Digital Commons Network^™

The 1080 Toxic Collar: Economics Of Field Use In Texas, Jerry H. Scrivner

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Although numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of various methods of predator damage control, relatively few have discussed the economics of techniques used to reduce predation on livestock (deCalesta 1983, Green et al. 1980, Gum et al. 1978, U.S. Department of Interior 1978); probably because of difficulties obtaining reliable data (Connolly 1982). Such information, however, is important since eliminating expenses of relatively inefficient control practices would allow ranchers to reduce total production costs, thereby increasing net returns (Scrivner and Conner 1983), whereas for state and federal animal damage control agencies, better documentation of the economics of various control techniques promotes …

Evaluation Of Induced Sterility For Beaver (Castor Canadensis) Management Problems, J. J. Kennelly, P. J. Lyons

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The concept of controlling animal damage problems by reducing fecundity of offending species through induced sterility first was proposed by Knipling (1955) for insect control and was applied successfully by that author (Knipling 1959) for eradication of the screw-worm fly. The potential application to vertebrate pest problems was recognized immediately by David (1961) and, subsequently, by many other workers for a variety of pests (e.g. Balser 1964; Kennelly et al. 1970: Murton et al. 1972; McDonald 1980; Potvin et al. 1982) including beaver (Arner 1964; Blanchard 1964; Nevers 1968; Hill 1977). Unfortunately, the method remains today largely unavailable for routine …

Control Of Damage By Mammals In Ontario Orchards, Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Each year, mammalian wildlife causes extensive and costly damage to fruit tree growers throughout Ontario. In 1981, in response to the concern among fruit growers over high levels of this damage, the Ontario Apple Marketing Commission and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food requested that we initiate a long-term study of this problem. However, the desire to improve available control practices was impeded by a general lack of know ledge of the scope of mammalian pest problems in Ontario. For example, the extent and degree of damage in relation to seasonal and regional differences, pest population levels and management …

Introducing Livestock Guarding Dogs To Sheep And Goat Producers, Raymond Coppinger, Jay Lorenz, Lorna Coppinger

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Dogs that protect sheep and goats from predators were relatively unknown as a method of reducing predation in the United States until recently. An estimated several dozen individuals were using guarding dogs with flocks (Newbold 1974), but only a few government officials or industry leaders were aware that the technique might have merit for the long-standing coyote problem. North American ranchers relied mainly on removal of predators, but removal provides only temporary relief and poses ethical questions as well. In strong contrast, on Old World sheep and goat pastures, the method of choice for protecting stock from Canis, Ursus …

The Need For Urban Animal Control, Gary J. San Julian

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The relationship between humans and animals has evolved over many centuries; in the beginning it was very violent. As humans moved from a cave to a village and later to a farm, they protected their property with whatever means were available. Spears, traps and later poisons and rifles were used to handle wildlife problems. As methods of providing life's necessities were refined, people moved from the farms into the cities. Today, many former city dwellers are moving out of town into a more rural setting. Although the relationship between wildlife and humans has changed from its violent beginnings, competition still …

Evaluation Of Dimethyl Anthranilate As A Nontoxic Starling Repellent For Feedlot Settings, J. Russel Mason, Adam H. Arzt, Russel F. Reidinger

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Few objective estimates are available, but starling (Sturnus uulgaris) and, sometimes, blackbird (e.g., Agelaius phoeniceus) depredations at feedlots are considered serious economic problems (Besser et al. 1967, 1968; Feare 1975, 1980; Stickley 1979; Twedt and Glahn 1982). Losses may result either from feed contamination and disease transmission or, more likely, from feed consumption (Besser et al. 1968; Russell 1975; Twedt and Glahn 1982). These problems are exacerbated by the use of complete diets (Rickaby 1978) which are presented in open troughs to which starlings have access. Feare and Wadsworth (1981) have shown that these birds can take …

Movements Of The Pine Vole (Microtus Pinetorum) In Repopulating Orchard Habitat, Pamela N. Miller, Milo E. Richmond

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) populations cause significant damage to orchards and truck crops (e.g., Anthony and Fisher 1977, Biser 1967, Eadie 1954, Forbes 1972a). Yet their population structure and movement dynamics have received surprisingly little study (Smolen 1981). The scarcity of data may have been due in part to the former availability of Endrin as a highly effective control agent (e.g., Horsfall 1956b), but the appearance of Endrin-resistant populations (Webb and Horsfall 1967), the restrictions of use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and the inclusion of pine voles in Integrated Pest Management programs have made the need for basic population …

Bats In Human Dwellings: Health Concerns And Management, Stephen C. Frantz, Charles V. Trimarchi

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The natural roosts of insectivorous bats in the north-east US are typically caves, rock crevices, and hollow trees. A few species, primarily Myotis lucifigus (little brown bat) and Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), have readily adapted to living in the houses and other structures of humans. During the warmer months of April through October, commensal bats sometimes become a nuisance due to their colonial habits and resultant odors, noises, guano deposits, and associated aesthetic and economic damages. Bat ectoparasites and at least one fungal disease, histoplasmosis, are of some medical import and the observation of bats flying about a residence …

Wildlife Conflicts In An Urban Area: Occurrence Of Problems And Human Attitudes Toward Wildlife, Michael A. O'Donnell, Larry W. Vandruff

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Today's world is undergoing increasing urbanization, and as most metropolitan expansions have resulted in urban sprawl, much original wildlife habitat has been heavily modified or eliminated. Populations of many wildlife species have decreased as a result of habitat changes, but at the same time, numbers of some native and many exotic species have increased in urban areas. As the process of urbanization continues and human's intensive use of land encroaches upon the use of land by wildlife, contact between people and wildlife will change in form and increase in residential areas.

Wildlife Population Cycles: Implications For Damage Control Planning, Richard E. Griffiths

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Animal population cycles are not a newly discovered phenomena. References to irruptions (sic, Leopold 1933 p. 50) of small rodents can be found in the Old Testament, the writings of Aristotle and in European histories (Orr 1963 p. 360). The wildlife literature is filled with descriptions and studies of the population fluctuations of numerous species. Despite the vast amounts of data collected and speculation engaged in, biologists only partially understand the reasons for these fluctuations (Archibald 1977, Chitty 1952, Christian 1950, Cole 1951, Frank 1957, Hoffman 1958 Swinton 1883 and many others).

An Evaluation Of A Method For Reducing White-Tailed Deer Depredations On Soybeans In Western Tennessee, Gary Tanner, Ralph W. Dimmick

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The development of the Land-Between-The-Lakes Wildlife and Recreation Area (LBL) in western Tennessee and Kentucky by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has greatly increased the deer population level on that area. Tenant farmers on LBL report increasing crop losses due to deer depredations, and the area's wildlife managers are unable to maintain food plots for quail and other wildlife species because of deer damage.

Chem-News - An On-Line Pesticide Information Program, W. G. Smith, R. I. Carruthers, J. Barnard

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Computerization of pesticide information is rapidly becoming a necessity as regulatory agencies expand their activities through enforcement, monitoring, and certification of pesticide applicators. Educational institutions responsible for providing pesticide information and pesticide applicator training for certification must also expand their capabilities for immediate updating and faster retrieval. Two programs at Cornell University, the Chemical-Pesticides Program and the Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (PIAP), are presently involved in developing on-line pesticide information for researchers, extension personnel, and regulatory agencies, as well as for those using pesticides.

Animal Damage Control In Eastern United States, Donald A. Spencer

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

This report is an overview of ongoing animal damage control programs in the 31 Eastern States, made possible by scores of individuals and the organizations they represent. The response to requests for data was excellent. For example, all 31 State Wildlife Agencies contributed information on their programs. As was to be expected, the organizations contacted do not use the same format in discharging their responsibilities nor in the records they keep. Thus precisely recorded figures have to march side by side with "educated estimates", but at least the estimates were made by personnel intimately acquainted with a particular project. As …

Black Bear Depredation On Bee Yards In Florida, David S. Maehr

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The development of procedures for dealing with nuisance black bears in Florida has followed many years of antagonism between beekeepers and the State's wildlife agency as well as an intensive effort to mitigate the problem. With an apparently decreasing black bear population and increasing public sentiment for the bear, the pressure to develop acceptable management guidelines has become great. This paper summarizes the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission's efforts in documenting and mitigating the bear-beekeeper problem in Florida.

Beaver Management In The Southeastern United States: A Review And Update, David K. Woodward

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Beaver populations in primitive times have been estimated at 60 million animals distributed across the North American continent where adequate food and water existed (Seton 1900). History books document well the exploitation of this resource by trappers in the settling of the new world. The search for beaver was so efficient that by the beginning of the twentieth century only small numbers of animals remained in remote areas. During the early 1900's however, beaver populations began to increase for a variety of reasons. Foremost among these were trapping restrictions, but the absence of natural predators, reversion of abandoned farms to …

Wildlife Damage Control In Eastern Cities And Suburbs, Vagn Flyger, Daniel L. Leedy, Thomas M. Franklin

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The topics covered in this paper are based mainly on experiences with people seeking help from the University of Maryland and the National Institute for Urban Wildlife. Although most residents of cities and suburbs enjoy and appreciate wildlife, we are frequently reminded that some do not, other people only tolerate and enjoy selected animal species, provided that these animals ''behave" - they don't make noise, keep their distance, don't damage ornamentals, and are not messy. Some people are so intolerant of wildlife that they even complain about frog choruses from nearby ponds. Response to wildlife varies such that one resident …

Welcome To Conference Participants, Herbert E. Doig

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

It is a pleasure for me to welcome participants of the First Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference and I bring you greetings and best wishes for a successful conference from Governor Mario Cuomo and commissioner of Environmental Conservation Henry Williams. It is appropriate that the first conference on this important subject in the East be heId in New York since we typify a variety of interactions between people and wildlife that are characteristic of the region.

Comparison Of 8 Physical Barriers Used For Protecting Douglas-Fir Seedlings From Deer Browse, David R. Deyoe, Wieger Schaap

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The success or failure of forest regeneration efforts in western Oregon and Washington often depends on adequate control of animal damage to young seedlings. Cutover and partially stocked forest lands provide excellent habitat for animals that clip or browse young seedlings. Black and Dimock (1969) estimated that animals were responsible for roughly one out of five reforestation failures. The Cooperative Animal Damage study of coniferous plantations in Oregon and Washington (1963-1975) found that animals damaged an average of 30 percent of all unprotected Douglas-fir seedlings each year on the 165 plots studied (Black et al. 1979). Browsing by deer and …

Crop Depredations By Canada Geese In East-Central Wisconsin, Richard A. Hunt

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1973, I presented a paper on "Waterfowl Crop Damage in Wisconsin" at the 6th Bird Control Seminar at Bowling Green, Ohio (Hunt & Bell 1983). That paper reviewed crop damage by Canada geese (Branta canadensis) around Horicon National Wildlife Refuge and the program developed to pay for and control damage, and suggested some recommendations related to future depredations management. At that time the fall goose population was about 200,000 at peak levels on the refuge. Since 1973, some significant changes were implemented in the Horicon area that reduced the peak concentration to less than 100,000. Crop depredations …

Wildlife Damage Control And Wildlife Management, Dale A. Jones, Hugh C. Black

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

It is a distinct pleasure and privilege to help kick off this conference. But, first, we want to commend the Co-chairmen, Jim Caslick, Dan Decker, and John Kelley, and the Conference Committee involved in putting this excellent and timely program together.

Reanalysis Of Farmer Willingness To Tolerate Deer Damage In Western New York, D. J. Decker, N. Sanyal, T. L. Brown, R. A. Smolka Jr., N. A. Connelly

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Crop depredation by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus uirginianus) has been examined and discussed by wildlife managers since at least the early 1930's (Leopold 1933:283). As with most aspects of game management in those early years, managers' efforts focused on the biological parameters of depredation and control. In the 1960's a few researchers began examining the social implications of deer management and found farmers to be surprisingly tolerant of most deer damage (McDowell and Benson 1960, McNeil 1962:81, Flyger and Thoerig 1962:48). Because of changing agricultural, habitat, and deer population conditions, studies of farmer tolerance of deer damage were initiated …

Control Of Beaver Damage, James E. Miller

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Beaver activity often conflicts with human's interests when damage occurs. It also has significant impact on the ecology of an area modified extensively by constant flooding. This often makes control of these animals somewhat different than for some other vertebrate species which cause serious damage. However, even though in biological terms beaver control may seem rather simple, in reality other factors including social, economic, and political pressures often dictate our actions more than dealing with the biological parameters of the species.

Utah Science Vol. 44 No. 3, Fall 1983

Utah Science

57 CHEESEMAKERS ALTER THE DAIRY COW'S DIET R. C. Lamb Dairy herd management involves more than breeding for higher milk yields. Because cheesemakers are willing to pay higher prices for milk containing more fat and protein, cows are now feeding on more specialized, high-fiber, high-protein diets.

60 USU'S GROWING LACTIC CULTURE SYSTEM G. H. Richardson The Quality and Quantity of cheese a manufacturer produces depend on many factors. The choice and treatment of bacteria are among the most important decisions to be made. USU's lactic culture system can greatly increase cheese production and lower costs.

64 STORING NUTRITION D. G. …

Practices For Protecting And Enhancing Fish And Wildlife On Coal Mined Land In The Uinta-Southwestern Utah Region, Bettina R. Proctor, Science Applications, Inc., Richard W. Thompson, Jane E. Bunin, Kenneth W. Fucik, George R. Tamm, Edward G. Wolf, U.S Department Of The Interior- Fish And Wildlife Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This handbook contains information on the best current practices to minimize disturbances and adverse impacts of surface mining on fish and wildlife resources. Current state and federal legislation was reviewed to determine those practices which were most compatible with the best technology currently available, fish and wildlife plans, and reclamation plans for the Uinta-Southwestern region of the U.S. The information presented includes risks, limitations, approximate costs, and maintenance and management requirements of each practice. Plans for the restoration of specific habitats, according to the best current practices, are also included.

Utah Science Vol. 44 No. 2, Summer 1983

Utah Science

23 WEATHER AND RANGE MANAGEMENT E. A. Richardson, T. F. Glover and A. 8. Haws Weather events can be crucial to rangeland management. New computer models are being used to make both the events and their consequences more predictable .

28 MOUNTAIN THERMOPSIS: Toxicity in Cattle R. L. Chase and R. F. Keeler Hazards due to Thermopsis vary with its stage of growth and the hunger level of a potential victim. Proper management requires attention to controlling the plant and the animals who may graze it.

32 SHORT-DURATION GRAZING DOUBLES YOUR LIVESTOCK? J. C. Malechek and D. D. Dwyer It …

Studies Of The San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus Perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera:Diaspididae) And Its Aphytis Nr. Vandenboshi Debach And Rosen (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae) Parasite In Northern Utah, Manas Titayavan

Biology

The biology of Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) and its parasite, Aphytis nr. vandenboschi DeBach and Rosen, was studied. Q. perniciosus developmental time declined substantially with each increase in temperature between 18.3 and 31.0°C. Constant temperatures between 10.0 and 15.6°C or above 31°C were detrimental to A. nr. vandenboschi. The mean number of eggs laid per parasite was 12.08 at 23.8°C and 11.58 at 25.6°C. Under experimental conditions the parasite did not discriminate between previously parasitized hosts and unparasitized ones. Field investigations were in two unsprayed apple orchards, one at Brigham City and one at Hyde Park, Utah. Both male San Jose …

The Effects Of Fluoride On Isolated Corn Mitochondria: Membrane Properties And Oxidative Phosphorilation, James C. Pushnik

Biology

The exposure of isolated plant mitochondria to solutions containing soluble fluorides results in abnormal physiologic activities. These aberrations include an increase of mitochondrial respiratory rates and decreases of the ADP/0 ratios. The changes of respiratory activity are an expression of a fluoride-induced chemiosmotic uncoupling of respiration and an inhibition of mitochondrial localized ATPase activity. The fluoride ion might be accumulating in the mitochondria via a nonionic diffusion gradient since no fluoride-induced mitochondrial membrane disruption could be detected.

Metabolism Of Glycolate In The Photosynthetic Bacteria Rhodopseudomonas Sphaeroides, Vikas Vasudeo Padhye

Biology

Aspects of glycolate metabolism in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were studied to determine the occurrence of the plant-type glycolate pathway in this bacterium. R. sphaeroides, when grown with tartrate or acetate, excreted glycolic acid extracellularly during chemoheterotrophic or photoheterotrophic growth. The amount of glycolic acid excretion increased when cells were incubated with 10 mM α-hydroxy-2-pyridine methane sulphonate (HPMS), an inhibitor of glycolate oxidase. The rates of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoid synthesis were inhibited by HPMS; however, addition of glyoxylate, glycine or serine did not restore the original rates of these pigments. Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, ribulose 1,5-disphosphate oxygenase, phosphoglycolate phosphatase, …

Prostaglandins And Cyclic Nucleotides In The Ram Reproductive Tract, M. James Cosentino

Biology

It was the purpose of this study to examine various characteristics of the sperm and surrounding fluids in the testis, cauda epididymis and vas deferens in the adult ram, with an emphasis on prostaglandins, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclic nucleotides. Cannulas were placed into these three areas of 16 mature rams and samples were collected in a vial sutured to the scrotum of each animal. The data indicate a high degree of fluid reabsorption as the epididymis is traversed, resulting in an elevated sperm concentration in the distal regions. In addition, the number of sperm collected per day from each …

Inactivation Of Reovirus, Rotavirus, And Poliovirus By Chlorine In Water, Blair Takashi Fujimoto

Biology

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the rates of inactivation by chlorine of reovirus, rotavirus, and poliovirus at pH 6 and pH 10. The inactivation rates at pH 6 were greater than those at pH 10. Hypochlorous acid was found to be more effective than hypochlorite ion in the inactivation of all three viruses. The efficiency of inactivation of reovirus and rotavirus increased as the concentration of hypochlorite ion was increased. Conversely, the efficiency of inactivation decreased as the concentration of hypochlorous acid was increased. Infectious reovirus was inactivated at a faster rate than the potentially …