Digital Commons Network^™

Post-Mortem Storage Of Tissue For X-Ray Microanalysis In Pathology, Godfried M. Roomans, Joanna Wroblewski

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Possible alternatives to rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen of tissue for X- ray microanalysis of electrolytes at the cellular level were investigated. These alternatives might be used in cases where tissue becomes available for examination, e.g., at autopsy, but liquid nitrogen is not immediately available. Rat submandibular gland was used as a test tissue. Freezing of pieces of tissue in a conventional freezer at -80°C or even at -20°C retained the elemental distribution at the cellular level, and also retained the difference between a 'normal' and a 'pathological' (mimicked by an inject ion of a high dose of isoproterenol) situation. …

The Application Of Physico-Chemical Procedures In The Analysis Of Urinary Calculi, Allen L. Rodgers

Scanning Electron Microscopy

All physico-chemical techniques used in the analysis of urinary calculi have inherent advantages and limitations. Al though x-ray powder diffraction can identify constituents unambiguously, certain minor components can be missed. Infrared spectroscopy is more sensitive but band assignment at low concentrations is difficult. Scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive x-ray analysis permits the simultaneous investigation of morphology and chemical microstructure. However, microanalysis of elements lighter than sodium is not possible and constituents are prone to irradiation damage. With the electron microprobe, minor constituents can be detected but tedious sample preparation procedures are required. Transmission electron microscopy is extremely useful …

The Ballistic Phonon Signal In Low Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy, R. P. Huebener, W. Metzger

Scanning Electron Microscopy

By scanning the surface of a specimen cooled to liquid-helium temperature with the electron beam, ballistic phonons are generated which can be used for acoustic imaging. The anisotropy of the ballistic phonon propagation caused by the phonon focusing effect has been observed in recent experiments. The simultaneous operation of two or more small-area phonon detectors during the scanning process appears promising for three-dimensional acoustic imaging of structural inhomogeneities even far from the specimen surface. The principles of this scheme for acoustic imaging are discussed and the spatial resolution limits are estimated.

The Mechanics Of Low Orbiting Satellites Implications In Communication, Lane Brostrom

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

Low orbiting satellite communication networks will be competing with geosynchronous satellites for a share of the communications market. In world-wide communications that do not require immediate real time transmissions, low orbiting satellites are competitive with geosynchronous satellites because the system is reliable and low in cost.

Since satellites are a clear example of Newtonian laws, the distinct patterns they make in their orbiting process are predictable. Newton's law states that an object will remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by a force: a satellite remains in motion around the earth because there is no atmosphere to slow it down. …

Towards The Ultimate Scanning Electron Microscope, Albert V. Crewe

Scanning Electron Microscopy

An analysis of all the factors which contribute to the electron probe size in a scanning electron microscope and of the correct method of combining those effects to give optimum performance. Assuming perfect specimen preparation the only other factors are the non-local nature of the basic electron interactions and the nature of the display system.

Analysis Of Backscattered Electron Signals For X-Ray Mask Inspection, Michael G. Rosenfield

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A rapid and automated inspection system is a necessity for the detection of defects in x-ray and optical lithography masks. The design of an electron-beam mask inspection system requires a complete understanding of the backscattered electron signal from the various defects which will be encountered. A Monte Carlo simulation program has been used to study the effects of electron-beam size, detector placement, defect type, electron-beam voltage, and absorber thickness on the back-scattered electron signal.

Early Development Of The Vertebrate Limb: An Introduction To Morphogenetic Tissue Interactions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Robert O. Kelley

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The developing limbs of most vertebrates serve as a model system for studies of morphogenesis, pattern formation, cell and tissue interactions and cell differentiation. Mesoderm in the flank of the embryo induces overlying ectoderm to form a thickened, stratified or pseudo-stratified epithelium which becomes the highly specialized apical ectodermal ridge. In turn, the apical ridge specifies individual limb parts (first from structures proximal to the body axis, then to more distal components) and is required for those elements to form. If the ridge is removed, subsequent limb development ceases and no further limb parts appear. The series of ectodermal-mesodermal interactions …

Progress In High Resolution Scanning Ion Microscopy And Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging Microanalysis, R. Levi-Setti, G. Crow, Y. L. Wang

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The performance of a new high resolution scanning ion microprobe (SIM) is elucidated with regard to imaging capabilities using the ion-induced secondary electron (ISE) or secondary ion (ISI) signals, and the mass-resolved signal from a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) system. The new instrument focuses a beam extracted from a liquid metal ion source (LMIS) to a range of spot sizes reaching the 20 nm level. The probe current (1.6 pA) available at this level of lateral resolution, which approaches the theoretical resolution limits of the SIMS method, is still adequate to obtain detailed isotopic maps for surfaces rich in …

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Technique For Three-Dimensional Visualization Of The Spatial Arrangement Of Metaphase, Anaphase And Telophase Chromatids, David A. Welter, Lon D. Hodge

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Chromosome and chromatid alignment in mitotic configurations remains a topic of interest because there is little precise information. For example, reconstruction of mitotic configurations from serial sections collected with transmission electron microscopy has proven to be neither practical nor a sensitive method for conceptualizing these arrangements. Similarly light microscopy has been even more unsatisfactory because of its limited resolution and lack of three-dimensional capabilities. These limitations conceivably could be overcome by visualization of mitotic configurations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, SEM has its limitations, of which the most obvious with regard to visualization of mitotic configurations, is that such …

The Use Of The Scanning Electron Microscope In Studying The Heat Treatment Of Prehistoric Lithic Artifacts From The North Florida Weeden Island Period Mckeithen Site, G. Michael Johnson

Scanning Electron Microscopy

In this paper, I discuss a study in which I attempted to determine whether or not the inhabitants of the McKeithen site, a Weeden Island Period mound and village complex in what is today northern Florida, employed heat treatment as part of their lithic reduction technology, and if so, at what point in the reduction sequence it was conducted. I used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to photograph raw and heat treated control samples of northern Florida chert, then debitage and tools of chert and silicified coral from the McKeithen site which represented the range of colors and luster present …

Analysis Of Minerals Using Specimen Isolated Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, J. B. Metson, G. M. Bancroft, H. W. Nesbitt

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Considerably improved suppression of molecular ions in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) spectra of nonconductor minerals has been obtained using a CAMECA IMS-3f ion microscope with unconventional operating conditions [so-called specimen isolated (SI) conditions]. In a zircon spectrum close to forty elements are positively identified and molecular ions such as oxides and hydrides have very low intensities. Thus, with a ²⁸Si⁺ intensity of 10⁶ cps, the Si⁺/Si0⁺ ratio is 10⁵, and the ³⁰SiH⁺ intensity is low enough to enable quantitative analysis using ³¹P⁺ down to 0.01 wt % …

Microprobe Analysis In Human Pathology, D. Baker, K. G. Kupke, P. Ingram, V. L. Roggli, J. D. Shelburne

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This tutorial paper reviews the literature on the application of microprobe analysis to practical problems in diagnostic human pathology. The goal is to allow the reader ready access to the literature on specific clinical problems. Specimen preparation and commonly encountered artifacts are also considered. It is concluded that energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis and backscattered electron imaging are at present the most generally useful microprobe techniques for clinical work, and are no longer solely research tools. The findings often have diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or legal implications.

Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis In The Rat: Is It A Model For Human Stone Disease? A Review Of Recent Literature, S. R. Khan, R. L. Hackett

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Calcium oxalate stone disease is the most common human urinary stone disease in the Western Hemisphere. To understand different aspects of the disease, calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the rat is used as a model. Spontaneous calcium oxalate urolithiasis is very rare in rats. Thus the disease is experimentally induced and the rats are generally made hyperoxaluric either by administration of excess oxalate, exposure to the toxin ethylene glycol, or various nutritional manipulations. All the experimental models show renal injury associated with crystal deposition. Calcium oxalate crystals are in most cases intraluminal in renal tubules and often attached to the basal …

Electrical Surface Breakdown: Secondary Electron Emission And Electron Spectroscopy Of Insulators, J. P. Vigouroux, C. Le Gressus, J. P. Duraud

Scanning Electron Microscopy

These results question the usual scheme of flashover. They lead to a different interpretation based on classical concepts in solid state physics which can be verified at every step. An ionizing cascade in the bands, rather than a cascade of electron multiplication on the insulating surface, could explain the flashover, the conditioning and the deconditioning of high voltage generators through the building of a surface charge. As in the usual model the positive charge is responsible for the flashover, in this new model the building of this charge is the basis of the conditioning. The ionizing cascade in the bands …

A Generic And Subgeneric Revision Of The Heriades Genus-Group (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), Terry Griswold

Biology

This study presents the first part of a projected worldwide revision of the osmiine bees (Family Megachilidae). Based on a cladistic analysis of the Megachilidae, the osmiines are considered a monophyletic group and are accorded formal rank as the Tribe Osmiini in the Subfamily Megachilinae. The Heriades Genus-group is recognized as an informal group of related genera within the Osmiini. Eight genera are recognized within the Heriades Genus-group: Afroheriades Peters (=Archeriades Peters, new synonymy), new status, Heriades Spinola, Hofferia Tkalcu, Noteriades Cockerell, Protosmia Ducke, Pseudoheriades Peters, Stenoheriades Tkalcu, new status, and Xeroheriades Griswold. Two new subgenera of Heriades, …

Development Of A Low Voltage Wire Feeder For Underwater Flux Core Arc Welding Application, Jon E. Miles

Undergraduate Research Office

Research report submitted as part of a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology

An Inflation Forecasting Model For The 1980s, Peter J. Saunders

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The 1970s and early 1980s were characterized by accelerating inflation associated with increasing levels of unemployment. The traditional demandpull and cost-push theories of inflation failed to satisfactorily explain the prevailing situation. Instead, a plausible explanation for this unusual economic occurrence was offered by the rational expectations theory. It could conceivably be argued that under the conditions of increasing uncertainty about future price movements, the economic participants may adopt rational type in favor of the traditional adaptive approach.

Costs, Benefits And The Optimal Rotation Of Standing Forests, Donald L. Snyder, Rabindra N. Bhattacharyya

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The Faustmann model has played a key role in the determination of optimal forest rotations. Faustmann introduced a simple and deterministic competitive economic model, the objective of which was to maximize the present value of perpetual returns to the fixed factor of production, a unit of timber land. The optimal rotation problem, as viewed by him, is a timber management problem abstracting from the important multiple use characteristics of forest land. Hartman (1976) and Strang (1983) developed a modified Faustmann model where the forest resource stock 'per se' is assumed to have consumptive value in the form of "recreation", a …

Utah State University Commencement, 1985 – Main Campus, Utah State University

Commencement Programs

Ninety-Second Annual Commencement of Utah State University

Dispersal Of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In A Disturbed Arid Ecosystem: The Potential Roles Of Biotic And Abiotic Agents, Nancy J. Warner

Biology

An evaluation of wind, small mammals and grasshoppers as dispersal agents of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was conducted in a shrub-steppe community disturbed by strip-mining in southwestern Wyoming. The capacity of each type of dispersal agent to move spores was assessed through survey and experimental sampling techniques. The collection of air samples, grasshoppers and rodent and grasshopper feces revealed that all agents studied carry VAM spores, especially in late summer. This pattern correlates well with the sporulation phenology of VAM fungi. While some spores recovered from rodent feces were germinable, those obtained from grasshoppers were not under the conditions tested. …

Effects Of Dietary Levels Of Essential Fatty Acids On Rotaviral Gastroenteritis In Infant Mice, Kamyar Abolhassan Zahedi

Biology

Effects of dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) on rotaviral gastroenteritis were studied using the infant mouse as the model animal. Female mice were placed on diets devoid of EFA (0%) for 30 days. Nine days prior to breeding they were divided into three groups receiving 25%, 100% and 200% of the normally recommended quantity of dietary EFAs and were kept on this diet throughout the studies. Two-day-old offspring were infected orally with cesium chloride-purified murine rotavirus (MRV) and the extent of infection was determined. The severity of diarrhea, as exhibited by greater ratios of intestinal weight to whole …

Studies On The Proteinase Negative Lactic Streptococci, Craig J. Oberg

Biology

Cheddar cheese was manufactured with a proteinase negative strain of Streptococcus cremoris and from a proteinase positive commercial blend, Cheese curing was measured for one year. Soluble nitrogen as a percent of total nitrogen was analyzed at 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days of age. Five expert cheese graders judged the cheese at 15, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days of age. All of the cheese graded in the superior range for the six grading catagories; flavor, body, texture, total cheese grade, curdiness, and cheese flavor intensity. The cheese made with proteinase negative cultures graded best in overall texture …

Aphids And Their Predators Associated With Wheat In Northern Utah, Mauaid Kalifa Khidher

Biology

Four wheat fields in northern Utah were sampled sequentially during 1982 and 1983 for aphid species and their predators. Feeding tests were conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory using two aphid species and lygus bug nymphs as prey with six different predator species. Three dominant aphid species were collected in both winter and spring wheat. They were: the English grain aphid Macrosiphum avenae (Fabr.), the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and the rose grass aphid Acyrthosiphum dirhodum (Walker). Four other aphid species were collected in relatively small numbers during the summer. They were: the western wheat aphid Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), the …

Growth And Development Of The Black Grass Bug (Labops Hesperius Uhler) In The State Of Utah, Eric M. Coombs

Biology

The growth and development of the black grass bug Labops hesperius Uhler was observed to be a definitive process highly correlated with the accumulation of thermal energy units; chill units and growing degree hours. Development of a laboratory model demonstrated that there were considerable variations due to abiotic and biotic factors in the field that resulted in the field to laboratory growing degree hour and chill unit ratios to average about 0.55, with a base temperature of 4.5 C. Chill requirements to break egg diapause in 90 percent of the grass bug eggs tested required 1100 chill units in the …

Seasonal Feeding Behavior And Forage Selection By Goats In Cleared And Thinned Deciduous Woodlands In Northeast Brazil, Roberto Cesar Magalhaes Mesquita

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The seasonal feeding behavior, forage preferences and body weight responses of goats were studied under three densities of woodland (called caatinga), and under three stocking rates. The experiment was located in the semi-arid tropics of northeastern Brazil at 3 42' South latitude, and 40 21' West longitude at an elevation of 75 meters. Mean annual precipitation of the area is 832 mm.

Removing the shrubs and trees increased yields of herbaceous only on partially-cleared sites. Goats gained body weight (kg BW/ha) during the wet season, with the cleared treatment showing the best body weight response per unit of land. However …

An Autecological Study Of Dyers Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.) On Utah Rangeland, Ann T. Fuller

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Northern Utah rangelands have become infested with dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) and control is needed. Mechanical and chemical control on rangelands produce undesirable effects. A possible alternative is biological control, but information is not available on plant response to this control method. This autecological study and simulation of control methods examined dyers woad phenology, seed endurance and response to simulated grazing, hand rogueing and plowing. The phenology study documented dyers woad growth patterns from May 1982 to November 1983. During the first year, 65 percent of the seedlings died while the remaining 35 percent grew rosette leaves. During …

Petrology And Mineralogy Of Tertiary(?) Volcanic Rocks Of Snowville Area, Utah, And Tertiary-Quaternary(?) Volcanic Rocks Of Table Mountain And Holbrook Areas, Idaho, Yunshuen Wang

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Basalt flows occur in the Snowville area of north-central Utah and the Table Mountain and Holbrook areas of south-central Idaho. All basalt flows are aphanitic in groundmass, and contain olivine, plagioclase, augite, and opaque oxides. They can be distinguished by texture. Snowville basalt has predominantly subophitic to intergranular textures. Table Mountain basalt is fine grained, with stumpy groundmass plagioclase and equant ilmenite crystals. Holbrook basalt has pilotaxitic to intergranular textures, with the presence of plagioclase phenocrysts and characteristic exsolution lamellae in Fe-Ti oxides. The olivine grains in Holbrook area are intensely oxidized to Fe-Ti oxides.

Snowville basalt contains olivine phenocrysts …

Effect Of Proteolytic Activity Of Streptococcus Cremoris On Cottage Cheese Yield, Gary W. Stoddard

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Using proteinase negative variants of Streptococcus cremoris UC310 or UC320 to manufacture cottage cheese, theoretical yields were increased 1.97% and 1.56% respectively when compared to the theoretical yields of the proteinase positive parents. Yield differences were strain dependent and differences between positive and negative variants were not manifest with strains of UC73 and UC97. It was necessary to produce bulk culture using pH control and to add sufficient nitrogenous stimulant to provide carry-over stimulant into the cheese milk. All cultures examined developed normally even when the bulk medium contained a blend of 5% yeast extract and casein hydrolysate. It was …

Modifying Lamb/Mutton Flavors In Processed Meat Products By Smoking, Curing, Spicing, Starter Cultures And Fat Modifications. Investigating The Use Of The Technicon Infraalyzer 400r As A Rapid Method For Proximate Analysis, Chima I. Osuala

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Mutton meat was tested in different products in order to obtain prototype products in which mutton can effectively be used without the objectionable mutton off flavor. Mutton flavor reduction was achieved in the processed meat products by: (a) lowering mutton fat to a level of 10% or less, (b) using spices, smoking and/or curing, (c) substituting fat from beef or pork for mutton fat, and (d) the action of microbial starter cultures. Four taste panel sessions were set up to rate these products against an all beef or all pork control for consumer acceptability. Taste panel results indicate that flavor …

Energetics Of The American Kestrel (Falco Sparverius) During Three Seasons In Northern Utah, Lucinda Haggas

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Behavioral activities and predatory behavior of 18 American Kestrels (Falco sparverius, 9 males and 9 females) were observed for 350+ hours during 3 seasons (nonbreeding = Jan-Feb , breeding = mid-Mar-Apr, and postbreeding = late-Aug-Sept) in northern Utah. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) of male and female kestrels was estimated with a model that incorporated flight activity data from free-living birds and laboratory measurements on daytime and nighttime metabolic rates and energy costs of tissue production derived from captive kestrels. Production costs were included in the DEE for breeding and postbreeding kestrels.

The energy cost of gonadal growth for males (0.02 …