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Coyote Management In Residential Areas: Human Dimensions Research Needs, William F. Siemer, Heather Wieczorek Hudenko, Daniel J. Decker Apr 2007

Coyote Management In Residential Areas: Human Dimensions Research Needs, William F. Siemer, Heather Wieczorek Hudenko, Daniel J. Decker

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

To effectively meet the challenges of urban coyote (Canis latrans) management, wildlife professionals will need human dimensions (and ecological) research to fill information gaps associated with a typical program planning process. Most wildlife agencies use the steps of a rational decision-making approach to plan and develop their programs (i.e., they define goals, identify problems and opportunities, identify management objectives, develop management action alternatives, and implement and evaluate alternatives). We describe general human dimensions (HD) information needs associated with each step, and then suggest corresponding HD research priorities to support urban coyote management decisions. We suggest that HD research …

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Ecology Of Coyotes In Urban Landscapes, Stanley D. Gehrt, Max Mcgraw Apr 2007

Ecology Of Coyotes In Urban Landscapes, Stanley D. Gehrt, Max Mcgraw

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Coyotes (Canis latrans) have become common in many metropolitan areas across the United States. Recent research has focused on the urban ecology of coyotes to better our understanding of how they exist in urbanized landscapes. I summarize findings from a variety of ecological studies of coyotes in or near metropolitan areas, and focus on three areas of coyote ecology: survival rates, home range/activity, and food habits. Most studies have reported relatively high survival rates (annual S = 0.62 - 0. 74), with vehicle collisions often a common cause of mortality. Size of coyote home ranges (mean home range …

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Rodenticide Use In Rodent Management In The United States: An Overview, Gary Witmer, John D. Eisemann Apr 2007

Rodenticide Use In Rodent Management In The United States: An Overview, Gary Witmer, John D. Eisemann

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Rodents occur worldwide and have adapted to most types of ecosystems. Rodents provide many important ecosystem functions and while most rodent species do not cause serious damage problems, a small number of species do. Rodent-caused damage includes crop and stored food consumption and contamination, forestry and nursery damage, rangeland damage, ornamental plant damage, property damage, cable and irrigation pipe damage, disease transmission, and, when introduced to islands, damage and even extinction of native flora and fauna. Many tools are used to reduce rodent populations and damage. Rodenticides are an especially important tool in rodent management. Many types of active ingredients …

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Feral Hogs: A Texas Perspective, Douglas S. Steen, Mark E. Mapston, Bruce R. Leland, L. Janean Romines Apr 2007

Feral Hogs: A Texas Perspective, Douglas S. Steen, Mark E. Mapston, Bruce R. Leland, L. Janean Romines

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Feral hog (Sus scrofa) populations are a growing concern, and evidence of their presence has spread throughout the state. With the exception of a few areas in the northern panhandle and far western Texas, this invasive species successfully exists in almost every county; and evidence of their exponential population growth and the damage they cause is no longer confined to rural areas. Feral hogs affect farmers, livestock producers, private and public industry, and individuals living in suburban and urban areas. Wildlife, agriculture, property owners, animal and public health interests are all experiencing feral hog issues at different levels. …

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Developing A Standard Protocol For Assessing Suburban Deer Impacts To Vegetation, Karleen Ami, Paul D. Curtis Apr 2007

Developing A Standard Protocol For Assessing Suburban Deer Impacts To Vegetation, Karleen Ami, Paul D. Curtis

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Over the past 30 years, populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have increased dramatically in suburban communities, causing significant economic and ecological impacts. Homeowners have observed such deer population explosions and must cope with the problems of living in close proximity to deer with few reliable solutions. By applying knowledge of deer biology, behavior, and habitat requirements, this assessment protocol provides a scale to estimate the severity of deer damage, and the potential success of control measures. It will prove valuable by achieving a greater understanding of suburban deer management through a methodical and standardized analysis of impact …

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A Review Of Biomarkers Used For Wildlife Damage And Disease Management, Tricia L. Fry, Mike R. Dunbar Apr 2007

A Review Of Biomarkers Used For Wildlife Damage And Disease Management, Tricia L. Fry, Mike R. Dunbar

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Biomarkers are distinctive biological indicators used to identify, often through indirect means, when an event or physiologic process of interest has occurred in an animal. Historically, a variety of biomarkers, as well as bait-markers, have been used in wildlife management including radioactive isotopes, stable isotopes, fatty acids, systemic and physical biomarkers. The ability to successfully track, monitor, and identify animals using minimally invasive techniques is becoming increasingly important as wildlife-human interactions increase. This paper is an overview of the benefits and limitations of previously and presently used biomarkers in wildlife damage and disease management with emphasis on the use of …

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Efficacy Of 3 In-Burrow Treatments To Control Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Charles D. Lee, Jeff Leflore Apr 2007

Efficacy Of 3 In-Burrow Treatments To Control Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Charles D. Lee, Jeff Leflore

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Management of prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) movement by colony expansion or dispersal may involve the use of toxicants to reduce local populations. Hazards associated with the use of toxicants cause concern for non-target species. Applying the bait in-burrow should reduce the primary exposure of the toxicants to non-target wildlife. Some literature suggests prairie dogs will not consume bait when applied in the burrow. In this trial we compared efficacy of Rozol® (chlorophacinone), Kaput-D Prairie Dog Bait® (diphacinone), 2% zinc phosphide oats applied in-burrow and 2% zinc phosphide oats applied on the surface. Results are reported as change in …

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Suitable And Effective Coyote Control Tools For The Urban/Suburban Setting, Alan A. Huot, David L. Bergman Apr 2007

Suitable And Effective Coyote Control Tools For The Urban/Suburban Setting, Alan A. Huot, David L. Bergman

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Increases in the incidence of human conflict with coyotes in urban/suburban environments fuel a need for suitable coyote tools and methods to reduce these conflicts. Traditional tools, such as foothold traps and snares, face continued problems of acceptability in urban/suburban situations because of public anxiety about the risks to non-targets as well as other animal welfare concerns. We review the major categories of methods and tools used to prevent or reduce urban coyote-human conflicts, including exclusion (fencing), environmental and habitat modification, capture devices (traps, snares, and related devices), and shooting. We briefly discuss future technologies current under development: fertility control, …

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Controlling Coyotes In An Urban Environment - Effective Evaluation Of Requests By The General Public For Control Services, Tim J. Julien Apr 2007

Controlling Coyotes In An Urban Environment - Effective Evaluation Of Requests By The General Public For Control Services, Tim J. Julien

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The incidence of request for control services in regards to human conflict with coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban/suburban environments continues to increase countrywide. These incidents have created a need for a systematic means of evaluating the perceived need for control to determine first if control is necessary and would it be effective in solving the problem. Generally we have found the public is uninformed and surprised by their first sighting or encounter with coyotes. We have taken an approach that allows us to evaluate the clients concerns and enable us to make recommendations to them on possible control …

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A Broad Perspective On Current And Future Research On Urban Coyotes, John A. Shivik, Kathleen Fagerstone Apr 2007

A Broad Perspective On Current And Future Research On Urban Coyotes, John A. Shivik, Kathleen Fagerstone

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A change in wildlife management appears to be occurring. Previous efforts needed to be focused on producing more game species or endangered animals; now, however, tools and training must resolve issues of overabundance and conflict with predators, especially species such as coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban areas. Urban conflicts with coyotes may be growing because of urban development of land and human intrusion, but alteration of habitats that attract coyotes is also a likely factor. Research that will describe basic coyote biology in urban areas will be needed, but managers will also need applied research and development of …

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Human-Wildlife Conflict: A Case For Global Collaboration, Francine Madden Apr 2007

Human-Wildlife Conflict: A Case For Global Collaboration, Francine Madden

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) hinders conservation globally and will continue to become more widespread as human population and development increase. Conservation and development efforts often lack knowledge, tools, and resources needed to address the complexities of HWC, especially when working in isolation from one another. Practitioners in all sectors would benefit from opportunities to exchange ideas and information across project sites and with other organizations, in order to learn about and develop best practices in preventing and mitigating HWC. The Human-Wildlife Conflict Collaboration (HWCC) aims to prevent and mitigate human-wildlife conflict (HWC) through a global network and partnership of diverse stakeholders …

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Conserving Cheetahs On Private Land: Using The Namibian Cheetah Acinonyx Jubatus Jubatus As A Case Study, Laurie L. Marker, Amy Dickman Apr 2007

Conserving Cheetahs On Private Land: Using The Namibian Cheetah Acinonyx Jubatus Jubatus As A Case Study, Laurie L. Marker, Amy Dickman

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Conflict between humans and large carnivores is well documented in Africa, and is one of the chief causes of population declines seen in species such as lions (Panthera lea), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). While protected areas provide important refuges for many carnivores, species such as cheetahs cover large areas where protected areas are insufficient to maintain long-term viable populations across much of their range. Over the past century, the world's cheetah population has declined in both numbers and range due to habitat fragmentation, depletion of their natural prey base …

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Development Of Test Paradigms For Operant Conditioning Of Wild Norway Rats, Susan M. Jojola, Patrick W. Burke, Gary W. Witmer, Dale L. Nolte Apr 2007

Development Of Test Paradigms For Operant Conditioning Of Wild Norway Rats, Susan M. Jojola, Patrick W. Burke, Gary W. Witmer, Dale L. Nolte

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Many eradication efforts to remove rats (Rattus spp.) from islands have been successful. Eradications are expensive and labor-intensive which make s early detection of, and response to, reinvasion by rats critical. A better understanding of rat behavior could facilitate early detection and rapid response to intercept invaders, such as with trap placement and design, and toxic bait presentation and dispersal. This was a methods development study of test paradigms to operantly condition wild rats to run on an activity wheel and to press a lever for use in future behavior studies. Operant conditioning is the process of associating …

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Are Sunflower Fields For The Birds?, Heath M. Hagy, George M. Linz, William J. Bleier Apr 2007

Are Sunflower Fields For The Birds?, Heath M. Hagy, George M. Linz, William J. Bleier

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The northern Great Plains are home to a variety of birds throughout the year, particularly during migration. Migratory species use native and restored grasslands, shelterbelts, and agricultural fields for food and shelter in North Dakota. Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) have been documented to cause economically important damage to some crops and thus, are sometimes the target of concerted harassment efforts. Few studies have assembled an inventory of non blackbirds using small grain fields during the fall and spring in North Dakota that may be inadvertently affected by blackbird management. At least 94 nonblackbird species use crop fields in the …

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Research Strategies To Reduce Bovine Tuberculosis Transmission From Wildlife To Cattle, Are R. Berentsen, Mike R. Dunbar, Robert G. Mclean Apr 2007

Research Strategies To Reduce Bovine Tuberculosis Transmission From Wildlife To Cattle, Are R. Berentsen, Mike R. Dunbar, Robert G. Mclean

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobaterium bovis, and is transmissible to humans, wildlife and domestic livestock. In the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serve as a reservoir for the disease and pose a significant threat to domestic cattle and captive cervids. Scientists at USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center have designed a variety of laboratory and field studies aimed at reducing or eliminating bTB infection in cattle by interrupting the transmission of the disease from wild life reservoirs. These strategies include reducing bTB in deer by delivery …

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Operational Challenges Of Solving Urban Coyote Problems In Southern California, Dennis L. Orthmeyer, Terrance A. Cox, John W. Turman, Joe R. Bennett Apr 2007

Operational Challenges Of Solving Urban Coyote Problems In Southern California, Dennis L. Orthmeyer, Terrance A. Cox, John W. Turman, Joe R. Bennett

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

We present challenges, methodologies, and solutions related to mitigating urban coyote (Canis latrans) problems in southern California. The physical environment, the diverse urban structure (green belts and parks) with its abundant food resources which support high coyote densities, combined with the human component (behavior, urbanization, politics) create operational challenges. The increasing disconnect between humans and wildlife, coyote emigration/immigration into the increasing rural/urban interface, and coyote life cycles that occur exclusively in urban environments, all contribute to the increase in coyote-human conflicts. California's southern counties' human population has expanded 13% over the period from 1990-2000 and is projected to …

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Urban Coyotes: A States' Perspective, Scott Smith Apr 2007

Urban Coyotes: A States' Perspective, Scott Smith

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The author summarizes the information presented and discussed during the Urban Coyote Symposium from a state wildlife agency's perspective. He notes the need to consider such management challenges not only from a biological, but also from a human dimensions perspective.

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Gray Wolves And Livestock In Montana: A Recent History Of Damage Management, Carolyn A. Sime, Ed Bangs, Elizabeth Bradley, John E. Steuber, Kraig Glazier, Paul J. Hoover, Val Asher, Kent Laudon, Mike Ross, Jon Trapp Apr 2007

Gray Wolves And Livestock In Montana: A Recent History Of Damage Management, Carolyn A. Sime, Ed Bangs, Elizabeth Bradley, John E. Steuber, Kraig Glazier, Paul J. Hoover, Val Asher, Kent Laudon, Mike Ross, Jon Trapp

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The Montana gray wolf (Canis lupus) population grew from 2 wolves in 1979 to a minimum of 316 by late 2006. Resolving conflicts, both perceived and real, between wolves and livestock became a dominant social issue for the federal recovery program, and it remains so today. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and now Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks work with United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services to reduce depredation risks and address wolf-related conflicts through a combination of non-lethal and lethal management tools. The number of wolf complaints investigated from …

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Coyotebytes.Org: A New Educational Website, Robert M. Timm Apr 2007

Coyotebytes.Org: A New Educational Website, Robert M. Timm

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A web site, www.CoyoteBytes.org, has been developed as a tool to provide science­ based management recommendations to homeowners and municipal officials on methods to reduce conflicts with coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban and suburban areas. Such conflicts include aggression toward or attacks on children and adults; attacks on pet dogs and cats; attacks on hobby animals, such as poultry, sheep, and goats; and damage to drip irrigation systems, garden crops, and to other resources. In addition to providing information, the website allows individuals to upload photos or video clips of urban and suburban coyotes, and to submit first­hand …

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A History Of Urban Coyote Problems, Robert M. Timm, Rex O. Baker Apr 2007

A History Of Urban Coyote Problems, Robert M. Timm, Rex O. Baker

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

We summarize previously published information on coyote attacks on humans in North America. This problem has developed primarily in urban and suburban areas of southern California since the early 1970s, and the frequency of attacks and other human safety incidents is increasing. Similar attacks are now known from at least 18 states in addition to California and from 4 Canadian provinces, with the majority of attacks occurring since the early 1990s. We review early explorers' and settlers' accounts of coyotes in the Los Angeles area, as well as development of coyote control programs during the 20th century. We also describe …

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Suburban Coyote Management And Research Needs: A Northeast Perspective, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel A. Bogan, Gordon Batcheller Apr 2007

Suburban Coyote Management And Research Needs: A Northeast Perspective, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel A. Bogan, Gordon Batcheller

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Several factors may be responsible for increasing predator abundance in suburbia. These include an enhanced forage base associated with residential sprawl, and protection of predator species that were once persecuted and suppressed by hunters, trappers, and landowners. In the Northeast, anecdotal reports of coyotes (Canis latrans) killing pets in backyards are on the rise. The bulk of coyote complaints, concerns, and questions received from the public by state wildlife agencies are from areas with high human populations. Scant research exists on coyote behavioral ecology in human-altered landscapes. Biologists and managers need to understand changes in the social structure …

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Reducing Rodenticide Hazards: Agricultural Settings, Terrell P. Salmon Apr 2007

Reducing Rodenticide Hazards: Agricultural Settings, Terrell P. Salmon

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Rodenticides including anticoagulants, zinc phosphide and strychnine are frequently used for rodent control in agricultural areas in California. While considered safe and effective, non-target secondary poisonings related to anticoagulants and other materials have been reported. There are many ways to influence the hazards associated with rodenticide use. The most important thing in controlling rodents in agricultural areas is to do the best job possible combining knowledge of the target species, bait materials and possible non-target impacts. When a control program fails or is not very effective, growers are often forced to use additional control efforts to try to correct the …

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Impacts Of Wildlife Diseases In Urban Environments, Mike R. Dunbar, Ray T. Sterner, Shylo R. Johnson Apr 2007

Impacts Of Wildlife Diseases In Urban Environments, Mike R. Dunbar, Ray T. Sterner, Shylo R. Johnson

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Approximately 60% of diseases causing pathogenic illness in humans originate in animals. Emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases pose considerable public health, environmental, and economic impacts in the U.S. There are over 250 urban areas in the U.S. with populations > 100,000. These densely populated centers, with concomitant development of natural areas, greenbelts, and walking trails, are viewed to exacerbate the potential for human-wildlife, pet-wildlife, and pet-human interactions leading to greater risks of zoonotic disease transmission. Wildlife rabies, West Nile virus (WNV), and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) offer illustrations of potential impacts from zoo noses in urban areas. Prevention of …

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Blackbird Use Of Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots, George M. Linz, Jonathan M. Raetzman, Heath M. Hagy, H. Jeffrey Homan, William J. Bleier Apr 2007

Blackbird Use Of Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots, George M. Linz, Jonathan M. Raetzman, Heath M. Hagy, H. Jeffrey Homan, William J. Bleier

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Blackbird (Icteridae) damage to ripening sunflower fields in North Dakota ranges from $5-10 million and has probably forced many growers to abandon this crop. From 2004 to 2006, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services cost-shared Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots (WCSP) with sunflower growers. The objective of the WCSP was to provide blackbirds an attractive nearby alternative food source to reduce damage in commercial fields. From 2004 through 2006, sunflower damage in the WCSP's was 39%, 32%, and 60%, respectively. In comparison, damage in nearby commercial fields was 5%, 4%, and 18%, over those years. In 2006, drought in the region …

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Endangered Species And Migratory Bird Treaty Act Considerations In Rodenticide Registration And Use, Nancy H. Golden Apr 2007

Endangered Species And Migratory Bird Treaty Act Considerations In Rodenticide Registration And Use, Nancy H. Golden

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The Endangered Species Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act protect wildlife from injury or harm resulting from human activities, including pesticide use. In administering these laws, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) advises federal and state agencies, and private landowners and organizations of ways in which to minimize the adverse effects of rodenticides upon threatened and endangered species, and migratory birds. Technical assistance and formal consultation with USFWS can occur on both the registration and use of a rodenticide, and may result in general mitigation to the overall labeled use of a product, or site-specific modification based on …

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Reducing Non-Target Hazards Of Rodenticides In Forest Settings, Wendy M. Arjo, David T. Bryson Apr 2007

Reducing Non-Target Hazards Of Rodenticides In Forest Settings, Wendy M. Arjo, David T. Bryson

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Mammalian damage to forest resources is widespread and causes annual economic loss. Wildlife damage control is very important to the intensified land use practices and the economics of reforestation using seedlings. Reforestation areas provide ideal habitat for many wildlife species. However, animals negatively impact trees more severely during stand establishment than at any other time. While numerous non-lethal and lethal tools are available for large and medium-sized mammals, fewer tools are available for small mammals. The damage caused by these rodent species has in some cases warranted the use of rodenticides to control populations. Rodenticides are effective tools for reducing …

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Reducing Rodenticide Hazards To Humans And Wildlife: The Need For Use Regulations, Michael Fry Apr 2007

Reducing Rodenticide Hazards To Humans And Wildlife: The Need For Use Regulations, Michael Fry

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Rodenticide use poses significant exposure risks for children and poisoning risks for native wild birds and mammals in the United States. Poison Control Center reports document 15,000 calls annually identifying household rat poison ingestion, with 88% of cases for children under age six. Wildlife poisonings from ingestion of baits or treated grain may occur whenever birds or mammals have access to the products. This is especially true for broadcast baits and treated grain used above ground in agricultural settings, or when baits are distributed around structures or outside waste containers. Secondary poisoning of predators and scavengers occurs when target rodents …

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Characterization Of Wild Pig - Vehicle Collisions, John J. Mayer, Paul E. Johns Apr 2007

Characterization Of Wild Pig - Vehicle Collisions, John J. Mayer, Paul E. Johns

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Wild pig (Sus scrofa) collisions with vehicles are known to occur in the United States, but only minimal information describing these accidents has been reported. In an effort to better characterize these accidents, data were collected from 179 wild pig-vehicle collisions from a location in west central South Carolina. Data included accident parameters pertaining to the animals involved, time, location, and human impacts. The age structure of the animals involved was significantly older than that found in the population. Most collisions involved single animals. However, up to seven animals were involved in individual accidents. As the number of …

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Assessing The Impact Of Urban Coyote On People And Pets In Austin, Travis County, Texas, Randy O. Farrar Apr 2007

Assessing The Impact Of Urban Coyote On People And Pets In Austin, Travis County, Texas, Randy O. Farrar

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The City of Austin acquires citizen reports of coyote (Canis latrans) observations or complaints through a toll-free non-emergency 311 telephone call system. The observed coyote behavior or activity reported by constituents is categorized into one of eight behavioral categories that correlate with observed changes in coyote behavior indicating an increasing risk to human safety. The categorical data is used to formulate indices of coyote behavior for accessing and monitoring the relative risk of urban coyotes to human safety over time. Behavioral indices with respect to established management zones are used to prioritize and target areas for preventing or …

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Missing Cats, Stray Coyotes: One Citizen's Perspective, Judith C. Webster Apr 2007

Missing Cats, Stray Coyotes: One Citizen's Perspective, Judith C. Webster

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The author explores the issue of urban coyotes (Canis latrans) and coyote management from a cat owner's perspective, with specific examples from Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Following a personal encounter with two coyotes in July 2005 that led to the death of a cat, the author has delved into the history of Vancouver's "Co-existing with Coyotes", a government-funded program run by a non-profit ecological society. The policy's roots in conservation biology, the environmental movement, and the human dimensions branch of wildlife management are documented. The author contends that "Co-existing with Coyotes" puts people and pets at greater risk of …

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