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On-Orbit Results From The Nasa Time-Resolved Observations Of Precipitation Structure And Storm Intensity With A Constellation Of Smallsats (Tropics) Mission, William J. Blackwell, David Crompton, Andrew Cunningham, Shawn Donnelly, James Eshbaugh, Vincent Leslie, Brian Powers, Joelle Prince, Nicholas Zorn, Kerri Cahoy, Julian Chew, Amelia Gagnon, Samantha Hasler, Daniel Adams, Benjamin Kim, William Mccarty, Genevieve Taylor, Stuart Cooke, Michael Grant, Scott Braun

Small Satellite Conference

The NASA TROPICS Earth Venture (EVI-3) CubeSat constellation mission will provide nearly all-weather observations of 3-D temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. TROPICS will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate better than 60 minutes for the baseline mission) over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. The TROPICS constellation mission comprises four 3UCubeSats (5.4 kg each) in two …

Innocube - Preparing The Fully Wireless Satellite Data Bus For Launch, Tom Baumann, Erik Dilger, Sergio Montenegro, Felix Sittner, Michael Strohmeier, Thomas Walter

Small Satellite Conference

The Innovative CubeSat for Education (InnoCube) mission is a technology demonstrator cubesat mission relying on a fully wireless data-bus, set to launch in November 2024. This paper will discuss the mission objectives, design and implementation of the InnoCube mission with an emphasis on the wireless data bus. The mission is a collaborative project between the University of Wuerzburg and the Technische Universität Berlin in Germany. The mission objectives are to showcase the viability of a fully wireless data-bus for intra-satellite communication onboard cubesats and satellites in general, to provide a platform for testing and validating these new technologies, and to …

Arksat. The First Operational Demonstrator Of Novel Ground Tracking And Deorbiting Technology Towards Active Spectroscopic For Small Satellite System, Samuel Ramon Cano, Cassandra Sands, Charles Smith, Adam Huang

Small Satellite Conference

The ARKSAT Cube-Satellite Missions will be the first student-led satellites in the State of Arkansas and have been developed primarily at the University of Arkansas (UA)-Fayetteville. The primary goal is the technology development and flight demonstration in pursuit of the Active SpecTROmeter for Small Satellites System (ASTROSS), utilizing formation flights of cooperating light emitters (ARKSAT-3E) and receivers/spectrometers. ARKSAT-1, to be presented at this meeting, is a 1U CubeSat that aims to test critical UA-developed subsystems, including a high-power LED (∼ 12,000 lumens) and novel deorbiting balloon. The follow-on ARKSAT-2, to be launched in 2024, will test flight control subsystems intended …

The Aepex Mission: Imaging Energetic Particle Precipitation Into Earth’S Upper Atmosphere, Robert A. Marshall, Grant D. Berland, Joseph Buescher, Siwani Regmi, Richard A. Kohnert, Amal Chandran, Spencer Boyajian, Tom Woods, Harlan E. Spence, Sonya Smith, Michael P. Mccarthy, Christopher M. Cully

Small Satellite Conference

Radiation belt electron fluxes can be enhanced during geomagnetic storms by two orders of magnitude; subsequently, these fluxes decay back to nominal levels in a few days. Precipitation into the upper atmosphere is a primary loss mechanism for these electrons, particularly during the decay phase. Upon impacting the upper atmosphere, these electrons create new ionization, leading to a chemical response that increases NOx and HOx and destroys ozone. Quantifying both radiation belt loss and the impact on the atmosphere requires an accurate estimate of the flux, energy spectrum, and spatial and temporal scales of precipitation.

The NASA-funded Atmospheric Effects of …

Overview And Status Of Agu Remote Innovative Cubesat Alert System-2 On 2023, Takanori Sakamoto, Motoko Serino, Azumi Izawa, Kazuma Kamoshida, Yuki Tsuji, Tomoya Ushimaru, Nao Urakabe, Hiroki Kato, Keiju Asano, Chisaki Iwanaga, Marika Kobori, Yoshihiro Takagi, Kazumasa Hiroshi, Teruaki Enoto

Small Satellite Conference

We present the overview of the 2U CubeSat, AGU Remote Innovative Cubesat Alert system - 2 (ARICA-2). ARICA-2 was selected as a feasibility study phase of the JAXA-Small Satellite Rush Program (JAXA-SMASH) and the JAXA Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration-4 project in 2022. The main goal of ARICA-2 is to demonstrate the real-time alert system of transient astronomical sources, such as gamma-ray bursts, using commercial satellite network services. The first 1U CubeSat ARICA, which had the same mission goal as ARICA-2, was successfully launched in 2021 by the JAXA’s Epsilon rocket No.5. However, communication with ARICA has yet to be established …

Performance Analysis And Electromagnetic Compatibility Of A Novel Wideband Radio Frequency Remote Sensing Payload, Jacob Von Chorus, Erica Peterson, Nicolaas Handojo, Nathan Cole, Robert E. Zee

Small Satellite Conference

The increase in scale, complexity, and sensitivity of small satellite radio frequency payloads presents challenges in spacecraft level environmental performance testing. The Space Flight Laboratory is developing a novel wideband radio frequency payload for use on multiple satellites as part of a distributed remote sensing system. Qualification of this payload at the spacecraft level is complicated by the range of frequencies requiring analysis, the variety of received signal types, and having to qualify the payload on multiple satellites with differing configurations. This paper presents the system level radio frequency performance testing framework developed to efficiently qualify this new payload consistently …

Design Of A Scientific-Grade Multispectral Imager For Nanosatellites, Joosep Kivastik, Silvar Muru, Meelis Pihlap, Hans Hubert Sams, Madis Kaspar Nigol, Hendrik Ehrpais, Mihkel Pajusalu

Small Satellite Conference

Applications in agriculture, land-cover change, and vegetation phenology, to name a few, would benefit from more frequent high-quality remote sensing data. However, ”Landsat-class” satellites are too expensive for such applications. Therefore, there is a need to augment larger Earth observation satellites with nanosatellites that use scientific-grade imaging instruments. This paper presents the design for the scientific-grade multispectral imager Theia. It is designed for a 5% radiometric accuracy at a ground sampling distance of 33 m at a 650 km orbit while keeping the modulation transfer function above 0.13 at the Nyquist frequency. The camera has reflective optics with an aluminium …

Preliminary Design Of The Darkness Observatory For Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Christopher Young, Phoenix Alpine, Michael Lembeck, Juan Estrada

Small Satellite Conference

The "Dark matter as a sterile NEutrino Search Satellite" (DarkNESS) is a collaboration between Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), University of Illinois Department of Aerospace Engineering's Laboratory for Advanced Space Systems at Illinois (LASSI), and CU Aerospace. Fermilab's project seeks to clarify the X-ray emission spotted by the European Space Agency in galaxy clusters, hypothesized to result from the decay of sterile neutrinos that may be associated with dark matter. Limited by atmospheric interference, ground telescopes cannot discern the weak X-ray signal. A small satellite deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) outfitted with an advanced Skipper X-ray detector has been …

Development Of Radiation Belt Monitors For The 6u Cubesat X-Ray Observatory Ninjasat, Yo Kato, Toru Tamagawa, Takao Kitaguchi, Tatehiro Mihara, Kentaro Taniguchi, Teruaki Enoto, Tomoshi Takeda, Yuto Yoshida, Naoyuki Ota, Syoki Hayashi, Sota Watanabe, Arata Jujo, Amira Aoyama, Yuanhui Zhou, Keisuke Uchiyama, Wataru Iwakiri, Masaki Numazawa, Hiroki Sato, Chin-Ping Hu, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Hirokazu Odaka, Tsubasa Tamba, Satoshi Hatori

Small Satellite Conference

NinjaSat is a 6U CubeSat-sized X-ray observatory to be launched into the low Earth orbit at an altitude of 550 km, and is scheduled for launch this October. NinjaSat is equipped with two 1U-sized gas X-ray detectors (GMC) and is expected to operate mainly for astronomical observations of bright X-ray objects in the sky, such as neutron stars and black holes.

Since high voltages are applied to the gas cells of GMC, two radiation belt monitors (RBM) will also be installed to protect GMC from electrical discharges potentially caused by excessively high rate of charged particles. NinjaSat RBM will play …

Lumio, A Lunar Meteoroid Impacts Observer, Lorenzo Provinciali, Lorenzo Pattanaro, Giorgio Saita, Ludovica Bozzoli, Alessandro Balossino, Giovanni Fumo, Alessandro Di Paola, Luca Conterio, Francesco Topputo, Vittorio Franzese, Roger Walker

Small Satellite Conference

Accurate models of the distribution of meteoroids in the Earth-Moon system are needed to predict impacts with space equipment and for safe space exploration. The Moon's lack of atmosphere allows for observation of meteoroid impacts: understanding meteoroids is important for studying asteroids, comets, and near-Earth objects.

The Lunar Meteoroid Impacts Observer (LUMIO) is a CubeSat mission designed to detect and characterize meteoroid impacts on the far side of the Moon. It can detect small meteoroids too faint for Earth-based observations. LUMIO operates in a Halo orbit at Earth-Moon L2 using the LUMIO-Cam, an optical instrument detecting visible light flashes. The …

Development Of Gas Multiplier Counters (Gmcs) Onboard The 6u Cubesat X-Ray Observatory Ninjasat, Tomoshi Takeda, Naoyuki Ota, Syoki Hayashi, Sota Watanabe, Arata Jujo, Amira Aoyama, Yuanhui Zhou, Keisuke Uchiyama, Yuto Yoshida, Toru Tamagawa, Takao Kitaguchi, Yo Kato, Tatehiro Mihara, Kentaro Taniguchi, Teruaki Enoto, Wataru Iwakiri, Masaki Numazawa, Hiroki Sato, Chin-Ping Hu, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Hirokazu Odaka, Tsubasa Tamba

Small Satellite Conference

We report the development of Gas Multiplier Counters (GMCs) onboard the 6U CubeSat X-ray observatory NinjaSat, scheduled to be launched in October 2023. GMC is a 1U-size non-imaging gas X-ray detector sensitive to 2–50 keV X-rays, and two identical GMCs are mounted on NinjaSat. GMC consists of a gas cell filled with a xenon/argon/dimethyl ether (75%/24%/1%) gas mixture with a pressure of 1.2 atm at 0^◦C, a high voltage supply and analog signal processing board, a digital signal processing board, an X-ray collimator of a 2.1◦ field of view, and an iron-55 calibration source. The most significant feature …

Cadence: Cubesat Autonomous Detection And Enhanced Networked Computing Experiment, Michael Pham, Zachary Gaines, Pragun Bethapudi, Tarek Elsharhawy

Small Satellite Conference

With the growing proliferation of Earth Observing small satellite platforms, access to remote sensing data has never been greater. Although the collection of remote sensing data has improved significantly, there still exists a significant bottle neck in converting the collected remote sensing data into valuable insights for the end users that need them. In particular a few factors significantly choke the flow of satellite data into insights: limited down-link bandwidth and ground station availability, difficulties associated with responsive tasking, and a general need for human-in-the-loop analysis of the data collected. The proposed CADENCE (Cubesat Autonomous Detection and Enhanced Networked Computing …

Development And Implementation Of Automated Planning In Cubesats, Liam Riley, Vedika Ghildyal, Cameron Bonesteel, Deepak Mishra

Small Satellite Conference

The University of Georgia’s (UGA) Small Satellite Research Laboratory (SSRL) is developing two CubeSat missions, each with ambitious operational goals that require accounting for a large number of variables. Given the inherent difficulty of fulfilling these requirements without complex onboard autonomous decision-making software, an automated ground-based solution is desirable. To meet this demand, SSRL is implementing an operational pipeline to effectively integrate the newly authored Multi-aspect Automated Satellite Scheduler (MASS) into both missions. MASS is administered and tested by SSRL’s Mission Operations and Flight Software teams. MASS implements a complex decisional tree informed by CubeSat operational requirements, and determines operational …

Communication, Localization And Synchronization Of Spacecraft For Swarm Missions, Yoan Grégoire, Hervé Guillon, Clément Dudal, David Valat, Bernard Pontet

Small Satellite Conference

Swarm missions are based on the use of several spacecraft working together to pursue a specific task for a specific mission. To allow these elements to work together, it is necessary for them to be able to communicate with each other and to synchronize themselves within the swarm. Moreover, the mission may likely require knowing the relative or absolute positions of the spacecraft in the swarm.

In order to collect simultaneous measurements allowing computing localization and synchronization in the swarm, a full duplex CDMA communication method is studied by CNES. An Inter Satellite Link (ISL) transmitter prototype is currently under …

Technology Challenges Of Surround: A Constellation Of Small Satellites Around The Sun For Tracking Solar Radio Bursts, Nicholas H. Crisp, Alejandro Macario Rojas, Ciara N. Mcgrath, Shane Maloney, L. Alberto Cañizares, Dale M. Weigt, Sophie Murray, Eoin Carley, Peter Gallagher

Small Satellite Conference

The SURROUND mission proposes the operational monitoring and forecasting of space weather events using a constellation of five small satellites in orbit around the Sun. This unique mission concept would enable the localisation and tracking of solar events with unprecedented accuracy. The small payload combined with high launch requirements makes this an ideal candidate mission for a distributed constellation of small spacecraft and provides an opportunity for technical development in the areas of deep space communication, propulsion, and survivability. The baseline configuration for SURROUND proposes the deployment of spacecraft to Earth-Sun Lagrange points L1, L4, and L5, and two additional …

Sar-Disksat For Mega-Constellation, Hirobumi Saito, Mitsuteru Kaneoka, Richard P. Welle, Anastasia Muszynski

Small Satellite Conference

We have developed and demonstrated in 2021 small SAR satellites of 1-m ground resolution with novel deployable slot array antennas. This paper newly proposes a novel concept of quasi-two-dimensional SAR satellites, SAR-DiskSats with this deployable passive slot array antenna. The deployable slot array antennas can be compactly folded in the quasi-two-dimensional satellite body. Also, it is possible to install flexible solar cell sheets on the back side of the antenna because the antennas do not dissipate heat. This quasi-two-dimensional satellite configuration is suitable to for stacking in a rocket faring for mega-constellation launching. Another advantage of the SAR-DiskSat is the …

Saturn: A Technological Demonstration Mission For Distributed Sar Imaging, Matteo Battilana, Giulia Capuani, Vito Lamarca, Luca Maioli, Vincenzo Mancini, Maria Lucia Tampellini, Fabio Gerace, Davide Giudici, Pietro Guccione, Julien Marini, Luciano D’Agristina, Domenico Di Lanzo, Andrea Monti Guarnieri, Alberto Fedele, Roberto Luciani, Francesco Tataranni, Silvia Natalucci

Small Satellite Conference

The OHB-Italia S.p.A-led consortium is in the midst of Phase B of SATURN (Synthetic AperTure radar cUbesat foRmation flyiNg), part of ALCOR, an Italian Space Agency (ASI) programme promoting the development of the next generation Italian CubeSats. SATURN is a demonstration mission that features Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology applied to a Swarm of CubeSats equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for Earth Observation. MIMO is based on cooperative active sensors, where each one transmits signals and receives the illuminated common area backscatter related to the entire swarm, increasing measurement performances with a trend approximatively equal to the square of …

Developing Intelligent Space Systems: A Survey And Rubric For Future Missions, Mary Dahl, Christine Page, Kerri Cahoy, Evana Gizzi

Small Satellite Conference

Space exploration continues to inspire the development of advanced technologies to explore the universe. From moon landings and the Mars rovers to the recent successful deployment of the James Webb Telescope, space exploration continues to push the limits of what is possible in both science and technology and to pave new ways for the discovery of our galaxy. While we have seen great advancements and barriers broken, we remain limited in our ability to optimize science discovery without onboard intelligent capabilities to enable complex system missions. In this paper, we focus on AI technologies and cross-disciplinary directions for sparking research …

A Framework For Multi-Agent Fault Reasoning In Swarm Satellite Systems, James Staley, Kerri Lu, Elaine Schaertl Short, Evana Gizzi

Small Satellite Conference

Complex distributed systems are critical to scientific discovery in space. Future missions will take place in increasingly remote planetary environments where human intervention will neither by feasible, nore scalable toward fleet-wide mission control. To this end, autonomous onboard fault mitigation will be necessary. The unique topology of fleet systems offers opportunities for high-level contextual understanding of faults and coordinated fault mitigation not possible for single agents. We present a framework that augments single-agent fault mitigation with the context provided by a fleet. Multi-Agent Anomaly Detection (MAAD) operates on time-series sensor data to build a unidimensional distribution against which we can …

Predicting Tether Performance Under Different Space Weather Conditions: A Guide For Mission Planning And Design Decisions, Shagun Aggarwal, Andrew Dempster, Jason Held

Small Satellite Conference

Electrodynamic tethers have demonstrated to be effective for fuel-free de-orbiting or station-keeping for spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit. However, the effect of solar activity on the plasma environment around the tether is still an underestimated factor that can have a significant impact on the efficiency and viability of such systems. This study aims to enhance the understanding of tether system design by investigating the influence of solar conditions and space weather on critical parameters such as tether length and power requirements across different spacecraft sizes. The performance of tethers in space is significantly influenced by various environmental factors, including space …

A Bistatic Ground Station For Concurrent Spacecraft Operations, Kerry Clapham, Chris Bull, Robin Mcneill, Chris Hann

Small Satellite Conference

It is common for SmallSat and CubeSat operators to implement telecommunication systems using a half-duplex UHF system to reduce the cost and complexity of spcecraft hardware. This half-duplex configuration requires transmission and reception of the spacecraft signals at the same frequency, with the 402 MHz to 403 MHz band being a popular choice.

Due to practical filter limitations, it is impossible to produce an analogue filter for a ground-based receiver which can sufficiently attenuate transmissions from neighboring transmitters also operating in the same 402-403 MHz, band while still retaining a sufficiently low insertion loss to clearly receive tranmissions from a …

Freeze-Drying As Chromobacterium Violaceum's Preservation Method For The Bixo Mission, Martín Blanco Prego, Zavier Manuel De Rada Piñeiro, Manuel Diz-Folgar, Daniel García-Lojo

Small Satellite Conference

Over the past few years, the space sector has witnessed a growing interest in exploring how biological organisms, such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respond to high radiation and microgravity environments. Among the various biological space missions, CubeSats, particularly SmallSats, have emerged as a popular platform for conducting such experiments owing to their reduced size and cost-effectiveness, which allows for the integration of miniaturized labs to study microorganisms onboard. However, the biggest challenge facing such missions is the preservation of living organisms for extended periods before the start of the experiments.

The UVigo SpaceLab team is currently developing a …

Comparison Of Tracking-By-Detection Algorithms For Real-Time Satellite Component Tracking, M. Nehru J. Attzs, Trupti Mahendrakar, Mackenzie J. Meni, Ryan T. White, Isaac Silver

Small Satellite Conference

With space becoming more and more crowded, there is a growing demand for increasing satellite lifetimes and performing on-orbit servicing (OOS) at a scale that calls for autonomous missions. Many such missions would require chaser satellites to autonomously execute safe and effective flightpath to dock with a non-cooperative target satellite on orbit. Performing this autonomously requires the chaser to be aware of hazards to route around and safe capture points through time, i.e., by first identifying and tracking key components of the target satellite. State-of-the-art object detection algorithms are effective at detecting such objects on a frame-by-frame basis. However, implementing …

Developing An Affordable, Mechanically Similar Martian Regolith Simulant, Sijun Zhao, Philip Ferguson

Small Satellite Conference

One of the main challenges planetary rovers face today is their ability to traverse various terrains. Driving a test rover over mechanically similar terrains on Earth is one of the best ways to test the rover’s performance before it is sent on its mission. However, through background research, I found that most Martian regolith simulants are not mechanically similar to Martian regolith. This paper aims to find an affordable and accessible Martian regolith simulant that is suitable for rover mobility research. The two most notable parameters that characterize the regolith-wheel interactions are the regolith cohesive strength (c) and internal friction …

Concepts And Considerations For Small Satellite Constellation Deployment Via Momentum Exchange Tethers, Ben Campbell

Small Satellite Conference

For the small satellite community, establishing new satellite constellations using traditional practices can be costly, require a long time to perform, and be logistically difficult to accomplish. Most existing satellite constellations have been established using methods involving either multiple independent launches of member satellites, the inclusion of propulsion systems aboard ride-sharing satellites capable of providing significant ΔV to increase spread, or a combination of the two involving space tugs. One approach that can potentially enable the small satellite community to more easily execute missions involving their own constellations is to implement a rotating momentum exchange tether deployment system launched using …

Control Of Small Spacecraft By Optimal Output Regulation: A Reinforcement Learning Approach, Joao Leonardo Silva Cotta, Omar Qasem, Paula Do Vale Pereira, Hector Gutierrez

Small Satellite Conference

The growing number of noncooperative flying objects has prompted interest in sample-return and space debris removal missions. Current solutions are both costly and largely dependent on specific object identification and capture methods. In this paper, a low-cost modular approach for control of a swarm flight of small satellites in rendezvous and capture missions is proposed by solving the optimal output regulation problem. By integrating the theories of tracking control, adaptive optimal control, and output regulation, the optimal control policy is designed as a feedback-feedforward controller to guarantee the asymptotic tracking of a class of reference input generated by the leader. …

Data Sharing In Satellite Systems: Review Of The Past And Opportunities In The Age Of Large Leo Constellations, Anargyros Kriezis, Nicolas Lee, Sigrid Elschot, Kaitlyn Fleming, Zayn Patel, Neel Dhulipala, Whitney Lohmeyer

Small Satellite Conference

Since 1957, more than 14,000 satellites have been launched into space; 2022 marks a record year with the launch of 2,163 satellites [1]. The increased number of satellites in combination with technological advancements in satellite communications has enabled operators to collect vast amounts of science data and satellite telemetry. These large data sets can be utilized to ensure coexistence between the ever-increasing number of satellite systems, potentially reducing both the risk of harmful interference and in-orbit collisions. Additionally, they can act as decentralized information sources, improving our understanding of the space environment and increasing the reliability of satellites. Modern data …

Characterization And Modeling Of Rectifying Antennas For Space-To-Space Power Transmission, Leilani Baker, Zack Daniels, Samantha Korfe, Will Hamel, Chad Rathbun, Ricardo Quintana, Dante Orona Yang, Hailey Holder, Joseph Likar, Steve Lindsley, Rachel Delaney, Constance Moyer, Christopher Rodenbeck, Brian Tierney

Small Satellite Conference

Wireless electrical power transmission, also known as power beaming, is an old idea with renewed interest that has the potential to create a new solar power infrastructure. COSMIAC, a research center of The University of New Mexico School of Engineering, in partnership with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and Operational Energy – Innovation (OE-I) fund is developing a ground-based experiment aimed at supporting space-based wireless power transmission called Wolf. In parallel, AFRL is developing Arachne to demonstrate space-based power transmission to various receivers. The Wolf project is evaluating design concepts for potential rectenna-powered CubeSats by demonstrating ground-based power beaming …

Design And Fabrication Of A 3d Printed Compliant System For The Orientation Of Payloads, Morgane Domerg, Benjamin Ostre, Yoann Joliff, Yves-Henri Grunevald

Small Satellite Conference

CES WORKS is developing a 2-axis joint for small satellite applications. With a range of ration of ±45°, this joint could be used for orienting payloads. This bio-inspired joint is a compliant mechanism, meaning that it is a monolithic system that produces complex movements through the elastic deformation of its structure. Compliant mechanisms do not have backlash or wear which lead to precise motions and absence of lubrication. These qualities are particularly relevant for space applications. A first demonstrator has been 3D printed in Polylactic(Acid) (PLA). The next demonstrator will be made of 3D printed Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) to determine its …

Developing A Comprehensive Power Simulation Model For The Memesat-1 Cubesat Using Orbital Dynamics, Matthew Knauss, Ali Batu Ozdener, Vedika Ghildyal, Sydney Whilden, Deepak R. Mishra

Small Satellite Conference

The University of Georgia’s Small Satellite Research Lab’s Mission for Education and Multimedia Engagement Satellite (MEMESat-1) requires the use of variables such as power generation, power draw, orbital path, packet size, and data processing times. As power generation and charge varies, MEMESat-1 will automatically transition through three operational modes to prevent battery depletion and halt system processes in case of anomalies.

Taking these variables and operational modes into account, the MEMESat-1 Mission Operations (MOPS) team will use FreeFlyer software to analyze power generation and draw during MEMESat-1’s orbital cycle. The power limitations of MEMESat-1 are budgeted based on battery and …