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The Microvasculature Of The Guinea Pig Ureter. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigation, S. Aharinejad, A. Lametschwandtner, W. Höltl, W. Firbas

Scanning Microscopy

In 24 albinotic guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) the gross vasculature and the microvascular architecture of the ureter were studied by light microscopy of tissue blocks and by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. The guinea pig ureter is supplied by the renal artery proximally, by the aorta and the internal iliac artery in its mid-segment, and by the uterine and prostatic as well as by the vesical arteries distally. The main arterial trunks run alongside the ureter before they branch to send perforating arterioles to the muscular coat and the mucosal lining. The draining venules are found on …

Imaging Single-Stranded Dna, Antigen-Antibody Reaction And Polymerized Langmuir-Blodgett Films With An Atomic Force Microscope, A. L. Weisenhorn, H. E. Gaub, H. G. Hansma, R. L. Sinsheimer, G. L. Kelderman, P. K. Hansma

Scanning Microscopy

The combination of an (AFM) atomic force microscope together with microfabricated cantilevers that have integrated tips opens many possibilities for imaging systems of great importance in biology. We have imaged single-stranded 25mer DNA that was adsorbed on treated mica or that was covalently bound with a crosslinker to a polymerized Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film, the top monolayer of a bilayer system. At low magnification the AFM shows cracks between solid domains, like in an image taken with a fluorescence microscope. At higher magnification, however, the AFM reveals much finer cracks and at still higher magnification it reveals rows of individual molecules …

Morphological Abnormalities In Vitamin B6 Deficient Tarsometatarsal Chick Cartilage, P. G. Masse, V. E. Colombo, F. Gerber, D. S. Howell, H. Weiser

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that deficiency of vitamin B₆ would produce morphological characteristics of osteochondral lathyrism. To accomplish this goal, morphological characteristics of chick cartilage in which lathyrism was produced by two separate dietary regimens was compared to morphological changes encountered in vitamin B₆ deficiency. Vitamin B₆ deficiency should reduce activity of lysyloxidase needed for producing intermolecular cross-links. The question to be addressed was: would this latter deficiency impair collagen morphological features and secondarily other structures indirectly by reducing collagen molecular assembly? Failure of cross-linking of collagen in the positive controls …

A Low Temperature Vacuum Embedding Procedure For X-Ray Microanalysis Of Biological Specimens At Subcellular Level, Romuald Wroblewski, Joanna Wroblewski, Sven-Olof Wikström, Matti Anniko

Scanning Microscopy

The validity of freeze-drying and low temperature embedding in Lowicryl resins has been investigated in studies of ion distribution in mouse embryological inner ear, rat rib growth plate, liver and submandibular gland. The morphological preservation of the tissues was adequate for the identification of different intracellular compartments and extracellular structures. It was also possible to analyze extracellular fluids in the vestibular part of the developing inner ear. Compared with thin cryosections, Lowicryl sections are easier to produce and are more stable during analysis. Freeze-dried embedded material can be easily reorientated during cutting and adjacent sections can be used for other …

Incorporation And Degradation Of Hydroxyapatite Implants Of Different Surface Roughness And Surface Structure In Bone, C. M. Müller-Mai, C. Voigt, U. Gross

Scanning Microscopy

The interface of dense hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with different surface roughnesses was investigated after implantation into the spongy bone of the distal femur of rabbits by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following transverse fractures in the interface. Each implant displayed considerable changes in surface morphology caused by leaching (increasing pore diameter), corrosion (particulate disintegration), and active resorption by osteoclasts. Macrophages were involved in "cleaning" the surface via phagocytosis of loose implant particles. Newly formed surface elevations provided adhesion points for fibers and fibrils. Subsequent mineralization of these areas stabilized the interdigitation of surface elevations and extracellular …

From Hela Cell Division To Infectious Diarrhoea, J. Stephen, M. P. Osborne, A. J. Spencer, A. Warley

Scanning Microscopy

Hela 83 cells were grown in suspension both randomly and, synchronously using hydroxyurea which blocks cells at the Gl/8 interface. Cryosections were prepared, freeze-dried and analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. As cells moved into S and through M phases [Na] and [Cl] increased; both returned to normal levels upon re-entering Gl phase. The Na/K ratio was 1:1 in Gl phase. Infection of HeLa 83 cells in Gl phase with vaccinia virus resulted in no change in intracellular [Na].

Infection of neonatal mice with murine rotavirus was localized to villus tip enterocytes and gave rise to diarrhoea which was maximal at 72h …

The Physical State Of Potassium Ion In The Living Cell, G. N. Ling

Scanning Microscopy

This review summarizes more than 30 years of experimental testing (and confirmation) of a key postulate of the association-induction (AI) hypothesis: most K⁺ ions in resting cells are adsorbed on 𝛃-and 𝛄-carboxyl group of cell proteins in a close-contact one ion-one site manner. Failure of healthy, cytoplasm-free, squid axon-membrane sacs to selectively accumulate K⁺ over Na⁺ and success of muscle cells without a functional cell membrane (and postulated pumps) to achieve the same, point to the cytoplasm as the seat of selective K⁺ accumulation. Four independent techniques unanimously confirmed the predicted localization in striated muscle cells, …

Tumor-Like Growth Of Antlers In Castrated Fallow Deer: An Electron Microscopic Study, Richard J. Goss

Scanning Microscopy

Male deer regenerate new sets of antlers each year. When fully grown, rising levels of testosterone promote antler ossification, cutting off the blood flow and causing the velvet integument to be shed. After the mating season, the old antlers fall off to be replaced by new ones.

When the adult fallow deer is castrated in autumn or winter, its bony antlers are shed and replaced by usually shorter regenerates that remain permanently viable and in velvet. If prevented from winter freezing, these antlers continue to grow thicker each year, eventually giving rise to amorphous outgrowths, or antleromas, from their sides. …

Theory Of Active Transport Across Frog Skin And Other Bifacial Cell Systems: A Subsidiary Of The Association-Induction Hypothesis, Gilbert N. Ling

Scanning Microscopy

This review presents the theory of solute transport across frog skin, epithelial cells of the intestine, the kidney tubules, and other similar systems. This theory is a part of a broader theory of the living cell, called the association-induction hypothesis.

The central pumping mechanism is the cyclic activity of a sponge-like cytoplasmic protein(s), which alternately sop-up (by adsorption) the solute being transported and squeeze it out again (by desorption) into the cytoplasmic water at a high concentration level. The uptake phase begins with the adsorption of ATP on key cardinal sites of the protein involved; the release phase is triggered …

Advances In Corrosion Casting Methods, K. C. Hodde, D. A. Steeber, R. M. Albrecht

Scanning Microscopy

This paper briefly discusses the concept of corrosion cast preparation (primarily of blood vessels), the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study these casts and the observations which can be made, together with the merits and the limitations in various applications. A number of reviews and surveys are quoted in which the different injection media, injection methods, animal preparations and corrosion procedures are described. A new procedure of cleaning the corrosion casts with sodium hydroxide and Triton X-100 is described. The observations which can be made are listed and illustrated both on the cellular level as well as …

Crystal Morphology Of Shortenings And Margarines, P. Chawla, J. M. Deman, A. K. Smith

Food Structure

An improved method is proposed for isolation of fat crystals with isobutanol, followed by fixation using osmium tetroxide vapours or cryo-fixation and visualization in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The cryo-fixation method revealed the presence of well defined needle-shaped or rod-shaped fat crystals. The osmium fixed crystals did not appear as distinct. The crystals existed as single crystals, platelets and spherulites. Polarized light micrographs did not show the details of the crystal morphology that were observed in the SEM.

Scanning Ion Microprobe Assessment Of Biological Sample Preparation Techniques, Phillippe Hallegot, Chantal Girod, Riccardo Levi-Setti

Scanning Microscopy

Different preparation techniques for high lateral resolution scanning ion microprobe imaging of biological samples have been investigated. The sharpest histological maps are obtained from chemically fixed and plastic embedded specimens. It is often problematic to correlate ultrastructure and bioaccumulation from analysis of frozen cut and lyophilized sections. The best compromise is to resin-embed frozen samples in order to get a perfectly flat section from tissue where the in vivo ion distribution is maintained. Use of the University of Chicago Ion Microprobe gave us the ability to observe the relative ion translocations induced during sample preparation. As an example, we show …

Microbial Colonization In Human Periodontal Disease: An Illustrated Tutorial On Selected Ultrastructural And Ecologic Considerations, Charles M. Cobb, William J. Killoy

Scanning Microscopy

The oral cavity is populated by a prodigious microbial flora that exhibits a unique successional colonization of enamel and subgingival root surfaces. A wide range of oral sites provide different ecologic conditions and are, therefore, populated by different commensal microbial combinations. The sequence of microbial colonization, regardless of location within the oral cavity, commences with the acquisition of salivary and/or crevicular fluid-derived pellicle.

As the process of successional colonization of the gingival crevice area proceeds uninterrupted, achieving critical mass between 10 and 21 days, gingivitis becomes evident at a clinical level. However, at a histologic level, gingivitis may be evident …

Radiation Cataractogenesis Induced By Neutron Or Gamma Irradiation In The Rat Lens Is Reduced By Vitamin E, W. M. Ross, M. O. Creighton, J. R. Trevithick

Scanning Microscopy

Although cataract of the eye lens is a known late effect of ionizing radiation exposure, most of the experimental work to date has concentrated on single, acute high doses or multiple, fractionated, chronic exposures. Many papers have dealt with biochemical alterations in metabolism and cellular components, with microscopic and electron microscopic lesions to the epithelial and cortical layers, and with clinical cataract formation. However, the minimum cataractogenic dose for rats has for many years been considered to be about 2 Gy for a single, acute dose of low LET radiation.

Our purpose in designing this pilot study was three fold: …

Utah Science Vol. 51 No. 2, Summer 1990

Utah Science

55 IPM Contribute Solution a Agriculture Approaches an Impasse on Pesticides

60 Rangeland Herbicide Doesn’t Appear to Move Far

61 Turning Insect Against Weeds

62 Monitoring a Biological Nemesis of Grasshoppers

64 IPM Results Convince Fruit Growers

66 Arrival of Africanized Bees will be Unwelcome but not a Catastrophe

69 Targeting Herbicides to Control Brush A Rust to Stop a Weed

70 Orchard Ground Covers that Favor Beneficial Mites and Insects

71 Research in Brief

75 Forecasting Fire Blight

76 Field Test Monitors Changes in Insecticide Resistance

78 Translating a Plant Self-Defense Vocabulary

80 Nematodes: Suppressed but ever Vanquished

82 …

Effects Of Alternative Furrow Irrigation Parameters On Pesticide Movement In Cropped Areas In Utah, Antonio Maria Requena, Ahmad Yar Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Howard M. Deer, Majid Ehteshami, Robert W. Hill

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Production of adequate supplies of food and fiber currently requires that pesticides be used to limit crop losses caused by insects, pathogens, weeds and other pests. Although pesticides are necessary in today' s agriculture, they can be a serious problem if they reach and contaminate ground water, especially where drinking water needs are met by ground water. The relative reduction of potential ground-water contamination due to agricultural use of pesticides was analyzed for particular sites in Utah. The potential reduction of pesticides in ground water was considered by utilizing alternative irrigation systems, water management practices and pesticides. A one-dimensional simulation …

Micro-Pixe (Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission) Study Of The Effects Of Fluoride On Mineral Distribution Patterns In Enamel And Dentin In The Developing Hamster Tooth Germ, D. M. Lyaruu, G. H. J. Tros, A. L. J. J. Bronckers, J. H. M. Wöltgens

Scanning Microscopy

Micro-PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) analysis was performed on unfixed and anhydrously prepared sections from developing enamel and dentin from hamsters injected with a single dose of 20 mg NaF /kg body weight. Fluoride, apart from inducing the formation of the characteristic paired response in the enamel (i.e., a hyper- followed by a hypomineralized band in the secretory enamel), also induces the formation of sub-ameloblastic cystic lesions under the transitional and early secretory enamel accompanied by relatively intense hypermineralization of the underlying cystic enamel surface. These cystic lesions, however, were only found to be associated with certain isolated populations of these …

Scanning And Transmission Electron Microscopy, And Electron Probe Analysis Of The Interface Between Implants And Host Bone, G. Daculsi, R. Z. Legeros, C. Deudon

Scanning Microscopy

Bioinert materials (e.g., alumina implants) and bioactive ceramics (e.g., calcium phosphate ceramics, glass -ceramics) are now extensively used in dentistry. However, the physico-chemical interactions at the interfaces between the implant and the host bone are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to define the interactions at these interfaces using a combination of analytical techniques: light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray microradiography, X-ray diffraction, and infrared specstroscopy.

Bioinert (pure titanium) and bioactive materials (hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic calcium phosphate) were implanted in dogs, and the implants, recovered after various periods of implantation, were …

Dose- And Time-Dependent Increase Of Lysosomal Enzymes In Embryonic Cartilage In Vitro After Ionizing Radiation, M. Cornelissen, L. De Ridder

Scanning Microscopy

Radiation doses of 20, 50 or 100 Gy caused the same time related decrease for RNA and proteoglycan (PG) synthesis in embryonic cartilage in vitro (4 days culture). In this paper, participation of lysosomes in this radiation response is investigated. Therefore, we employ a cytochemical method using 𝜷-glycerophosphate as substrate for acid phosphatase (AP) detection. Increase of AP was found 2 days after irradiation and increased during the whole culture period. The increase was more pronounced with a higher radiation dose. Stimulation of AP activity explains the observed radiation response of RNA and PG synthesis.

Intracellular Penetration And Accumulation Of Radiographic Contrast Media In The Rat Kidney, A. Nordby, K. E. Tvedt, J. Halgunset, O. A. Haugen

Scanning Microscopy

Radiographic iodine-containing contrast media (meglumine calcium metrizoate, iohexol and meglumine sodium ioxaglate) were injected intravenously in rats. At various intervals after exposure, in situ cryofixation of kidneys was performed. Thin, freeze-dried cryosections were examined by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. In endothelial cells, erythrocytes and tubular cells high dry weight concentrations of iodine were found. Twenty-four hours after iohexol was injected, no trace of iodine was found in the plasma, microvilli or the nuclei of the tubular cells. Small organelle-like compartments in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubular cells contained high concentrations of iodine, whereas no iodine was found in …

Involvement Of Interferon-System In The Regulation Of Cell Growth And Differentiation, Samuel Salzberg, Dalia Hacohen, Sasson David, Sara Dovrat, Sharon Ahwan, Haim Gamliel, Miriam Birnbaum

Scanning Microscopy

In this report we review the current knowledge on the involvement of the interferon (IFN) system in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. We also summarize our own data which provide evidence for the strong correlation between IFN-mediated growth-arrest of transformed cells and the elevated enzymatic activity of an IFN-induced protein. Similarly, it is demonstrated that elevated levels of IFN-induced proteins accompany the early phases of in-vitro cell differentiation. IFN-treatment of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts transformed by Moloney-murine sarcoma virus ( MSV) resulted in a significant reduction in the rates of cell growth, protein synthesis and cloning efficiency. In parallel, …

Applications Of The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope To Conservation Science, E. Doehne, D. C. Stulik

Scanning Microscopy

The environmental scanning electron microscope (E-SEM) provides electron imaging at relatively high sample pressure, with imaging and analysis capabilities comparable to those of traditional high vacuum SEM. Several case studies demonstrate the advantages and research potential of this new technology as applied to conservation science: 1) dynamic study of wetting and drying of consolidated and unconsolidated adobe samples; 2) semi-dynamic study of lead corrosion as a result of exposure to formaldehyde; 3) electron imaging of outgassing samples-parchment; 4) study of uncoated, non-conductive samples-swabs from Sistine Chapel cleaning; 5) X-ray analysis of uncoated insulators-gold and garnet jewelry. The environmental scanning electron …

The State Of Potassium In Skeletal Muscle And In Non-Muscle Cells, Carlton F. Hazlewood, Miklos Kellermayer

Scanning Microscopy

The relationship between ions, water, and the electrical properties are fundamental to our understanding of cellular function. This paper is primarily directed at reviewing the theoretical explanations for the changes in cellular potential and ionic composition which are associated with early postnatal development of skeletal muscle. The findings are: (a) a two-fold reduction in tissue hydration and a significant reduction of the diffusive motion of cellular water; (b) ten-fold decrease in cellular sodium; (c) six-fold decrease in tissue chloride; (d) the concentrations of intracellular potassium, and of extracellular sodium, potassium and chloride were constant; and (e) the cellular potential changed …

Human Hair Morphology: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study On A Male Caucasoid And A Computerized Classification Of Regional Differences, W. M. Hess, R. E. Seegmiller, J. S. Gardner, J. V. Allen, Susan Barendregt

Scanning Microscopy

The present study was performed to provide a better understanding of the morphological variations of mammalian hair. Terminal hair samples were obtained from different regions of the body of the same Caucasian male. All hair samples were either cleaned or treated before being examined with scanning electron microscopy. As human scalp hair grew it appeared small like lanugo hair, but the increase in diameter appeared to have been relatively rapid. As hair increased in diameter the appearance of the scales changed. Neck hair was slightly smaller in diameter than scalp hair, and axillary hair was slightly smaller in diameter than …

Near-Field Scanning Electron Spin Resonance Microscopy, M. Ikeya, M. Furusawa, M. Kasuya

Scanning Microscopy

Electron spin resonance (ESR) images were obtained by scanning samples over an aperture of a microwave cavity. A spatial resolution of 0.2 mm, which is below both the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave (~3 cm) and the diameter of the aperture (1 mm), was obtained by using a deconvolution algorithm. Resolution of three dots within a 1 mm diameter was demonstrated using a test sample. Microscopic images of spin concentration of Gd³⁺ impurity before and after deconvolution are shown using a natural single crystal of zircon (ZrSiO₄) with a zonal structure. ESR images of Jurassic carbonate fossils …

Perceptions Of The Honors Program, Andrea Price

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

The purpose of this project was to measure how aware the students and faculty of Utah State University are of the Honors Program and its offerings. Questionnaires were sent to a random selection of faculty, students, and Honors students.

Mars And Beyond: The Solar System Beckons, Frank J. Redd

Faculty Honor Lectures

To space zealots, 1989 was the year the drought ended. The space shuttle was operational again; Voyager's grand reconnaissance of the Solar System climaxed with the glorious encounter with the planet Neptune and its startling moon, Triton; the launches of the Magellan spacecraft to Venus and the Gallileo to Jupiter broke a decade long hiatus in the launch of U.S. planetary missions; and, for the first time in over twenty years, a U.S. president announced a daring new initiative in human exploration with the goal of first returning humans to the Moon, then going on to Mars.

Lecture 15: Who Grades The Graders?, Lawrence O. Cannon

Last Lectures

No abstract provided.

Surface Phase Transition Of Hydrated Calcium Oxalate Crystal In The Presence Of Normal And Stone-Formers’ Urine, Mostafa Akbarieh, Rashad Tawashi

Scanning Microscopy

Crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), dihydrate (COD) and trihydrate (COT) were grown by slow diffusion of reacting ions from solutions using interfacially controlled crystallization. Phase transition of COT to COD and COM, and COD to COM were studied on single crystal by X-ray diffraction analysis of the same crystal before and after exposure to normal and stone formers' urine. Phase transition on the surface of single crystals has been demonstrated by SEM energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis using windowless detector, and scanning Auger electron microprobe. Data obtained in this study offer direct experimental evidence for phase transformation on the surface …

Healing Of Prosthetic Arterial Grafts, G. Pasquinelli, A. Freyrie, P. Preda, T. Curti, M. D'Addato, R. Laschi

Scanning Microscopy

Numerous synthetic biomaterials have been developed as vascular substitutes. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies have demonstrated that in animals, selected materials, i.e., Dacron and ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) grafts, are successfully incorporated in both the large and the small caliber host arteries through a process which is generally referred to as graft healing. Morphologically, this process consists of a series of complex events including fibrin deposition and degradation, monocyte-macrophage recruitment and flow-oriented cell-layer generation, this last event being the complete endothelialization of the arterial substitute.

In contrast to experimental animals, the flow surface of synthetic vascular grafts remains …