Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Walden University

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 2761 - 2790 of 13149

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Improving Access To Care For Uninsured Patients In Texas Outpatient Clinics: Achieving Patient-Centered Care, Stephanie Ann Greenwood Aug 2024

Improving Access To Care For Uninsured Patients In Texas Outpatient Clinics: Achieving Patient-Centered Care, Stephanie Ann Greenwood

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Uninsured patients encounter major barriers to accessing healthcare, leading to delayed or missed medical care, higher rates of chronic conditions, and increased financial and psychological stress. The purpose of this integrative review study was to examine the factors that affect Texas residents who lack insurance and require access to healthcare services in outpatient community clinics. The review question was used to explore strategies to improve access to healthcare and strengthen patient-centered care for uninsured patients in Texas outpatient health clinics. A thorough integrative review was completed using empirical and nonempirical literature published between 2019 and 2024. The results of the …


Predictors Of Antisocial Behavior Among Hispanic Adults, Mara Page Aug 2024

Predictors Of Antisocial Behavior Among Hispanic Adults, Mara Page

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Antisocial behavior can lead to serious social and legal consequences such as long-term involvement in criminal activities. Although there has been much research on predictors of antisocial behavior, such as perceived economic status, parental communication, impulsivity, substances, parenting styles, and parental involvement, little has been researched on how these apply to the Hispanic population. Grounded in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general crime theory, the purpose of this nonexperimental correlational survey design study was to assess whether sensation-seeking behavior, self-control, parental monitoring, religious coping, perceived social support, and rugged resilience predicted antisocial behavior among Hispanic adults. A sample of 167 Hispanic adult …


Adhd And Chronic Anhedonia: Antecedents Of Treatment-Resistant Depression And Suicidality In Adults, Tia Sternat Aug 2024

Adhd And Chronic Anhedonia: Antecedents Of Treatment-Resistant Depression And Suicidality In Adults, Tia Sternat

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Depression is a chronic and debilitating disorder. Approximately 280 million people live with depression, and more than 700,000 lives are lost due to suicide each year. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a severe form of depression which is highly correlated with comorbid psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and associated with increased suicidality. Anhedonia, the reduced ability to experience pleasure, is associated with various psychiatric conditions, including ADHD. The theoretical framework for this study was the biopsychosocial model. Depression may be diagnosed in accordance with a defined cluster of symptoms, and/or how symptoms are experienced vary by individuals …


Relationship Between Student Physical Therapist Pain Knowledge, Beliefs, And Self-Efficacy Assessing And Treating Pain, Ryan Morgan Reed Aug 2024

Relationship Between Student Physical Therapist Pain Knowledge, Beliefs, And Self-Efficacy Assessing And Treating Pain, Ryan Morgan Reed

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that affects a large percentage of the population. According to recent studies, chronic pain management is best treated using a biopsychosocial (BPS) non-pharmacological approach rather than a biomedical (BM) approach. Student Physical Therapists (SPTs) trained in a BPS approach have different beliefs about pain than those trained in the BM approach. Beliefs about pain are related to pain knowledge and self-efficacy for treating pain patients. To date, no study has examined these three variables together or explored differences in BM versus BPS beliefs in relationship to the other two variables. Guided by social cognitive …


Factors That Influence Elementary School Teachers Who Refer Students To Special, La' Trina Dudley Aug 2024

Factors That Influence Elementary School Teachers Who Refer Students To Special, La' Trina Dudley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is an overrepresentation of African American students in special education classes; placing African Americans disproportionately in special education classes lowers their self-esteem and compromises their academic performance. This study aimed to increase understanding of the meaning-making processes elementary school general education teachers use to refer African American students for special education services. I used critical race theory (CRT) to support the study, which suggests that structural racism in schools harms African American students' self-esteem and academic achievement. Two research questions directed the study: What are the decision-making processes of elementary school teachers who refer African American students for special …


Cultural Competence To Meet Students' Transcultural Learning Goals, Taijohnea Haywood Aug 2024

Cultural Competence To Meet Students' Transcultural Learning Goals, Taijohnea Haywood

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Researchers have noted that some primary grade teachers do not have the cultural competence to meet transcultural learning goals for primary grade students in diverse schools. This qualitative study explored perspectives of kindergarten through second grade teachers on their cultural competence to meet transcultural learning goals for primary-grade students in diverse schools. Mishra and Metha’s 21st century learning model and Vernon’s six principles of culturally competent practice were used as the framework for this study. This study addressed two research questions focusing on primary grade teachers’ perspectives of their cultural competence to meet the transcultural learning goals for their students …


Early Childhood Teachers’ Perceptions On Well-Being Following The Covid-19 Pandemic, Janith Rena Rhodes Aug 2024

Early Childhood Teachers’ Perceptions On Well-Being Following The Covid-19 Pandemic, Janith Rena Rhodes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed through this study was the decrease in early childhood (EC) teachers’ well-being since 2021 at a southeastern school district (SESD, a pseudonym) following the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the personal and professional well-being of EC teachers during the post-pandemic teaching environment to gain an understanding of how the school district can support teachers so that they work effectively. The conceptual framework for this study was Seligman’s (2016) multidimensional PERMA model, which was found useful for understanding employees’ well-being for all employees at work. Data were collected through semistructured interviews of …


Experiences With Therapeutic Adherence Among Hiv Positive Older Adults In Puerto Rico, Isaida Cabrera-Montero Aug 2024

Experiences With Therapeutic Adherence Among Hiv Positive Older Adults In Puerto Rico, Isaida Cabrera-Montero

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

HIV/AIDS infection, which originally was a fatal disease, is now a treatable, chronic disease with which people can live to reach 70 years of age or older if they comply with treatment. HIV treatment requires adherence to medications, but there is a lack of evidence on therapeutic adherence among older adults in Puerto Rico. The purpose of this descriptive phenomenology study, guided by the health belief model, was to provide a better understanding of HIV therapy adherence among older adults living in Puerto Rico. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 10 HIV-positive adults aged 65 years or older who were …


The Lived Experiences Of Cisheteronormativity By Nonbinary Sexual Assault Survivors, Emma Jackson Smith Aug 2024

The Lived Experiences Of Cisheteronormativity By Nonbinary Sexual Assault Survivors, Emma Jackson Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Gender minorities experience higher rates of sexual assault (SA) victimization and psychological distress, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than their cisgender counterparts. Nonbinary individuals, in particular, face elevated levels of victimization, post assault distress, and unique barriers to receiving competent care both in general and specific to their assault experiences. Current research highlights the need for culturally competent care for nonbinary and transgender individuals, as well as for SA survivors. Although the experiences of SA survivors have been previously explored, specific information regarding the experiences of nonbinary survivors remains scarce. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study, grounded in Heideggerian …


Administrator Perspectives On Challenges And Opportunities In Assisting Teachers Transition To Online Teaching During Covid-19, Itari Beryl Hinds Aug 2024

Administrator Perspectives On Challenges And Opportunities In Assisting Teachers Transition To Online Teaching During Covid-19, Itari Beryl Hinds

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

During the COVID-19 global pandemic, there was no precedence set or documented protocol to govern the transition from face-to-face to online teaching. The purpose of this study was to explore middle school administrators' perspectives on their challenges and opportunities when assisting teachers as they transitioned from face-to-face to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bass’s transformational leadership theory was used as the conceptual framework to emphasize the need for administrators to motivate teachers to persevere and adapt during times of crisis. The study’s two research questions were designed to explore administrators’ perspectives on whether they experienced challenges or opportunities when …


Anticipatory Grief Narratives Of Caregivers Of Children With Cockayne Syndrome, Emily T. Smith Aug 2024

Anticipatory Grief Narratives Of Caregivers Of Children With Cockayne Syndrome, Emily T. Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Knowledge of the impending death of a loved one has been connected with experiences of anticipatory grief. Specific grief experiences such as caring for a parent with dementia and caring for a child with cancer have been explored. Other rarely occurring anticipatory grief experiences have yet to be explored. The occurrence of Cockayne syndrome (CS) is 2.7 births in 1,000,000 worldwide. CS caregivers begin grieving the moment they learn of their child’s diagnosis, and counseling professionals are ill prepared to counsel the bereaved in even the more typical post death situations. Therefore, this qualitative, narrative study asked the question: what …


The Lived Experiences Of Cisheteronormativity By Nonbinary Sexual Assault Survivors, Emma Jackson Smith Aug 2024

The Lived Experiences Of Cisheteronormativity By Nonbinary Sexual Assault Survivors, Emma Jackson Smith

Harold L. Hodgkinson Award for Outstanding Dissertation

Gender minorities experience higher rates of sexual assault (SA) victimization and psychological distress, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than their cisgender counterparts. Nonbinary individuals, in particular, face elevated levels of victimization, post assault distress, and unique barriers to receiving competent care both in general and specific to their assault experiences. Current research highlights the need for culturally competent care for nonbinary and transgender individuals, as well as for SA survivors. Although the experiences of SA survivors have been previously explored, specific information regarding the experiences of nonbinary survivors remains scarce. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study, grounded in Heideggerian …


Recidivism: Putting A Stop To The Revolving Door, Kathy Crowder Green Aug 2024

Recidivism: Putting A Stop To The Revolving Door, Kathy Crowder Green

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Recidivism is a powerfully adverse factor in the lives of individuals who seek to reintegrate into society and the community at large. In this qualitative research, former inmates who were successfully released and had never been convicted within one year of their release were interviewed to discover the rationale. The research focused on understanding the skills and traits obtained through the Alternative Custody Program that can effectively reduce recidivism. Utilizing a phenomenological design, the purpose of this study was to understand the effects of program participation on the lives of former inmates concerning recidivism. Interviews lasting approximately an hour were …


Job Task Analysis: Exploring A Nonprofit Mental Health Administrative Staff’S Perceptions Of Their Job Duties And Priorities, Ella Faye Warren Aug 2024

Job Task Analysis: Exploring A Nonprofit Mental Health Administrative Staff’S Perceptions Of Their Job Duties And Priorities, Ella Faye Warren

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Due to a recent expansion, Organization A encountered challenges in aligning its administrative staff duties and responsibilities with the strategic objectives of the organization. This difficulty was driven by the need to accommodate new services and the increasing demand for mental health services within the region. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore the job duties the administrative staff at Organization A currently perform, and what were their perceptions concerning the priorities to be fulfilled in the future. The conceptual frameworks of job task analysis and job task inventory guided the data collection process, which involved conducting …


Perceptions Of Learning Designers On Challenges Integrating Analytics To Improve Corporate Online Education, Marco D'Alessio Aug 2024

Perceptions Of Learning Designers On Challenges Integrating Analytics To Improve Corporate Online Education, Marco D'Alessio

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Learning designers face challenges integrating learning analytics (LA) when designing learner-content interactions in corporate online education. The quality of the learning design directly affects learners’ engagement and impacts the transfer of learning at work. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives of experienced learning designers on the challenges of integrating LA when designing corporate online education content. The conceptual framework for this study was Engeström’s activity theory. The research question guiding the study explored how experienced learning designers in corporate online education perceived the challenges of integrating LA to support data-informed decision-making when designing learner-content interactions. Semistructured interviews of …


Nigerian Brewery Industry Leaders' Perceptions Of Emotional Intelligence As A Strategy To Improve Employee Job Satisfaction And Organizational Performance, Funso Ayeni Aug 2024

Nigerian Brewery Industry Leaders' Perceptions Of Emotional Intelligence As A Strategy To Improve Employee Job Satisfaction And Organizational Performance, Funso Ayeni

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee job dissatisfaction and turnover rates increase when organizational leaders and managers have low emotional intelligence (EI). Nigerian business leaders have not placed significant importance on EI skills which has resulted in higher turnover and worse business performance. The purpose of this qualitative single-case study was to explore Nigerian brewing industry leaders’ perceptions of effectively applying EI skills to improve employee job satisfaction and organizational performance. Goleman's emotional competencies model and Herzberg’s two-factor theory provided the conceptual framework. The research questions focused on understanding Nigerian brewing industry leaders’ perceptions of effectively applying EI skills. Purposive sampling was used to identify …


Impact Of Veteran Treatment Courts On Lived Experiences Of Male Military Veterans With Misdemeanor Criminal Records, Verona Ann Cabbagestalk Aug 2024

Impact Of Veteran Treatment Courts On Lived Experiences Of Male Military Veterans With Misdemeanor Criminal Records, Verona Ann Cabbagestalk

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Support for criminal justice reform is growing due to scrutiny of high incarceration rates and recidivism. Military veterans within the criminal justice system are included in correctional populations. Veterans’ unique experiences involving combat trauma require alternative treatments to reduce their involvement with the justice system. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to explore lived experiences of male military veterans with misdemeanor criminal records. This phenomenological qualitative study involved using the homecoming theory to explore lived experiences of male military veterans with criminal records. Research questions related to understanding lived veteran experiences that led to their involvement with the …


Essential Resource Barriers And Perceived Implications Among Military Parents Of Autistic Children, Ann Bayron-Freay Aug 2024

Essential Resource Barriers And Perceived Implications Among Military Parents Of Autistic Children, Ann Bayron-Freay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Elevated mental health issues and health care accessibility challenges may be exacerbated by the stressors experienced by military parents of autistic children. The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis was to explore how military parents with autistic children experienced and perceived essential resource barriers. Parent perceptions of the obstacles they experienced with essential resource accessibility led to significant difficulties being identified. The stress process model was used to frame the concepts in this research. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with eight active duty or recently retired military parents who had at least one autistic child during their service. Themes …


Covid-19 Fear, Self-Regulation, Coping, And Eating Behaviors, Marlina Macblane Aug 2024

Covid-19 Fear, Self-Regulation, Coping, And Eating Behaviors, Marlina Macblane

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) impacted the world at an alarming rate, including the United States, near the end of 2019. Uncertainty, fear, anxiety, and unanswered questions spread rapidly with COVID-19. The media shared the most devastating outcomes of the virus while the harsh reality of fear and unknowns seemed to stop life as people knew it and began what seemed to be a new normal with social isolation and home confinement. This quantitative correlational study examined whether fear of contracting COVID-19 was associated with coping and self-regulation of eating behaviors. Lazarus’s transactional theory of stress and coping provided the framework …


Best Practices To Improve Staffing And Retention For Women’S Health Providers In The Clinic Setting At The Veterans Health Administration, Tiffany Alexander Aug 2024

Best Practices To Improve Staffing And Retention For Women’S Health Providers In The Clinic Setting At The Veterans Health Administration, Tiffany Alexander

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the largest integrated health care system in the United States providing care to veterans and eligible family members with a growing population of female veterans. This has led to the need to maintain adequate physician staffing for the care of this unique population. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify strategies for maintaining women’s health providers to support the growing population of female veterans who have experienced military sexual trauma and require specialized care in the women’s health clinic setting. This integrative review provided an analysis of empirical and nonempirical literature within …


The Psychological Victimization Of Relational Bullying Among The Lgbtqia+ Population, Erika Daniels Aug 2024

The Psychological Victimization Of Relational Bullying Among The Lgbtqia+ Population, Erika Daniels

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The research problem in this study was the lack of research conducted on the psychological victimization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersexual, asexual, and other (LGBTQIA+) individuals who may have experienced relational bullying by other sexual minorities. Unfortunately, relational bullying is not viewed as being as detrimental as physical, verbal, and cyberbullying. The purpose of this study was to explore sexual minorities’ experiences with relational bullying at the hands of other sexual minorities. Research has shown that LGBTQIA+ individuals experience physical, verbal, and cyberbullying behavior from their family, friends, and peers. However, there was limited research on how they …


Exploring Lived Experiences Of Mothers Raising Children With Down Syndrome In Western Nigeria, Vivian N. Aruwajoye Aug 2024

Exploring Lived Experiences Of Mothers Raising Children With Down Syndrome In Western Nigeria, Vivian N. Aruwajoye

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Having a child with Down syndrome (DS) negatively impacts mothers’ health and well-being. Families raising a child or children with DS encounter significant financial burdens, inadequate support services, and cultural influences, which have adverse effects on the families. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to understand the accessibility and utilization of support services through the lived experiences of Western Nigerian mothers raising children with DS. The study involved 10 mothers who were recruited using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews via Zoom and observational notes. Thematic analysis was guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. NVivo …


African American Men’S Pursuit Of Leadership Roles In White-Collar Professions: A Qualitative Study, Quincy Bryant Aug 2024

African American Men’S Pursuit Of Leadership Roles In White-Collar Professions: A Qualitative Study, Quincy Bryant

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this research was to examine the context of minority leadership for African American men to identify how African Americans’ physiological, safety, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs impact their desire to seek leadership roles in white-collar settings while understanding modern implications of their experiences. Previously, there have been discrepancies in terms of managerial roles, specifically top management, which has contributed to addressing potential variables that influence lack of minority leadership in white-collar organizations. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory was used. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were used to identify 21 participants for this qualitative study via one-on-one …


Examining The Mediating Role Of Effort, Engagement, And Supervisory Satisfaction In The Relationship Between Emotional Labor And Burnout, Lance Washington Aug 2024

Examining The Mediating Role Of Effort, Engagement, And Supervisory Satisfaction In The Relationship Between Emotional Labor And Burnout, Lance Washington

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee burnout significantly impacts employee well-being, organizational efficiency, and overall productivity. Emotional labor, a central determinant of burnout, is necessary for effective governance but it is not known how the role of effort, engagement, and supervisory satisfaction contribute to burnout among federal employees in the United States government. Given the rising concern over federal employee burnout, understanding these dynamics is vital for policymakers, managers, and employees. Underpinned by the conservation of resources theory, the purpose of this study was to explore the direct effect of emotional labor on burnout and the indirect mediating effects of effort, engagement, and supervisory satisfaction …


Impacts Of Diets And Weight On Cognitive Decline Diseases Among The Middle-Aged Populations In Louisiana, Danielle Beamon Aug 2024

Impacts Of Diets And Weight On Cognitive Decline Diseases Among The Middle-Aged Populations In Louisiana, Danielle Beamon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Cognitive decline is a public health concern since people are living longer, but little is known regarding how to prevent the progression of this condition; furthermore, current treatment options are not always effective after diagnosis. Previous research indicated obesity was associated with diminishing cognitive health, but most studies were conducted on individuals over the age of 65. The purpose of the study was to determine if there is a statistical correlation between cognitive decline and body mass index (BMI) among those between the ages of 40 and 64 years. Data from the 2015-2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Alzheimer’s Disease …


Examining Adolescent Sexual Patterns In Creek Town, Nigeria: Insights From A Cross-Sectional Survey And Implications For Tailored Interventions, Rowland Edet, Kabiru K. Salami Aug 2024

Examining Adolescent Sexual Patterns In Creek Town, Nigeria: Insights From A Cross-Sectional Survey And Implications For Tailored Interventions, Rowland Edet, Kabiru K. Salami

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

In the dynamic landscape of global health, the sexual behaviors of adolescents are of particular significance due to their profound implications for individual well-being and public health. This article focuses on Creek Town, a vibrant community in Nigeria, and aims to provide a nuanced exploration of the sexual behaviors of adolescents within the context of local culture and socio-economic factors. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving a multi-stage sampling approach with 422 participants. A comprehensive 112-item questionnaire captured various aspects of adolescent sexual behaviors. Additionally, four focus group discussions, including both in-school and out-of-school adolescents, provided qualitative insights. The …


Middle School Co-Teacher’S Experiences Using Restorative Practices In Inclusive Environments To Support The Learning Of Students Of Color With Special Needs, Mynda J. Massey-Vukovic Aug 2024

Middle School Co-Teacher’S Experiences Using Restorative Practices In Inclusive Environments To Support The Learning Of Students Of Color With Special Needs, Mynda J. Massey-Vukovic

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Researchers have shown that restorative processes in middle school improve adolescents’ social and emotional skills during a critical time in their academic development, and educational systems worldwide have developed multitiered systems of support to ensure that restorative processes are integrated into the learning culture. This narrative study aimed to explore middle school educators’ experiences with the implementation of restorative practices and their perceptions of how the strategies within the practices affected the academic engagement of students of color receiving special education services in inclusive settings. The four pillars of social control theory (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief) and facets of …


The Lived Experiences Of Spouses Of First Responders Incident To The October 1, 2017, Mass Shooting In Las Vegas, Nevada, Kareen Larae Benson Aug 2024

The Lived Experiences Of Spouses Of First Responders Incident To The October 1, 2017, Mass Shooting In Las Vegas, Nevada, Kareen Larae Benson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Research concerning first responders delves into understanding their job environment, their exposure to work hazards, and their reactions to traumatic events. However, few scholars have considered the impact of first responder work on their spouses/partners. Consequently, the purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to learn about the lived experiences of the spouses/partners of the first responders who responded within the first 12 hours to the mass shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada, during the Route 91 Harvest Festival, on October 1, 2017. Six participants (from law enforcement, firefighters, and emergency services personnel) who were current or former spouses/partners of first …


Effective Data Breach Prevention Strategies In Hospitals, Melissa Nichol Ramos Aug 2024

Effective Data Breach Prevention Strategies In Hospitals, Melissa Nichol Ramos

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The healthcare industry has been a rapidly growing target for data breach incidents. Data security is essential to health information managers (HIMs) because of their responsibility to safeguard health data and prevent cyberattacks affecting clinical operations. Grounded in the conceptual framework of the unified information security policy compliance model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore effective strategies by six HIMs who successfully implemented effective cybersecurity strategies in their organizations. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and public sources of information. Thematic analysis revealed three major themes: (a) differences in HIMs’ approaches to data security; (b) human …


Pregnancy Intention, Perinatal Depression, Birth Weight, And Premature Delivery Among Black Women, Chantay Philease Mcneil Aug 2024

Pregnancy Intention, Perinatal Depression, Birth Weight, And Premature Delivery Among Black Women, Chantay Philease Mcneil

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Perinatal depression among Black women results in significant public health burdens, interacting with systemic disparities to create disproportionate risks of adverse birth outcomes. The present study explored the moderating effect of pregnancy intention on the relationship between perinatal depression and adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm delivery among Black women living in the southern United States. Using secondary data from the 2016-2020 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), data were analysed from 9825 black women across eight southern states including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Virginia. The statistical approach included chi-square tests and …