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Cross-Sections For Electron Scattering Accompanied By Ionization Of Inner-Shells, M. Kotera, K. Yamamoto, H. Suga

Scanning Microscopy

A method is presented to describe the electron scattering process at an ionization of inner-shell electrons. The differential cross-section with the energy transfer and the momentum transfer is calculated using the expression of the generalized oscillator strength. This cross-section and the total ionization cross-section are fairly close to the results obtained by the Gryzinski equation. The photo-absorption cross-section obtained by the present treatment shows good agreement with the experimental data in a wide range of the photon energy. Based on the present treatment, the scattering angle distribution of the primary electron is calculated.

Precipitation Gauge Testing On The Wasatch Plateau, Utah, During Early 1993, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation

Meterology

The Bureau of Reclamation performed an independent evaluation of an ETI (Electronic Techniques, Inc.) precipitation gauge at the High Altitude Site on the western slope of the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The ETI gauge could provide a desirable alternative to conventional recording gauges in several applications, including evaluation of cloud seeding projects, if it performs as advertised. The testing program was intended to determine its performance in a winter mountain environment. The ETI precipitation gauge proved to be reliable from time of installation in late November 1992 until removal in late March 1993. The only problem found was an …

S/O Modeling Technique For Optimal Containment Of Light Hydrocarbons In Contaminated Unconfined Aquifers, Grant S. Cooper Jr., Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

An innovative approach is presented to minimize pumping for immobilizing a floating plume of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). The best pumping strategy is determined to contain the free oil product and provide for gradient control of the water table. This approach combined detailed simulation, statistical analysis, and optimization. This modeling technique uses regression equations that describe system response to variable pumping stimuli. The regression equations were developed from analysis of systematically performed simulations of multiphase flow in an areal region of an unconfined aquifer. Simulations were performed using ARMOS, a finite element model. ARMOS can be used simulate …

The Direct Sensing Of Damage To Ion Implanted Materials, J. S. C. Mckee, M. S. Mathur, G. R. Smith

Scanning Microscopy

Material damage caused by the implantation of a high concentration of hydrogenic ions requires regular remote monitoring in order to study the atomic and nuclear reaction processes taking place within each sample. Real time continuous measurements of acoustic emission, X-ray production and emitted particle flux enable processes such as bubble or crack formation, changes in crystalline order, and nuclear fusion reactions can be studied in detail through examination of secondary or associated emission products. Fracturing of a material may generate a unique signature which, when taken in conjunction with time-averaged quantities such as changes in resistivity, surface strain, and induced …

Reduction Of Sunburn Damage To Skin By Topical Application Of Vitamin E Acetate Following Exposure To Ultraviolet B Radiation: Effect Of Delaying Application Or Of Reducing Concentration Of Vitamin E Acetate Applied, John R. Trevithick, David T. Shum, Sahle Redae, Kenneth P. Mitton, Christopher Norley, Stephen J. Karlik, Alan C. Groom, E. E. Schmidt

Scanning Microscopy

The skin of the skh-1 mouse after ultraviolet B (280-320 nm, UVB) irradiation shows the pathological changes typical of sunburn damage: spongiosis (edematous spaces) around some cells, necrosis of keratinocytes, giving rise to sunburn cells, inflammatory infiltration ofpolymorphonuclear leucocytes, etc. In our previous study, these were accompanied by erythema, increased skin sensitivity, and edematous swelling. The topical application of tocopherol acetate (TA) immediately after the UVB exposure decreased these changes. In this paper, multiple measurements of the skin thickness were made at different locations along the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cross-sectional image of the skin. This permits effects to be …

Atomic Force Microscopy Study Of Human Tooth Enamel Surfaces, Ph. Schaad, E. Paris, F. J. G. Cuisinier, J. -C. Voegel

Scanning Microscopy

Human enamel features from individual crystals up to prisms were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Low magnification images of vestibular tooth surfaces show the existence of enamel prisms appearing as deep holes. Individual, parallel enamel crystals show lateral faces elongated and formed by the (100) planes of hydroxyapatite (HA). Height differences between (001) faces create the roughness of enamel surface. Individual (001) crystal faces can be observed clearly at higher magnification and show the characteristic hexagonal shape with 60° angles between (100) faces. This study confirms the applicability of AFM for studying biological hydroxyapatite crystals.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies Of The Palatine Mucosa And Its Microvascular Architecture In The Rat, S. Sugioka, H. Ike

Scanning Microscopy

Detailed observations were made on the structure and microvasculature of the palatine mucosa of the rat by means of microvascular corrosion casts and epithelium-digested specimens using scanning electron microscopy. The rat palate was divided into four regions according to the characteristics of the palatine plicae. In the atrial region, no transverse palatine plicae were present, but there were longitudinal ridges and folds in the median area. These structures contribute to the transportation of rough and grainy foods with the assistance of the hairy buccal part. Capillary loops in the ridge and folds appeared as continuous, sagittally elongated loops. In the …

Humidity Effects On Atomic Force Microscopy Of Gold-Labeled Dna On Mica, J. Vesenka, S. Manne, G. Yang, C. J. Bustamante, E. Henderson

Scanning Microscopy

Recent work in atomic force microscopy (AFM) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has relied on immobilizing DNA molecules by drying a small volume of buffered DNA solution onto cleaved mica. When imaging in air, relative humidity has been known to affect both the resolution and measured height of the DNA strands. We present data of measured height versus humidity for DNA and attached gold labels, and we propose a model for this data based on swelling of coadsorbed buffer salts upon exposure to moisture. In this model, small particles (e.g., DNA) stay near the top of the swelling salt layer, whereas …

Suburban Deer Management: A Matter Of Perspective, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Many metropolitan areas in the eastern United States are experiencing management conflicts associated with overabundant deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Sometimes these deer populations exceed the biological carrying capacity of available habitat and wildlife acceptance capacity (Decker and Purdy 1988) of local residents. For nearly 2 decades, a deer management controversy has been developing in Durand Eastman Park and the Town of Irondequoit, located in the greater Rochester metropolitan area, Monroe County, New York. Three local citizen organizations concerned about deer are described, and each has promoted various nonhunting alternatives to reduce human-deer problems. For 15 years, the New …

Propagation Of Bamboo As Blackbird Lure Roost Habitat, Richard D. Flynt, James F. Glahn

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Bamboo and native cane species have been suggested as optimal lure roost habitat for shifting blackbird winter roosts away from objectionable urban/suburban sites. As the second phase in developing this potential concept of alleviating conflicts with blackbirds, we report on information gathered from the literature, consultations with bamboo horticulturists, and on-site visits to previously developed bamboo plantations to select desirable species of bamboo for this purpose, and to identify preferred propagating techniques. Bamboo species Phyllostachys rubromarginata and P. nigra henonis ranked highest in terms of greatest cold tolerance, greatest propensity for lateral spreading, and most suitable structure characteristics for maximizing …

Predator Depredations On Sheep In Pennsylvania, Gary W. Witmer, Arnold Hayden, Michael Pipas

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The eastern coyote (Canis Iatrans) has become common and widespread in many eastern states. We surveyed 331 sheep producers in Pennsylvania (PA); 22% reported predator losses in 1991, primarily to dogs and coyotes. Losses were heaviest in the southwest part of PA and producers reporting losses tended to have more sheep and more acreage in pasture. To reduce losses, producers used lambing sheds, fences, guard dogs and donkeys, confinement of sheep, trapping, and shooting. It appears that we can expect greater depredations in the future because of increased coyote numbers and a relatively low level of protection of …

Similarities Between Big Game Repellent And Predator Urine Repellency To White-Tailed Deer: The Importance Of Sulfur And Fatty Acids, Rebecca Lewison, N. Jay Bean, Evgeny V. Aronov, John E. Mcconnell Jr., J. Russell Mason

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In the present experiment, we evaluated the repellency of Big Game Repellent^® (BGR), whole coyote urine, coyote urine with sulfur compounds removed, and water. Each stimulus was applied to an ornamental plant (hostas, Alba marginata) at 5 sites in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. At weekly intervals for 5 weeks, damage was recorded, treatments were reapplied, and plants were replaced when necessary. There was no damage to plants treated with either BGR or whole coyote urine. This was not true for plants sprayed with sulfur-free urine or water. We conclude that the repellency of coyote urine is largely …

Effects Of A Bird Hazard Reduction Force On Reducing Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazards At The Atlantic City International Airport, Nj., Andrew J. Montoney, H. Christopher Boggs

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Bird-aircraft strikes at the Atlantic City International Airport (ACY) increased from 18 in 1989 to 37 in 1990. The number of bird-aircraft strikes involving gulls (Larus spp.) during this time rose from 6 to 27, a 350% increase. The predominant species involved in bird strikes was the laughing gull (L. atricilla). Pursuant to an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/ Animal Damage Control (ADC), ADC established a Emergency/Experimental Bird Hazard Reduction Force (BHRF) at ACY …

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the …

Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The landscape of New Jersey is remarkably rich in vegetation and open space, despite the state's reputation as the nation's most populous state. This landscape is increasingly the product of intense interaction between the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and both native and cultivated vegetation, particularly in suburban communities, where both the whitetail and the vegetation coexist in abundance. Nearly extirpated at the tum of the century due to over-hunting, the state's white-tailed deer population today exceeds 140,000 because habitat is ideal and hunting seasons are carefully regulated. In many instances, where landowners choose not to use hunting as …

A Survey Comparison Of Pest Control And Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barnes

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A variety of factors including increased urbanization, decreased funding for governmental animal damage programs, and increases in some urban wildlife populations have resulted in a greater demand for urban nuisance wildlife control. Historically, this demand was met by Cooperative Extension Service (San Julian 1987), state fish and wildlife agency, or federal wildlife damage control employees (Bollengier 1987). These agencies provided educational materials, consultations, and/or physically removed animals. Recently, there is an increased demand for physical animal removal evidenced by increasing numbers of private pest control operators (PCO), companies that do general pest or insect control work, specializing in the removal …

Strategies To Address Human Conflicts With Raccoons And Black Bears In New Hampshire, Marsha E. Barden, Dennis Slate, Robert T. Calvert, Paul W. Debow

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The Cooperative Animal Damage Control program in New Hampshire has received increasing requests for assistance over the past 5 years. This trend is due largely to changing public concern over black bears (Ursus americanus) in residential areas and an epizootic of the Mid-Atlantic strain of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor). A growing number of requests is related to improper garbage storage and feeding of songbirds during late spring and summer. Some traditional methods, especially live- trapping and relocation, are not generally appropriate to resolve these conflicts. In this paper we discuss trends in requests for assistance …

Dispersal Of Ring-Billed Gull Nesting Colonies In New York State, James E. Forbes, Maury W. Bedford, William W. Beck, Brian V. Archuleta

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarenis) are adapting to rooftop nesting habitats throughout the Northeast and the Great Lake States. Presently, six such colonies exist in New York State. Noise, plus accumulations of droppings, feathers and nesting material, cause unsanitary conditions, structural damage, health problems, traffic problems and have lead to Occupational Safety and Health Administration citations. We began a 3-year project in 1991 at two locations, Niagara Falls and Syracuse, New York, to relocate nesting gulls to other nesting sites. Eight lethal and nonlethal control alternatives were considered and three nonlethal alternatives were selected. We concluded that: (1) the …

An Evaluation Of Floating Ropes For Reducing Cormorant Damage At Catfish Ponds, Donald F. Mott, Richard D. Flynt, Junior O. King

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A floating rope system consisting of lengths of 9.5 mm (3/8 in) yellow, polyethylene rope and foam floats was evaluated for reducing double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) depredation on farm raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Mississippi. The ropes were placed at 15-17 m intervals across 2 ponds (4.6 and 6.0 ha) perpendicular to the prevailing winds. Helium-filled balloons were used in an attempt to enhance the effect of the ropes. Cormorant numbers entering both test ponds were recorded during pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment periods. The floating ropes were effective in reducing cormorant numbers on ponds (by …

Status Of Alpha-Chloralose And Other Immobilizing/Euthanizing Chemicals Within The Animal Damage Control Program, Paul P. Woronecki, William L. Thomas

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1992 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC) program was granted approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under a continuing Investigational New Animal Drug agreement, to use Alpha-chloralose (A-C) nationwide for capturing nuisance waterfowl, coots, and pigeons. FDA and ADC have imposed several requirements, restrictions and conditions on the operational use of A-C. Training and certification are required to use A-C and other approved immobilizing and euthanizing agents.

Balancing The Needs Of Society: A Perspective For Wildlife Damage Management In The '90s, Jack H. Berryman

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

It is a privilege and honor to have this place on your program. I sincerely appreciate the Conference making my participation possible. The job of a keynoter is, I believe, to set a tone, encourage or sound a note of optimism and suggest a challenge for the future. Well, there are plenty of reasons for optimism. And the only problem with challenges is which to highlight.

The Role Of The Nuisance Wildlife Control Practitioner In Urban Wildlife Management And Conservation, Lynn A. Braband

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Private sector involvement in nuisance wildlife control has evolved from primarily part-time trappers to full-time firms with their own professional organization, the National Urban Wildlife Management Organization (NUWMA). The private sector plays a key role in urban wildlife management by providing an effective service in addressing human/wildlife conflicts. This role can be improved and expanded by enabling nuisance control practitioners to provide accurate information on wildlife biology, damage prevention, and even wildlife habitat promotion. Both government agencies and private organizations, such as NUWMA, can facilitate this by developing appropriate training, regulations, licensing procedures, standards of ethics, and continuing education programs.

Utah Science Vol. 54 No. 3, Fall 1993

Utah Science

66 USU Aids Search for "Common Ground"

67 New Roles for a Contemporary Land Grant University

71 Fees on Public Lands: Not all Users Pay A Fair Share

75 In the Short Term, Grim Prospects for Extractive Industries in Utah

79 Public Lands Often Not the Key to Rural Economic Development

83 Research in Brief

87 Recipient of 1993 Land Grant Hall of Fame Award

88 Panelists Endorse Objectivity as USU Goal

93 Wilderness Designation: Economic Effects Often Depend on Legal Definitions

98 Cattle Displaced from Rangeland May Find a Home on Irrigated Pastures

A Simple Empirical Calibration Of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (Edxa) On The Cornea, N. F. Schrage, K. Benz, P. Beaujean, W. -G. Burchard, M. Reim

Scanning Microscopy

Monitoring of the corneal electrolyte content is important for the study of chemical eye burns. This paper describes quantitative measurements on gelatin standards, corneas and a cornea homogenate with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ten micrometers thick cryosections were freeze-dried and mounted on solid carbon supports. The applied quantification procedure was a local peak background analysis with a specifically designed computer program. Similar chemical and physical properties of gelatin, cornea homogenate, and cornea were proven by EDX-analysis and wet chemical analysis. Gelatin standards with known concentrations of different added salts showed linear correlations …

Mechanisms Of Cavity Growth During Ion Implantation, J. H. Evans

Scanning Microscopy

This paper will review two separate areas of cavity growth under ion implantation, firstly bias-driven void growth occurring in metals over the range 0.3 to 0.5 of the melting point at high displacement doses, and secondly, bubble growth during inert gas implantation. Interesting phenomena take place in both areas, e.g. void swelling and void lattice formation in the first and blistering, bubble lattices and the precipitation of heavier inert gases in the solid phase in the second. These phenomena will be described together with the extension of mechanisms to other implant species such as carbon where the possibility of precipitation …

X-Ray Microanalysis Of Chief Cells In Rat Parathyroid Gland, Romuald Wroblewski

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis was used to study the elemental composition of the rat parathyroid gland. Analyses were performed in morphologically defined cells. Use of semi-thin cryosections allowed us to selectively analyze cell nucleus, cytoplasm and occasionally dense granules in the cytoplasm.

The concentration of elements (mmol/kg dry weight) in chief cells of parathyroid gland were as follows: Na 83, Mg 48, P 853, S 224, Cl 164, K 551 and Ca 10. Significantly higher phosphorus and potassium concentrations were found in the dense granules as compared to cytoplasm of the parathyroid chief cells. Choosing rat parathyroid gland gave the possibility to …

Rabbit And Human Non-Keratinising Stratified Squamous Oesophageal Epithelium Displays Similar Microridge Structure By Scanning Electron Microscopy, S. Shasha'a, G. R. Dickson, R. St. C. Gilmore, G. C. Crean, M. M. Butt, K. E. Carr

Scanning Microscopy

Since the oesophageal epithelium of common laboratory animals, rats and mice, is keratinized it is unsuitable for comparison with typical non-keratinized stratified squamous human epithelium. It is thus important to find a suitable animal model for the study of human oesophageal tissue changes. This study investigated the microridge structure of immature and adult rabbit specimens, and adult human biopsies by scanning electron microscopy and morphometry. The investigation revealed a similarity between typical squamous human and adult rabbit oesophageal mucosal epithelium. While human epithelium specimens subdivided into two other groups (non-typical squamous and non-squamous); all typical squamous human biopsies were from …

Local Susceptibility Against Soft Errors In Dynamic Random Access Memories (Drams) Analyzed By Nuclear Microprobes, H. Sayama, M. Takai, H. Kimura, Y. Ohno, S. Satoh

Scanning Microscopy

A novel evaluation technique for soft errors in Mbit DRAMs (dynamic random access memories) has been developed using a 400 keV proton microprobe system. This technique, which is called soft error mapping, consists of a bit-state mapping image and a secondary electron mapping image, and can reveal the correlation between the incident position of protons and susceptibility against soft errors in DRAMs. Soft errors are found to be induced by proton incidence at 400 keV within about 6 μm around the memory cell in the case of DRAMs with a conventional well. The susceptible area against proton incidence is much …

Contributions Of Electron Microscopy To The Study Of The Hypertrophic Scar And Related Lesions, C. Ward Kischer

Scanning Microscopy

Prior to 1969, only one study of the hypertrophic scar had been done using electron microscopy, and that one used electron diffraction. Since that time, studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been integral in establishing not only the characteristics of this lesion but in formulating the reasons why the scar develops and how it resolves. The first SEM studies demonstrated a homogeneous, dense dermal matrix which supported the conclusion that the hypertrophic scar and keloid reflected excess collagen. These same studies were integral in identifying the collagen nodule as the basic anatomical unit of …

Sea-Launch For Small Satellites: An American/Russian Joint Venture, John Draim

Small Satellite Conference

This paper describes practical means of bypassing the two major impediments to the commercial exploitation of space. These two impediments or constraints, are the affordability, reliability, and availability of launch vehicles on the one hand, and the affordability, availability, and flexibility of launch facilities on the other hand. As to the former, US launch vehicles are noted for their technological complexity, their high cost, and their susceptibility to single point failures. As to the latter, our land launch facilities are costly, inadequate and congested. Schedule delays on one launch cause delays for all succeeding launches from a given launch pad. …