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Conjunctive Management Of Surface Water And Ground Water Quantity And Quality: Conceptual And Functional Modelling Approach, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

This report discusses how to design a computer model to aid optimizing conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water quantity and quality. The report does not present a completed computer model, but rather discusses how a future model could be developed. The discussed modelling approach is termed PROMOD (PROposed methodology and MODel). Precursors to PROMOD are in current use, but are far from having all the attributes discussed here. The additional capabilities are important to address world needs.

Imaging Of Local Thermal And Electrical Conductivity With Scanning Force Microscopy, M. Maywald, R. J. Pylkki, L. J. Balk

Scanning Microscopy

The evaluation of thermal and electrical properties has been demonstrated using a scanning force microscope under ambient air condition. For the first time, the investigation of thermal conductivity on a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) grown diamond surface has been performed with a lateral resolution below 200 nm. Depending on the growing parameters, structures consisting of lines of different thicknesses and spacings are visible. The determination of the electrical structure has been carried out with a resolution of 2 nm using the contact current mode (CCM) showing similar structures. The thermal images exhibit a high thermal conductivity mostly on the diamond …

Time-Resolved Cryofixation Methods For The Study Of Dynamic Cellular Events By Electron Microscopy: A Review, Keith P. Ryan, Gerd Knoll

Scanning Microscopy

The preservation of cells for electron microscopy by chemical fixation is a lengthy process, requiring up to 30 minutes for cytoplasmic stabilisation. This time lag enables many changes to occur in specimens so that they may not reflect their living state when they are observed in electron microscopes. Many artefacts can be avoided by using cryofixation, which freezes specimens over a period that is measured in milliseconds, so that specimens are preserved by cryoimmobilisation. This time resolution can be used to study rapid processes in biology and chemistry because, although electron microscopes cannot observe dynamic cellular events directly, processes can …

Epicuticular Wax Load Of Near-Isogenic Barley Lines Differing In Glaucousness, A. Febrero, J. L. Araus

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy observations of epicuticular waxes on flag leaves (blades and sheaths) and ears were carried out on a pair of near-isogenic lines of two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ), derived from cv. Troubadour, differing in their degree of glaucousness (wax bloom). Plants were grown under irrigated and rainfed mediterranean conditions. Wax bloom in flag leaves consisted mainly of thin wax deposits over the blade, and tubes over the sheath. Wax bloom in the blade was denser and more uniformly arranged on the adaxial than on the abaxial side. In the ears, tubular waxes predominated, forming dense patches …

Microvascular Corrosion Casting Of The Rat Mandibular Joint: A Technical Approach, Etienne Piette, Alois Lametschwandtner

Scanning Microscopy

The rat mandibular joint is a ginglymoarthrodial joint deeply hidden under the zygomatic process of the squamosal bone. This joint was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of microvascular corrosion casts in 47 adult rats. Six additional rats were injected with India ink and thick sections of the joint area were examined by light microscopy. The small size of the joint (2.5 mm x 1.5 mm in occlusion), the existence of two slit-like joint compartments, the close proximity of bones and soft tissues in a mobile structure, and the intimate relationships of the joint with adjacent skeletal muscles made the …

Detection Of Topographic Contrast In The Scanning Electron Microscope At Low And Medium Resolution By Different Detectors And Detector Systems, J. Hejna

Scanning Microscopy

Origins of topographic contrast in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) are different at different resolution levels. At low resolution, tilt contrast of large features dominates; at medium resolution, diffusion contrast of features smaller than an interaction volume of primary electrons dominates.

The secondary electron (SE) signal, commonly used in the SEM, does not give a good tilt contrast; better contrast can be obtained with backscattered electron (BSE) signal of a converter and a sector-shaped ring detector. For obtaining topographic images from signals containing topographic and material contrast, signals of detector systems containing two or more detectors are mixed. Detector systems …

Electron Microprobe Analysis Of Electrolytes In Whole Cultured Epithelial Cells, S. Borgmann, M. Granitzer, J. Crabbé, F. X. Beck, W. Nagel, A. Dörge

Scanning Microscopy

Microprobe analysis was used to determine electrolyte contents in whole epithelial sheets of A6 cells and to investigate the most critical points of this method. Analysis of dextran standard sections of different thickness revealed that low accelerating voltages of about 10 kV are best suited for whole freeze-dried cells on thick supports, since 5 μm thick sections are not penetrated by 10 kV electrons. Washing of A6 cells for 10 sec with distilled water led to cell swelling of about 40%, but the molar concentration ratios and the concentrations per dry weight (dw) were not altered. Washing for 60 sec …

Ultrastructural Features Of Apoptosis, Elisabetta Falcieri, Pietro Gobbi, Loris Zamai, Marco Vitale

Scanning Microscopy

Apoptosis is a gene-directed physiological and programmed process of cell deletion aimed at the regulation of tissue and organ development. It affects different cell types and is triggered by a variety of stimuli all inducing closely comparable structural changes. Despite the deeply different morphology and metabolism of the cell models and the various inducers and their initial effects, a convergence seems to take place in a common metabolic pathway that, in most cases, involves the activation of a Ca²⁺ dependent endonuclease. A growing body of data is now available on the molecular events that lead to DNA damage. DNA …

Radiation Induced Membrane Changes And Programmed Cell Death: Possible Interrelationships, F. Ojeda, H. A. Diehl, H. Folch

Scanning Microscopy

A short review of the evidence that lymphocyte membranes are a target for the initiation of irradiation induced programmed cell death (PCD) is given. It is assumed that for lymphocytes PCD represents an essential physiological mechanism in order to prevent degeneration of the biological system involved. Initiation of PCD can be obtained by a pharmacological activation as well as with irradiation. In both cases, protein kinase-C (PKC) is involved in the signal transduction from the cellular membrane to the nucleus where, by means of a metabolically active process, DNA fragmentation is induced. It is hypothesized that processes connected to lipid …

Stereometry Of Crystalline Phases Observed In Scanning Electron Microscopy, M. A. Martínez, J. M. Gómez De Salazar, A. J. Criado

Scanning Microscopy

A study of edges and angles of known samples has been performed by means of stereoscopic pairs with electron microscopy in two and three dimensional systems. The derived equations have been included in a computer program. Measurements on stereoscopic pairs with different tilt angles using several crystals of galena, calcite and other objects with known dimensions have been performed. The optimum tilt angles have been obtained by comparison with the actual values, and a logarithmic ratio between these angles and the stereoscopic pairs magnification has been found. The errors obtained using this system of calculation are lower than 6% in …

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis Studies Of Several Human Calculi Containing Calcium Phosphate Crystals, Tetsuo Kodaka, Kazuhiro Debari, Tsuneyoshi Sano, Masayuki Yamada

Scanning Microscopy

Human calcium phosphate calculi: two sialoliths, a urolith, a rhinolith, and a tonsillolith were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The sialoliths and urolith had appositional shells with thick cortices, respectively, around several nuclei composed of calcospherulites and a rubber-film fragment. The rhinolith had a thin cortex with appositional laminations around a glomerulus-like mass of calcified cotton-like strings. The tonsillolith had a rough cortex with appositional laminations. Its porous interior was composed of numerous calcified conglomerates with microorganisms and calcified masses with fine appositional laminations around the conglomerates. The major crystals were identified as biological …

An X-Ray Microanalytical Study On The Effects Of Ouabain And N-Ethyl Maleimide On The Elemental Concentrations In Malpighian Tubule Cells Of Locusta, Natalia Pivovarova, John H. Anstee, Ken Bowler

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis was used to study elemental distribution in Malpighian tubule cells of Locusta migratoria and how these are affected by the replacement of bathing medium K⁺ with Rb⁺ and by inclusion of the transport inhibitors ouabain and n-ethyl maleimide (NEM) in standard (K⁺-containing) and Rb⁺-Ringer (K⁺-free) solutions. Incubation of tubules in standard Ringer containing 1 mM ouabain dramatically affected the intracellular levels of K and Na. The intracellular K concentration fell and Na concentration increased in all regions studied. Despite this, a gradient of increasing K concentration from basal to apical …

Utah Science Vol. 55 No. 2, Summer 1994

Utah Science

No abstract provided.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of The Three-Dimensional Structure Of The Collagen Networks Of Gastric Cancer, Masuki Iyoki, Keijiro Araki, Takuro Ogata

Scanning Microscopy

The three-dimensional structure of the collagen networks in human gastric carcinoma was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after treatment with the cell-maceration method using a low temperature NaOH solution. Based on stromal content, the poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma can be divided into the medullary carcinoma area and the scirrhous carcinoma area. In the medullary carcinoma, the collagen sheath around the small tumor cell acinus formed spherical chambers (20-30 μm in diameter) with fenestrations (about 5 μm in diameter) connecting the chambers. The collagen sheath was composed of fine collagen fibrils (about 50 nm in diameter). In the scirrhous area, there …

Collagen Fiber Arrangement In Temporo-Mandibular Joint (Tmj) Disks From Human Subjects With Functional Diseases. Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigations, C. Piacentini, C. Marchetti, G. Bernasconi, P. Menghini, U. Baciliero, C. Brusotti

Scanning Microscopy

Twelve articular disks from patients with temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) arthropathy were studied and compared with two normal disks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the surfaces and of longitudinal and cross-sections of the disks allowed the observation of the arrangement of the collagen fiber component in different parts of the disk. The superficial part of the articular disks appears to be formed by rather compact fibers. The internal portion is usually formed by bundles of collagen fibers in sheets, alternating with isolated fibers arranged in a parallel or irregular way.

In some samples, blood vessels were observed. Our investigations suggested …

Different Forms Of Corrosion Casts, Seyedhossein Aharinejad, Peter Böck

Scanning Microscopy

We have previously described artifacts in corrosion casts prepared with Mercox®, diluted with methylmethacrylic acid (MMA). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of casts and light microscopy (LM) of tissue sections, we found new forms of artifacts in casts prepared with both undiluted and MMA-diluted Mercox®. When undiluted Mercox® was used, most of the casts did not show artifacts. Artifacts were rarely seen and comprised empty casts consisting of a rim, while endothelial cell nuclear imprints and other vascular wall structures were replicated. Other casts sometimes showed vessels with a fine granular surface or some with conglomerates in their internal structure, …

Procedures For Transfer Of Agronomic Traits From Alien Species To Crop Plants, George Fedak, L. O'Donoughue, K. C. Armstrong

Herbarium Publications

The steps involved in the transfer of alien genetic variation will be outlined and the impact of recent technologies on improving the efficiency of the process will be discussed. The selection of parents is the first step; it is critically important that each selection be carefully screened for maximum expression of the desired trait. The crossing process is becoming increasingly more efficient with improved efficiency of growth regulators and embryo rescue media. Doubled haploid methods are being used to facilitate the production of chromosome addition lines. Molecular methods such as RFLPs, RAPDs, chromosome banding, and in situ hybridization add an …

Genome Symbols In The Triticeae (Poaceae), R. R-C. Wang, R. Von Bothmer, J. Dvorak, G. Fedak, I. Linde-Laursen, M. Muramatsu

Herbarium Publications

A system for the application of nuclear genome symbols in the tribe Triticeae is proposed. It is based mainly on prevailing symbols. In agreement with this, the system uses individual upper case letters as symbols in the first place. Since the number of basic nuclear genomes in the Triticeae exceeds the number of single letters in the Roman alphabet, some basic genomes are designated with an upper case letter followed by a lower case letter, e.g. Ns for the genome of Psathyrostachys. Superscripts in small letters are used when modified versions of a basic genome are referred to, e.g. …

Evaluation And Utilization Of Biodiversity In Triticeae For Wheat Lmprovement, A. B. Damania, J. Valkoun

Herbarium Publications

To adapt new varieties to a wide spectrum of environments breeders and farmers have emphasized the need for broadening the current narrow genetic base of modern varieties of important cereal crops such as wheat and barley. In response to this need, several thousand samples of indigenously cultivated Triticeae species and their wild relatives have been collected from the centers of diversity. However, gene bank collections are of little use if they are not evaluated and the information disseminated widely. Evaluation is essentially the link between conservation and use. Some of the collected material has been evaluated at the International Center …

Genomes, Chromosomes, And Genes And The Concept Of Homology, Gitte Petersen, Ole Seberg

Herbarium Publications

The traditional application of genome analysis in phylogenetic inference is questionable. Hypotheses about phylogeny are based upon the analysis of homologous characters, existing as a consequence of common descent. The concept of homology in morphology and molecular biology is well-defined: To count as an homology any character must pass the similarity, congruence, and conjunction tests. In genome analysis homology is related to the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair, nonhomologous chromosomes do not. Thus, in genome analysis homology becomes a purely operational concept. How well does this operational concept work? And what are the relationships, if any, between …

Attempts To Produce Alien Addition Lines In Triticum Durum, Domenico Pignone

Herbarium Publications

Aneuploid stocks in durum wheat are few, and alien additions are particularly rare. The present contribution describes the results of a program aimed at the addition of alien chromosomes to tetraploid wheat. Aegilops caudata, Ae. longissima and Dasypyrum villosum were used as chromosome donors. The crossing program involved the production of amphidiploids with the wheat cytoplasm and the recurrent crossing with durum wheat pollen. IS monosomic addition (2n= 29) plants were obtained and partly selfed and/or backcrossed to wheat. Two disomic addition (2n = 30) plants, possessing two different Ae. caudata chromosomes, were obtained; unfortunately they were very weak and …

Forage Species In Xinjiang Northern Natural Grasslands: Grasses, Li Bao-Jun

Herbarium Publications

Forage germplasm resources, their distributions, potential agronomic characteristics and genetic aspects of the perennial grasses originating in Xinjiang northern regions are discussed. Grass diversity in the natural grasslands is immense for the range of environments to which it is endogenously adapted. Among the perennial species in the mountain area are summer growing and winter-dormant ecotypes, whereas in the plain outland summer-fast-growing, summer-dormant and winter dormant ecotypes occur. Flowering uniformity within the grass tribe provides the chance for gene exchange. The genetic variation for growth rate, tiller development, regrowth and yield between species and within a species has provided plant breeder …

Proceedings Of The 2nd International Triticeae Symposium, Richard R.-C. Wang, Kevin B. Jensen, Carolyn Jaussi

Herbarium Publications

At the First International Triticeae Symposium, Helsingborg, Sweden, July 29-August 2, 1991, the participants decided that subsequent meetings will be held every three years. Thus, the Second International Triticeae Symposium was held in Logan, Utah, U.S.A, June 20-24, 1994, with USDA Agricultural Research Service's Forage and Range Research Laboratory and Utah State University as hosts.

The purposes of the second symposium were: (I) to exchange the latest scientific information and advancements related to annual and perennial Triticeae species; (2) to promote the exchange of ideas for developing coordinated collaborative research; and (3) to provide an opportunity to see the biodiversity …

Physical Mapping Of Micronutritional Genes In Wheat-Rye Translocations, R. G. Kynast, M. S. Röder, V. Römheld

Herbarium Publications

In rye (Secale cereale L.), there are loci on chromosome arm 5RL which give rise to increased copper (Cu)- and iron (Fe)-efficiency, respectively. Four different wheat-rye translocations each harboring a terminal segment of different size of the rye chromosome arm 5RL were identified by test crosses and Giemsa-banding: 'T29' (5AS.5RL), 'T63' (5BS.5BL-5RL), 'Vhn' (4BS.4BL-5RL) and 'Cor' (4BS.4BL-5RL). The translocation break points were detected by chromosome painting technique GISH and the sizes of the rye chromosome segments involved were determined by computer image analysis. The Cu-efficiency gene Ce was physically mapped to the terminal region of 5RL, and the genes …

Triticeae: A Tribe For Food, Feed And Fun, Roland Von Bothmer, Björn Salomon

Herbarium Publications

Triticeae is an important tribe in the grass family, Poaceae. It contains the cereals wheat, rye, triticale, and barley as well as a large number of wild species, some of which are utilized as forage grasses. The tribe combines all kind of biological mechanisms and genetic systems: diploids and polyploids; annuals and perennials, inbreeders and outbreeders, and even apomicts. Due to this large variation Triticeae is an excellent model group for research in genetics, plant breeding, genetic diversity, taxonomy, and speciation in plants.

Triticeae is distributed in almost all temperate areas of the world and consists of some 350-450 species …

Plant Germplasm Resources, S. A. Eberhart, H. E. Bockelman

Herbarium Publications

Landraces and wild relatives of crops from centers of diversity have been rich sources of resistance to new pathogens, insect pests, and other stresses as well as for traits to improve food and fiber quality, animal feed, and industrial products. Because very few crops grown in the U.S. are native, plant introductions are vital to our agriculture. The National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) was established to acquire, preserve, and distribute plant genetic resources from around the world so that scientists have immediate access to these source materials. The active collection is maintained and distributed by 19 national germplasm repositories. The …

The Study On N Genome Of Leymus Species, Genlou Sun, Chi Yen, Junliang Yang

Herbarium Publications

Leymus Hochst. is a perennial genus of Triticeae. All species in Leymus have the genomes NX. The genome N is from the genus Psathyrostachys. Two Psathyrostachys species, diploid P. huashanica Keng ex Kuo and P. juncea (Fische.) Nevski (2n= 14), were hybridized with allotetraploid, Leymus secalinus (Georgi.) Tzvelev and L. multicaulis (Kar. & Kir.) Tzvelev. Meiotic behavior of the synthetic hybrids was studied. The chromosome pairings indicated that one L. secalinus genome and one L. multicaulis genome were closely homologous with both P. huashanica and P. juncea genomes. The data of genomic analysis in the hybrids of P. huashanica …

Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy As A Tool For Structural And Compositional Analysis Of Isolated Ferritin Particles, A. L. D. Beckers, W. C. De Bruijn, J. F. Jongkind, M. I. Cleton-Soeteman, R. P. Apkarian, E. S. Gelsema

Scanning Microscopy

Structural and compositional analysis of isolated horse-spleen ferritin particles was performed by energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). Ferritin particles were collected in ultrathin (2 nm thick) chromium films and analyzed without any additional stain by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) for iron and carbon and by electron-spectroscopic imaging (ESI) for carbon. The ultrastructure of the proteinaceous shell of the ferritin particle, as obtained by the carbon net-intensity electron spectroscopical and carbon concentration-distribution images, was qualitatively compared to the structure as acquired by a negative-staining procedure.

Quantitative analysis of the number of carbon atoms in the ferritin-shell proteins was carried out …

Influence Of A Corpus Luteum Tissue Extract On Rabbit Ovarian Mesothelial Cells, S. V. Nicosia, R. J. Narconis, B. O. Saunders

Scanning Microscopy

This study investigates rabbit ovarian mesothelial (OM) cells exposed in vitro to a crude corpus luteum extract (CLE; 60 μg/ml). The growth of OM cells was evaluated by measuring the change in cell number (mean % ± standard error of mean, SEM), the number of cell population doublings (CPD ± SEM), and the cell population doubling time in hours (CPDT ± SEM) after 7.5 days of culture in a serum-poor medium. Quantitative estimates of surface morphology changes were obtained by analyzing the total number (mean no. ± SEM), density (mean no./100 μ.m² ± SEM), and length-to-diameter ratio (mean L/D …

Distribution Of Ca-Atpases In The Medial Habenula In Mouse, A. Kittel

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the ecto-Ca,Mg-adenosine-triphosphatases (ecto-Ca,Mg-ATPases) in the medial habenular nucleus. Nerve terminals that seemed to be similar in morphological terms showed a different distribution of enzyme activity. Also, synapses showed a different distribution of enzyme activity. This could be related to the involvement of different neurotransmitters and modulators.