are not reading proficiently by the end of third grade are more likely to eventually drop out of high school or be considered illiterate as adults, making it challenging to function adequately in society. The problem addressed through this study was that as many as 60% of U.S. third-grade students scored below proficiency on annual standardized reading assessments. Guided by faucet theory by Alexander et al., the purpose of this causal-comparative quantitative study was to compare reading standardized test scores of third-grade students who participated in a summer school program (SSP) in the summer following second …


Strategies To Improve Psychiatrist Understaffing In Psychiatric Hospitals In Rural And Underserved Communities: Addressing Administrative Challenges, Carla Aramouni Aug 2025

Strategies To Improve Psychiatrist Understaffing In Psychiatric Hospitals In Rural And Underserved Communities: Addressing Administrative Challenges, Carla Aramouni

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Psychiatric hospitals across the United States face a worsening shortage of psychiatrists, particularly in rural and underserved communities, which limits timely mental health care, increases wait times, and places unsustainable strain on the psychiatric workforce. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify administrative strategies that can mitigate psychiatrist understaffing and support sustainable care delivery in psychiatric hospitals. An integrative review methodology was used to explore both empirical and nonempirical literature, resulting in 92 articles, including 32 peer-reviewed sources and several supporting studies selected through a systematic search, screening, and critical appraisal. Thematic analysis of the evidence revealed five …


An Educational Intervention Focused On Identifying Adverse Childhood Experiences, Laconia Bacon Aug 2025

An Educational Intervention Focused On Identifying Adverse Childhood Experiences, Laconia Bacon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to traumatic childhood experiences that individuals may have been exposed to during their youth, such as child maltreatment, domestic violence, or interparental violence. Research has demonstrated that experiencing ACEs in childhood may result in physical and mental illnesses that led to dangerous lifestyle patterns in adulthood. In the local organization, several patients with ACEs presented in the emergency department (ED). The nurses, unaware of ACEs, were unable to detect and respond to the consequences of ACEs. Thus, the purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to determine whether an educational intervention focused …


Strategies For Volunteer Firefighter Recruitment And Retention, Teddy Gene Abbey Aug 2025

Strategies For Volunteer Firefighter Recruitment And Retention, Teddy Gene Abbey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Volunteer fire departments (VFDs) provide essential services in rural areas that cannot afford full-time staff, and they are negatively impacted by declining recruitment and retention. VFD administrators who lack strategies to recruit and retain volunteer firefighters risk reduced emergency services and increased costs for hiring paid firefighters. Grounded in Herzberg’s two-factor theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to identify and explore strategies some VFD administrators use to recruit and retain members and maintain necessary emergency services. Participants were six administrators from VFDs in Oklahoma and Arkansas with community populations of 1,500 citizens or fewer residents who …


The Perceived Impact Of Officer-Involved Domestic Violence On Law Enforcement Administrators, Victoria Smith Aug 2025

The Perceived Impact Of Officer-Involved Domestic Violence On Law Enforcement Administrators, Victoria Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The frequency of officer-involved domestic violence (OIDV) is a serious problem in the law enforcement profession. This qualitative phenomenological study aimed to determine what measures and specific domestic violence policies are working well and what is working poorly in Florida. This study is critical because it can aid upcoming law enforcement administrators (LEAs) and current LEAs in improving the policies and measures they use in their agency to combat OIDV among their officers and recruits. Jacques’s organizational culture theory (OCT) provided a framework for this study. I used purposeful snowball sampling methods to recruit participants for this study. Six law …


Educating Nurses On The Agency Of Healthcare Research And Quality Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program To Reduce The Rate Of Pressure Ulcers, Marie France Destaul Aug 2025

Educating Nurses On The Agency Of Healthcare Research And Quality Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program To Reduce The Rate Of Pressure Ulcers, Marie France Destaul

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A staff development project was conducted to address the practice problem encountered in a healthcare setting. The identified gap in practice was related to a lack of knowledge of pressure ulcer injury prevention among inpatient staff. Leadership deemed it essential to address this practice problem in nursing care because the prevalence of pressure ulcer injuries in hospitalized patients was high. The following practice-focused question guided the project: For staff in an inpatient setting, will education on the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program increase knowledge toward the goal of decreasing the incidence of pressure ulcers? …


Strategies To Recommend Compliance For Cna Staffing Ratios In New Jersey Nursing Homes, Mira Gaba Aug 2025

Strategies To Recommend Compliance For Cna Staffing Ratios In New Jersey Nursing Homes, Mira Gaba

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in New Jersey, which provide both short-term rehabilitation and long-term residential care, are faced with mounting pressure due to mandated staffing ratios for certified nursing assistants (CNAs). The purpose and review question for this integrative review centered on best practices and strategies for nursing home leaders to meet the new Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and New Jersey standards for CNA staffing ratios in nursing homes. This review used the systems theory to look at SNFs as connected networks where staffing, leadership, finances, and care delivery all work together. An examination of the literature published …


A Qualitative Study On The Experiences Of Burnout Among Mental Health Practitioners Rendering Clinical Care During Covid-19, Mykiyaa Marvella Walker-Sanchez Aug 2025

A Qualitative Study On The Experiences Of Burnout Among Mental Health Practitioners Rendering Clinical Care During Covid-19, Mykiyaa Marvella Walker-Sanchez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, between 21% and 67% of mental health practitioners in the United States experienced signs of burnout. The pandemic exacerbated these challenges, with an increased demand for mental health services. By 2022, 45% of practitioners reported burnout, and the APA’s 2023 Practitioner Pulse Survey noted that psychologists were working at the limits of their capacity, with high levels of burnout. While research on COVID-19 and burnout has expanded for physicians and nurses, less focus has been placed on mental health practitioners' experiences. The purpose of this generic qualitative study aimed to understand how mental health practitioners …


Effects Of Social Influences On Adult Male Politicians Who Engage In Sexually-Exploitative Behaviors, Rodshana M. Ulery Aug 2025

Effects Of Social Influences On Adult Male Politicians Who Engage In Sexually-Exploitative Behaviors, Rodshana M. Ulery

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sexually-exploitative behaviors by adult male politicians is a significant societal concern that reflects deeper issues involving power misuse, gender inequality, and institutional failure. This qualitative research involved examining societal factors that were linked with this type of misconduct. Guided by the status characteristics theory, the study involved examining how status-related traits such as political power, public image, and institutional affiliation shaped social dynamics and fostered environments that enabled these behaviors. Using NVIVO, thematic content analysis was applied to 24 adult male politician cases. Five key themes emerged: early life and family influences, position and power, opportunity expectations, cultural and institutional …


A Content Analysis Of Podcasts Exploring The Experiences Of Nba Players And Mental Health, Joanna D. Hedin Aug 2025

A Content Analysis Of Podcasts Exploring The Experiences Of Nba Players And Mental Health, Joanna D. Hedin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Black male athletes are at a greater risk of not seeking treatment for their mental health issues due to cultural stigmas and expectations. The purpose of this qualitative secondary data research study was to understand the experiences of Black NBA players regarding their mental health and the sociocultural factors that influence their decision making regarding participation in mental health services, as revealed through podcast appearances. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory was applied in this study to suggest that learning is an integral part of the social process and that culture contributes to how and what one learns. This study asked about what …


Difference In High School Geometry End-Of-Year State Exam Scores Between Three Different Retake Time Frames, Christina Noel Walton Aug 2025

Difference In High School Geometry End-Of-Year State Exam Scores Between Three Different Retake Time Frames, Christina Noel Walton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A grading policy was implemented in a Northeastern suburban public school district that left it to curriculum teams to define the amount of time between the original test and its retake resulting in a slight decrease in high school students’ geometry end-of-year state exam scores. Guided by Bloom’s theory of mastery learning, the purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to investigate if there were statistically significant differences between high school students’ geometry end-of-year state exam scores or between high school students’ geometry math growth scores when controlling for the preassessment score differentiated by three schemes of retake timing: short-term, …


Insights Regarding The Role Of Administrative Support And Teacher Retention In A Suburban Arizona School District, Kristen Louise Tiffany Aug 2025

Insights Regarding The Role Of Administrative Support And Teacher Retention In A Suburban Arizona School District, Kristen Louise Tiffany

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study is that teachers are leaving the profession in an Arizona high school district (AHSD, a pseudonym), which might be due to a lack of administrator support. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore teachers’ perceptions of reasons they chose to remain in their positions as well as administrators’ perceptions on the support they provide to encourage teacher retention at AHSD. Grounded in Bandura’s social cognitive theory, semistructured interviews were conducted with six administrators and 10 teachers from AHSD. Saldana’s pattern coding was used with the following themes emerging: Teachers …


Understanding Loss To Follow-Up: The Role Of Social Determinants Of Health In Infants Referred After A Positive Newborn Screening – A Quantitative Analysis, Betsy Graham-Moeller Graham-Moeller Aug 2025

Understanding Loss To Follow-Up: The Role Of Social Determinants Of Health In Infants Referred After A Positive Newborn Screening – A Quantitative Analysis, Betsy Graham-Moeller Graham-Moeller

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Newborn screening (NBS) is a vital U.S. public health initiative that identifies medical conditions shortly after birth. Patients with positive screenings are referred for medical follow-up or evaluation. However, many patients do not receive the recommended long-term follow-up, posing concerns for healthcare providers and public health professionals working to ensure timely treatment and care continuity. Based on the Social Determinants of Health framework, this quantitative, retrospective cohort study aimed to examine demographic and clinical factors associated with follow-up adherence among 691 infants identified through NBS in Colorado and Wyoming. The purpose of the study was to determine whether race, ethnicity, …


Relationship Between Perioperative Nurses’ Perception Of Empowerment Versus Burnout And Intent To Leave In A Level 1 Hospital On The East Coast, Kelly D. Sambrano Aug 2025

Relationship Between Perioperative Nurses’ Perception Of Empowerment Versus Burnout And Intent To Leave In A Level 1 Hospital On The East Coast, Kelly D. Sambrano

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Retaining perioperative nurses is vital for maintaining high-quality care, operational efficiency, and financial stability in healthcare settings. These nurses are integral to surgical care and require significant training and resources, making their retention a strategic priority. This quantitative study, grounded in Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment, used secondary data to explore two main questions: (a) Which demographic factors—such as age, experience, training, certification, and loyalty predict empowerment, burnout, and intent to leave? and (b) How do empowerment and job satisfaction influence the intent to stay? With nearly 20% of the perioperative workforce expected to retire within five years, identifying retention …


Predicting Utilization Of Mental Health Services Among Undergraduate Nursing Students On College Campuses In The Mississippi Delta, Deidra Michelle Byas Aug 2025

Predicting Utilization Of Mental Health Services Among Undergraduate Nursing Students On College Campuses In The Mississippi Delta, Deidra Michelle Byas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Over recent years, concerns about the mental health of nursing students in the Mississippi Delta have increased. However, research indicated that many nursing students do not utilize mental health services. This population has received little research attention, creating a gap in the literature and leaving counselor educators and supervisors ill-equipped to prepare counselors to meet the needs of nursing students. This quantitative study examined whether attitudes toward mental health services, social and cultural stigmas, and demographic characteristics explained the variance in nursing students’ willingness to seek help. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study focused on three areas: …


Enhancing Social Determinants Of Health Education In Home Health Care Including Social Determinants Of Health In Assessments And Care Plans For Home Health Clinicians, Emilia Mbanwite Aug 2025

Enhancing Social Determinants Of Health Education In Home Health Care Including Social Determinants Of Health In Assessments And Care Plans For Home Health Clinicians, Emilia Mbanwite

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This staff education-focused doctor of nursing practice (DNP) project addressed the critical practice problem of one southern health care facility staff’s knowledge on the integration of social determinants of health (SDOH) into home health care plans. Despite SDOH screening, clinicians lacked standardized training to effectively assess and intervene on factors such as housing, transportation, and food insecurity, contributing to preventable hospitalizations, particularly in vulnerable populations. The practice-focused question addressed whether an evidence-based education module could improve home health nurses’ knowledge and application of SDOH in assessments and care plans. The project’s purpose was to develop, implement, and evaluate this training …


Reconciling Harm Reduction Philosophy And Approaches Among Abstinence-Only Substance Abuse Treatment Professionals, Amy Rose Ashton-Williams Aug 2025

Reconciling Harm Reduction Philosophy And Approaches Among Abstinence-Only Substance Abuse Treatment Professionals, Amy Rose Ashton-Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Historically, substance use disorder (SUD) treatment in the United States has been firmly grounded in abstinence-only treatment approaches. Harm reduction as a treatment model has gained additional traction. With increased rates of opioid use, overdoses, and advancements in medications for SUDs, harm reduction treatment approaches are becoming more important to improve lives of people who use drugs. Little is known about how counselors who have been educated, trained, and deliver abstinence-based SUD treatment reconcile use of harm reduction into their practice. To address this gap in literature, a generic qualitative study was conducted using the social constructivism theory. A purposive …


Strategies To Use Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Programs To Increase Employee Performance And Profitability, Kecia Bailey Alexander Aug 2025

Strategies To Use Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Programs To Increase Employee Performance And Profitability, Kecia Bailey Alexander

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A lack of effective strategies for implementing diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs to increase employee performance and profitability is a concern for leaders in the education industry. This problem is significant to educational leaders because, without effective strategies for implementing DEI programs, they cannot address the gap in practice that hinders improvements in employee performance and organizational profitability. Grounded in Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry identified and explored the effective strategies educational leaders used to successfully implement DEI programs to increase employee performance and profitability. Participants were six leaders from both for-profit and non-profit educational …


Teachers’ Perceptions Of Digital Citizenship In A Local U.S. Public Middle School, Rebekah A. Watson Aug 2025

Teachers’ Perceptions Of Digital Citizenship In A Local U.S. Public Middle School, Rebekah A. Watson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study was that although there are computer science standards requiring teachers to integrate digital citizenship skills to practice safe and ethical behaviors, local U.S. public middle school teachers were struggling to develop students’ digital citizenship skills. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore local rural public middle school teachers’ perceptions of building students’ digital citizenship skills, and to identify the training and supports teachers need to improve performance in this area. Ribble’s theory of digital citizenship was used for the conceptual framework. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with nine …


Using Exercise To Treat Anxiety In Adult Patients With Addiction, Emmanuella N. Nnadozie Aug 2025

Using Exercise To Treat Anxiety In Adult Patients With Addiction, Emmanuella N. Nnadozie

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Summary In this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project, I selected a staff education as the best intervention to improve staff knowledge in using exercise to treat anxiety disorders in adult patients at a recovery clinic for addiction. Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent among individuals undergoing substance abuse treatment, often exacerbating withdrawal symptoms and increasing relapse risks; thus, integrating the use of exercise in addition to existing standard care for anxiety treatment in individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) will lead to decreased anxiety, decreased alcohol use and drug cravings, improved quality of life and affect, increased abstinence, and improve …


Effectiveness Of Leadership Rounding In Reducing Patient-Related Falls In A Medical-Surgical Unit, Elsie-Solange Mvoueng Nkoi-Mimba Aug 2025

Effectiveness Of Leadership Rounding In Reducing Patient-Related Falls In A Medical-Surgical Unit, Elsie-Solange Mvoueng Nkoi-Mimba

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Summary In this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project, I evaluated whether the project site organization’s implementation of leadership rounding reduced patient falls within a medical-surgical unit. Despite established fall prevention strategies, the unit continued to experience ongoing incidents, prompting the implementation of structured leadership rounding. The practice-focused question assessed changes in fall rates over a 3-month postintervention period compared to the preceding 3 months. A retrospective chart review was conducted from December 2023 to June 2024, excluding March 2024 due to partial implementation. I used descriptive statistics to analyze trends. The average monthly fall rate remained stable at 2.67 …