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Employee Perspectives On Reporting Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Study Of Lived Experiences And Outcomes, Ivy James Roberson Feb 2025

Employee Perspectives On Reporting Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Study Of Lived Experiences And Outcomes, Ivy James Roberson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite numerous laws and policies, sexual harassment remains a significant public concern that has failed to be resolved through contemporary measures. This research study presents a comprehensive review and analysis of sexual harassment focusing on why employees who were victims of sexual harassment may not report such an incident and how reporting of these incidences subsequently impacted the workplace experiences of those who report the issue. The foundation of this qualitative study was feminist theory and twelve participants were recruited through a LinkedIn ad and semistructured interviews were conducted via Zoom or phone with audio-recording. Thematic analysis of the data …


Qualitative Study Of Sexual Orientation In Law Enforcement, Ruby Nelson Brockenberry Feb 2025

Qualitative Study Of Sexual Orientation In Law Enforcement, Ruby Nelson Brockenberry

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The experiences of LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) persons working in law enforcement were examined in this qualitative research. While the workplace is often seen as a collaborative setting and efforts to accomplish shared objectives without discrimination or prejudice, this is not always true for LGBTQ law enforcement personnel. This research focused on gender identity and sexual orientation to highlight the difficulties as well as discrimination and harassment which can negatively impact LGBTQ officers’ general well-being. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews from a sample of 11 LGBTQ law enforcement officers in the Pee Dee Region. Date was …


Jc Polyomavirus Pooled Seropositivity Prevalence In Healthy Subjects, Lenka J. Kimla Feb 2025

Jc Polyomavirus Pooled Seropositivity Prevalence In Healthy Subjects, Lenka J. Kimla

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

JC polyomavirus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised individuals and has been linked to cancer development. To-date, no information is available about the JCV seroprevalence in the healthy (nondiseased) population or whether this virus is ecologically connected to humans. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to the estimate the overall seroprevalence of JCV in the healthy human population by age, region, and testing method. A meta-analysis conducted on 24 studies revealed a pooled JCV seroprevalence of 60% (95% CI, 55% - 65%) with statistically significant effect size (z = 32.93, p < 0.001). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses with STATA18 showed that age and region had a strong positive predictive value on prevalence (R = .578, R2 = 0.334, F(2,52) = 12.543, p < 0.001) whereas the testing method had no significant effect on prevalence. The theories that grounded this study were the ecological model and the systems theory, which support the study result that JCV appears to be ubiquitous in the human population with JCV being acquired very early in life. The results of the systematic literature review indicated that JCV is transmitted via fecal-oral and respiratory routes within and outside of families. Most infants are infected with JCV by the age of 6 months and JCV seronegativity may not be indicative of a lack of an underlying JCV infection. JCV seropositivity increases with age, which is most probably by viral reactivation due to immune senescence. These findings have positive social change implications with JCV treatment, screening, and vaccine development.


Education Module To Improve Staff Medication Administration Practice, Linda Ikegwuoha Feb 2025

Education Module To Improve Staff Medication Administration Practice, Linda Ikegwuoha

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Executive Summary: Staff Education Project Education Module to Improve Staff Medication Administration Practice by Linda C. Ikegwuoha BSN, Austin Community College, 2021 ADN, Austin Community College, 2019 Executive Summary Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University May 2025


Improving Financial Sustainability Through A 990n-Sized Charity’S Fundraising-Activity Audit, Eileen Callejas Feb 2025

Improving Financial Sustainability Through A 990n-Sized Charity’S Fundraising-Activity Audit, Eileen Callejas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Current scholarly literature has asserted that large non-profit organizations benefit from conducting fundraising-activity audit portfolio analyses. However, suitable techniques and tools that ultra-small nonprofits (990N-sized charities) can use to improve their fundraising-activity analyses have not been clearly established. The research problem was in modifying tools that work efficiently for hyper-localized charities to compare the effectiveness of their fundraising-activities. Preferred tools were needed to reinforce ideation and align improvements within the charities’ known constraints. The purpose of this study was to explore three suitably modified instruments that could be used for fundraising-activity auditing. Based on Ostrom’s institutional analysis and development framework, …


Principals Perceptions Of Balancing Leadership And Self-Care, Marchelle Latanya Williams-Hines Feb 2025

Principals Perceptions Of Balancing Leadership And Self-Care, Marchelle Latanya Williams-Hines

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The increasing demands of educational leadership place significant stress on school principals, leading to challenges in balancing leadership responsibilities with self-care. This study explored principals’ perceptions of three key aspects: the challenges of balancing leadership and self-care, the demands contributing to stress, burnout, and turnover, and the resources that help mitigate these challenges. Guided by the job demands-resources model and mindfulness theory, this qualitative study utilized semistructured interviews with 10 elementary school principals in a southern Jamaican district. Data collection focused on self-care practices, leadership demands, and coping strategies, with thematic analysis identifying six major themes: the unpredictability and overload …


The Nurseonetap Project: Staff Education To Rio Vista Behavioral Health, Justin Benedict Feb 2025

The Nurseonetap Project: Staff Education To Rio Vista Behavioral Health, Justin Benedict

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The NurseOneTap Project is a staff education initiative designed to improve nursing documentation accuracy and efficiency through the implementation of a culturally sensitive electronic health record (EHR) system. This project addressed a critical gap in nursing practice—transitioning from paper-based documentation to EHR systems—by providing structured educational interventions to enhance staff proficiency, confidence, and documentation accuracy. A pre- and post-evaluation methodology was employed to assess improvements in system navigation, real-time data access, workflow optimization, and documentation accuracy. Results demonstrated a 54.5% increase in staff proficiency, a 50% improvement in documentation accuracy, and a 76% rise in staff confidence in using the …


Transformational Strategies That Some Small Organizational Leaders Use To Lead Their Business Beyond The 5-Year Start-Up Mark, Al Richard Powell Feb 2025

Transformational Strategies That Some Small Organizational Leaders Use To Lead Their Business Beyond The 5-Year Start-Up Mark, Al Richard Powell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small businesses are critical contributors to economic stability and job creation but often struggle to survive beyond their first five years. Business leaders face challenges such as declining employee morale and high turnover, which can contribute to organizational failure, financial loss, loss of credibility, and bankruptcy. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study aimed to discover and explore strategies small business leaders have used to achieve sustained growth and longevity beyond the initial five-year startup period. The participants included eight small business leaders from South Florida and the Caribbean who had successfully operated their businesses for at …


High School Teachers’ Perceptions Of School Leadership Practices That Support Retention In Oregon Schools, Isaac Ej Anthony Reyes Tenorio Feb 2025

High School Teachers’ Perceptions Of School Leadership Practices That Support Retention In Oregon Schools, Isaac Ej Anthony Reyes Tenorio

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While numerous studies have addressed teacher turnover, significant research gaps still exist, highlighting the need for further investigation. The problem addressed in this study was the high teacher turnover rate in a high school compared to its district counterparts in a northwest Oregon school district. Guided by Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore high school teachers’ perceptions of leadership practices that support teacher retention in a northwest Oregon school district with a high turnover rate. Twelve high school teachers currently employed in the school district with at least five years …


Parental Support Experiences During The Covid-19 Pandemic While Supervising 9th – 12th Grade Student Learning, Sarah E. White Feb 2025

Parental Support Experiences During The Covid-19 Pandemic While Supervising 9th – 12th Grade Student Learning, Sarah E. White

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the lives of parents, children, and families in numerous ways. These impacts included increased parental involvement in remote learning. This was an ongoing situation where parents were supervising and being highly involved in their student’s education. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the parental support experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic while supervising high school student learning. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory was used as a theoretical foundation to understand the experiences of parents. This theory related to support systems, which was relevant during COVID-19 when remote learning changed the interactions between in-person students and …


A Standardized Approach To Patient Teaching Regarding Medication Adherence For Schizophrenic Patients, Ifeanyi Christian Onye Feb 2025

A Standardized Approach To Patient Teaching Regarding Medication Adherence For Schizophrenic Patients, Ifeanyi Christian Onye

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Medication nonadherence in schizophrenic patients is one of the most challenging facets of mental healthcare management. This chronic problem affects leads to worsening symptoms and a higher hospitalization frequency. This project was a staff education project designed to address the practice problem of knowledge deficit of staff regarding medication adherence for schizophrenic patients. The practice-focused question was “Does staff education on a standardized approach to medication adherence provide increased knowledge and ability of the staff in the support of schizophrenic patients?” The practice question addresses identified gaps in nursing knowledge and lack of defined teaching standards for the improvement of …


Expanding The Role Of Hispanic Women In Hospital Executive Leadership Through Researching And Implementing Best Practices, Janeil Morales Feb 2025

Expanding The Role Of Hispanic Women In Hospital Executive Leadership Through Researching And Implementing Best Practices, Janeil Morales

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite their growing presence in the healthcare workforce, Hispanic women remain significantly underrepresented in executive leadership positions. This integrative review is aimed to comprehensively explore effective strategies, including targeted recruitment, mentorship and sponsorship programs, and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives to improve the representation of Hispanic women in healthcare executive roles. The study utilized a thorough integrative review of empirical and nonempirical literature published between 2019 and 2024, utilizing multicultural and multiracial feminist theories to explore intersections of race, gender, and culture. These theories provided a framework for understanding the systemic and nuanced barriers Hispanic women face in healthcare …


Barriers To Nigerian Community Members In The United States Seeking Mental Health Treatment, Chinwendu Ejekwu Feb 2025

Barriers To Nigerian Community Members In The United States Seeking Mental Health Treatment, Chinwendu Ejekwu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nigerian immigrants in the United States face significant challenges in accessing mental health care due to various cultural and systemic barriers. This generic qualitative study, guided by Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, was conducted to explore the barriers encountered by Nigerian community members in seeking mental health treatment in the United States. Data were obtained through semistructured interviews where nine Nigerian immigrants presented their perceptions and experiences concerning barriers to Nigerian community members seeking mental health treatment in the United States. Thematic analysis followed the six-step data analysis method, leading to three themes. The themes identified are: (a) mental health is a …


Emergence Of Childhood Adversities Impacting Coping Strategies Among African American Adults, Cherise Jenean Bailey Feb 2025

Emergence Of Childhood Adversities Impacting Coping Strategies Among African American Adults, Cherise Jenean Bailey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events occurring before age 18 that negatively impact mental, physical, and emotional well-being. The impact of ACEs and how they influence coping strategies of African American undergraduate college students between 18 and 22 is less known. This study involved employing a nonexperimental quantitative cross-sectional research design to identify coping strategies of African American undergraduate college students between 18 and 22. Additionally, the study involved identifying factors that predict coping strategies among this population. The transactional theory of stress and coping was the theoretical framework for the study. Online survey tools were used to collect …


Staff Education On Phq-9 Screening Tool Implementation, Sweetie Hope Doychinov Feb 2025

Staff Education On Phq-9 Screening Tool Implementation, Sweetie Hope Doychinov

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this DNP project was to evaluate whether a staff education program could measurably improve healthcare professionals' knowledge of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening at the practicum site. Depression remains underdiagnosed in primary care, largely due to inconsistent use of standardized tools like the PHQ-9, which is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. This project addressed this gap by educating healthcare staff on the administration, scoring, and integration of the PHQ-9 into patient care, thereby enhancing their confidence and competence in its consistent application. The practice-focused question was the following: For healthcare staff at an …


Process Standardization And Workflow Customization Within Specialty Pharmacy Systems, Lovette Nkontan Feb 2025

Process Standardization And Workflow Customization Within Specialty Pharmacy Systems, Lovette Nkontan

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Process standardization and workflow customization are necessary in the operation of specialty pharmacy systems. Specialty pharmacies provide medications that are often high cost, require special handling, and are used to treat complex medical conditions. The need for both standardization and customization arises from the unique challenges these specialty pharmacies face, including regulatory compliance, patient safety, and the necessity for personalized patient care. The purpose of this study was to identify strategies to minimize workflow disruptions and delays in the transitions between initiating and continuing therapies across the specialty pharmacy continuum of care, leading to recommended evidence-based best practices to achieve …


Dialectical Behavior Therapy Implementation Experiences Among Mental Health Professionals In Correctional Settings, Angdi Karim Impelee Feb 2025

Dialectical Behavior Therapy Implementation Experiences Among Mental Health Professionals In Correctional Settings, Angdi Karim Impelee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study investigated the challenges and experiences of mental health professionals implementing Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) within forensic populations in the United States, filling a significant gap in research that primarily focused on DBT in non-forensic contexts. Utilizing qualitative methods, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with practitioners from various correctional settings, emphasizing their perceptions of DBT's efficacy, adaptation strategies to meet the cultural and institutional demands of their unique environments, and resultant behavioral outcomes for incarcerated individuals. Thematic analysis revealed key challenges, including resource limitations, institutional resistance, and the necessity for extensive cultural adaptations of therapeutic techniques. Participants highlighted …


Social Work Field Education And Supervision: What A Global Pandemic Taught Us, Christie Jansing, Melissa Ketner, Lynn Shaw, Dianna Cooper-Bolinskey, Stephanie Rudd Feb 2025

Social Work Field Education And Supervision: What A Global Pandemic Taught Us, Christie Jansing, Melissa Ketner, Lynn Shaw, Dianna Cooper-Bolinskey, Stephanie Rudd

Journal of Social Work in the Global Community

Social work field education programs have experienced changes throughout time, including adaptations to supervision of students in field education settings. Monitoring and developing field education supervision is an essential component of ensuring high-quality practicum experiences and satisfaction among both social work students and field instructors. Most recently, the COVID-19 global pandemic led most social work students and field instructors to a rapid shift in practicum placements from in-person to virtual learning; within the process, supervision changed as well. This study includes feedback from a small group of BSW students, MSW students, and field instructors regarding this transition in placement and …


Staff Education For Intake Clinicians On A Behavioral Health Unit At A 137-Bed Safety Net Hospital In An Underserved Community, Latisha Stennis Feb 2025

Staff Education For Intake Clinicians On A Behavioral Health Unit At A 137-Bed Safety Net Hospital In An Underserved Community, Latisha Stennis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Mental health conditions among adolescents are rising across the nation. This project consisted of an educational intervention implemented at a 137-bed safety net hospital that is expanding psychiatric services for adolescents, and numerous personnel at the organization reported having limited knowledge and experience working with this population. The project aimed to reduce the knowledge gap by accentuating the signs and symptoms of adolescents with anxiety, depression, suicidal, and self-injurious behaviors. The practice question that was developed to address this problem was as follows: Does implementing an educational intervention focused on adolescent anxiety, depression and recognizing suicidal and self-injurious behaviors enhance …


Relationship Between Years Of Experience, Age, Teamwork, And Medical-Surgical Nurses’ Intentions To Stay, Kimberly Dawn Reddish Feb 2025

Relationship Between Years Of Experience, Age, Teamwork, And Medical-Surgical Nurses’ Intentions To Stay, Kimberly Dawn Reddish

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The United States is currently experiencing a nurse staffing crisis that is significantly impacting the medical-surgical (MS) nursing workforce. With MS nurses providing the most care for inpatient beds, hospital administrators must identify strategies that support MS nurse retention to preserve access to care for patients and support patient safety. The purpose of this study, guided by the complex adaptive systems theory, was to understand the relationship between teamwork, age, years of experience, and MS nurses’ intentions to stay in their roles in acute care hospitals. MS nurses were recruited via invitations from the chief nursing officer of a system …


Workplace Violence Prevention, Solomon Soroibe Okwueze Feb 2025

Workplace Violence Prevention, Solomon Soroibe Okwueze

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This staff education and quality improvement project was created to reduce workplace violence incidents within a psychiatry and primary care health group. Research has shown that the frequency of workplace violence events can create a critical practice problem that severely impacts the safety, morale, and, ultimately, retention of nursing staff. Addressing workplace violence in the healthcare field not only can ensure a safer working environment but also can increase the well-being of staff and assure high-quality care for patients. The project highlights a proactive approach to mitigating violence, promoting safety culture, and improving workplace ambiance. The central practice-based question guiding …


Mental Health Seeking Perspectives Of Filipino Immigrants In California, Jonathan Patam Won Feb 2025

Mental Health Seeking Perspectives Of Filipino Immigrants In California, Jonathan Patam Won

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Filipino immigrants have low access to mental healthcare in their native country and a high rate of mental health disorders. The problem that was investigated in this concurrent triangulation mixed-methods study was a lack of understanding regarding how Filipino immigrants to California perceive mental health services. Acculturation theory was used to understand the lived experiences of eight Californian Filipino immigrants who had sought mental health services and seven who had not. All participants had lived in California for at least 10 years. Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis were employed for the qualitative component. An acculturation questionnaire was used to gather …


Exploring Service Quality In Gambian Public Universities In The Dawn Of Massification: Perceptions Of Internal Authorities, Yankuba Yabou, Precious Nyoni Feb 2025

Exploring Service Quality In Gambian Public Universities In The Dawn Of Massification: Perceptions Of Internal Authorities, Yankuba Yabou, Precious Nyoni

Higher Learning Research Communications

Objective: The purpose of our study was to explore the perceptions of internal authorities of public universities in The Gambia—with a focus on the University of The Gambia (UTG)—on service quality amid massification and thereby elicit their recommendations.

Method: This qualitative case study of service quality in public universities in the Gambia employed content analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews to ascertain categories.

Results: The results showed an unfavorable view of the quality of all the factors observed—physical environment quality, core educational quality, and transformative quality. Despite efforts of the university administration to enhance the quality of education, the …


Factors Affecting The Educational Status Of Children In Nigeria, Ayima Lott Feb 2025

Factors Affecting The Educational Status Of Children In Nigeria, Ayima Lott

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study is that irrespective of active involvement of Nigeria in Universal Basic Education, the nation still records the highest number of out-of-school children globally. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine how geopolitical location, socio-economics of the household, parental education, role of the child, age of the child, and gender of the child predict the educational status of children in Nigeria. This study is grounded in conflict and social systems theories. The most recent national secondary data on education from the 2015 Nigerian Education Data Survey was used. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic …


Standarized Educational Nursing Intervention In The Prevention Of Implanted Port Infection, Maribel Melendez Ocasio Feb 2025

Standarized Educational Nursing Intervention In The Prevention Of Implanted Port Infection, Maribel Melendez Ocasio

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This project addressed the high infection rate of implanted ports at a cancer treatment hospital in Puerto Rico due to the lack of a standardized training program for nurses. The project occurred in the hospital’s oncology unit with 24 beds. The infection rate for newly implanted ports was an alarming 100% in 1 month. Addressing this issue was crucial because port infections can significantly impact patient outcomes, especially for oncology patients. The goal of this project was to develop and implement an educational program based on the analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate model to enhance nurses’ knowledge and adherence …


Effective Strategies Nursing Leaders Use To Increase Registered Nurse Retention, Hannah L. Campa Feb 2025

Effective Strategies Nursing Leaders Use To Increase Registered Nurse Retention, Hannah L. Campa

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The declining number of registered nurses (RNs) across all specialties in the United States presents significant challenges to the healthcare system, requiring nursing leaders to implement effective retention strategies. A critical issue for hospital stakeholders is that many nursing leaders lack evidence-based strategies to improve RN retention. Grounded in the stakeholder theory as the conceptual framework, the purpose of this pragmatic inquiry research project was to explore the nurse retention strategies successfully used by six nursing leaders in the Midwest United States. Data were collected through personal interviews and publicly available documents, then analyzed following Yin’s 5-step process ,ensuring data …


Association Between The Lack Of Health Insurance, Income, And The Severity Of Negative Perinatal Outcomes Among Native Spanish- And English-Speaking Women Living In Florida, Khadijeh Ashktorab Feb 2025

Association Between The Lack Of Health Insurance, Income, And The Severity Of Negative Perinatal Outcomes Among Native Spanish- And English-Speaking Women Living In Florida, Khadijeh Ashktorab

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Evidence indicates that non-English-speaking mothers, particularly Spanish-only speakers, experience worse maternal health outcomes compared to their mainstream counterparts. Language barriers often hinder communication and negatively affect perinatal care. This study used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from Florida (2019–2020) to examine associations between health insurance, income, and perinatal outcomes among Spanish and English-speaking women. Krieger’s eco-social theory guided this cross-sectional, quantitative analysis. Chi-square tests were used for bivariable analysis, and multivariable models were used to adjust for confounders. Results showed that native language alone significantly predicted specific outcomes such as large-for-gestational-age …


Educating Nurses To Use Age-Appropriate Communication Strategies In A Pediatric Hospital, Diane Arce Feb 2025

Educating Nurses To Use Age-Appropriate Communication Strategies In A Pediatric Hospital, Diane Arce

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quality improvement staff education project was developed to address a gap in practice related to family-centered communication in the project facility. New nurses are often unaware of the impact of family-centered communication when caring for pediatric patients. The lack of preparation for basic nursing tasks after graduation may be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and loss of clinical time related to hospitals ceasing school rotations for clinical training. This impacts new nurses’ preparation for the duties and responsibilities of a licensed registered nurse in a pediatric hospital. This education program aimed to increase nurses’ knowledge about evidence-based family-centered communication …


Effective Health Care Management Strategies For Increasing Employee Engagement And Productivity, Erica L. Hurd Feb 2025

Effective Health Care Management Strategies For Increasing Employee Engagement And Productivity, Erica L. Hurd

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective strategies to increase employee engagement and productivity can negatively impact business operations. Human resources (HR) and business leaders in the health care industry who lack effective strategies to increase employee engagement and productivity risk business stability. Grounded in self-determination theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to identify and explore effective strategies HR and business leaders in health care use to increase employee engagement and productivity. The participants were six health care HR and business leaders who had effectively implemented strategies to increase employee engagement and productivity. Data were collected by conducting semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis …


Asean's Scs Divergence: An Analysis Of Historical, Economic, And Strategic Factors, Carl E. Dick Feb 2025

Asean's Scs Divergence: An Analysis Of Historical, Economic, And Strategic Factors, Carl E. Dick

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is a significant gap in the scholarly literature on the Association of Southeast Asia Nations’s (ASEAN's) internal divisions and policy inconsistencies in responding to China's expansion in the South China Sea that considers national interests, economic dependencies, and security concerns. There is no cohesive regional strategy. This study examined the ASEAN’s responses to Chinese expansionism in the South China Sea, focusing on the Second Thomas Shoal. It addressed the research question: how have historical, economic, and strategic factors influenced ASEAN's collective and individual member state responses to China's actions. Territorial peace theory and constructivist perspectives were used to analyze …