Digital Commons Network^™

Trout Creek Mountain Project, Oregon, Doc Hatfield, Connie Hatfield

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

The Trout Creek Mountain experience is an example of how the land and the people can win by building bridges of understanding and common interest between concerned constituencies. Love of the land, its natural resources, and realization of a need for changing grazing practices to reverse the degradation of riparian areas were the common interests that caused environmentalists, ranchers, the BLM, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to work together to find solutions. The result was a new management plan that was biologically sound and had diverse public support-this is what ecosystem …

Role Of The National Biological Survey In Ecosystem Management, John Mosesso

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Formation of the National Biological Survey was one of Secretary Babbitt's first administrative acts. The mission of NBS is to research, inventory, and monitor the nation's living resources, and to provide biological data to resource managers, universities, and other organizations. The ultimate purpose is to anticipate incipient resource problems. The NBS role is non-advocacy, non-managerial, non-regulatory. It will adopt an ecosystem perspective which will integrate ecological, economic, and social principles to promote sustainability, diversity, and ecological health. NBS will operate on seven key principles: (1) People are part of ecosystems. (2) Diversity and sustainability are keys to ecosystem management. (3) …

Journal Of Mormon History Vol. 21, No. 2, 1995

Journal of Mormon History

CONTENTS

LETTERS

ARTICLES

TANNER LECTURE

• --Peace Initiative: Using the Mormons to Rethink Ethnicity in American Life Patricia Nelson Limerick, 1

• --East of Nauvoo: Benjamin Winchester and the Early Mormon Church David J. Whittaker, 31

• --"Lawyers of Their Own to Defend Them": The Legal Career of Franklin Snyder Richards Ken Driggs, 84

• --Women and Community: Relief Society in Cache Valley, 1868-1900 Carol Cornwall Madsen, 126

• --Moses Smith: Wisconsin's First Mormon David L Clark 155

• --The Martin Handcart Disaster: The London Participants Lynne Watkins Jorgensen, 171

REVIEWS AND NOTES

--Howard W. Hunter by Eleanor Knowles Richard O. Cowan, 201

--Inventing Mormonism: Tradition …

Acidic Deposition, Ecosystem Processes, And Nitrogen Saturation In A High Elevation Southern Appalachian Watershed, C. S. Nodvin, H. Van Miegroet, S. E. Lindberg, N. S. Nicholas, D. W. Johnson

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

High-elevation red spruce-Fraser fir forests in the Southern Appalachian mountains: 1) receive among the highest rates of atmospheric deposition measured in North America, 2) contain old-growth forests, 3) have shown declines in forest health, 4) have sustained high insect-caused fir mortality, and 5) contain poorly buffered soils and stream systems. High rates of nitrogen and sulphur deposition (sim1900 and sim2200 Eq·ha–1·yr–1, respectively) are dominated by dry and cloud deposition processes. Large leaching fluxes of nitrate-nitrogen (100–1400 Eq·ha–1·yr–1) occur within the soil profile. We have expanded the study to the watershed scale with monitoring of: precipitation, throughfall, stream hydrology, and stream …

Southern Idaho's Forest Land Outside National Forests, 1991, David C. Chojnacky

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Pulpwood Production In The Lake States, 1993, Ronald J. Piva

Aspen Bibliography

Pulpwood production in the Lake States increased from 8.8 million cords in 1992 to 9.4 million cords in 1993. Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin pulpwood production is shown by county and species group.

Use Of Sulfometuron In Hybrid Popular Energy Plantations, Daniel A. Netzer

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Biomass Of Food Available To Beavers On Five Minnesota Shrubs, Richard R. Buech, David J. Rugg

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Quaking Aspen Productivity Recovers After Repeated Prescribed Fire, Donald A. Perala

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Bats: Wildlife Damage Management Series, V Depaepe, Terry A. Messmer, Michael R. Conover, B. B. Blackwell

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Bats belong to the order Chiroptera which means "hand-wing." They are the only mammal capable of true flight. There are approximately 950 species of bats in the world, making up over 20% of all mammals. Of the 44 species of bats found in the United States, 18 occur in Utah during some time of the year. The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is the most common bat in Utah, and is one of the most widely distributed species in North America (Figure 1).

Mn-Catalyzed Oxidation Of Multiple-Ringed Aromatics, G. Whelan, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

The role of manganese (Mn) oxides in catalyzing the abiotic oxidation of polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) has been investigated by monitoring the oxidation of dihydrodiol and dione PNAs and corresponding reduction of Mn in an aqueous environment. 1,4-, 1,3-, and 2,3-naphthalenediol, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and l,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione (Quinizarin) were oxidized in an oxic, aqueous environment, where each of these organic compounds is soluble in water, except Quinizarin. A mathematical model is presented, which describes the redox reactions, and suggests that electron transfer/organic release from the oxide surface is rate limiting with the reaction apparently proceeding through a free-radical formation. Results indicate significant oxidation …

Treatment Of Pentachlorophenol With Manganese Oxide Addition To Biotic And Abiotic Sediments, R. Petrie, J. E. Mclean, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Laboratory microcosms containing subsamples of a complex environmental sediment were used to evaluate the addition of oxidized manganese as the primary electron acceptor in the presence of pentachlorophenol (PCP) as the primary electron donor. Manganese oxide (MnO₂) particles were added to poisoned abiotic and non-poisoned biotic microcosms and incubated at 11°C in the presence of sediment samples that were shown capable of mineralizing PCP with indigenous microorganisms. Reduction in PCP concentration and production of reduced manganese was measured for both abiotic and biotic systems.

PCP was observed to be transformed most rapidly and to the greatest extent in …

Evaluation Of Biological Treatability Of Soil Contaminated With Manufactured Gas Plant Waste, J. S. Ginn, Ronald C. Sims, I. P. Murarka

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

The biological treatability of subsurface soil contaminated with manufactured gas plant (MGP) waste was evaluated. Mineralization assays incorporating ¹⁴C-phenanthrene were used to evaluate the biotransformation potential of indigenous microorganisms at the site. Multi-phase laboratory microcosms were used to evaluate the interphase transfer potential and chemical mass distribution of phenanthrene. The Microtox™ bioassay was used to evaluate detoxification trends at the site. Mineralization results indicated that indigenous microorganisms at the site were capable of transforming phenanthrene, a component of coal-tar creosote. Results also indicated that spiked ¹⁴C-phenanthrene mineralization was influenced by nutrient addition and by the amount of contamination. …

Mn-Catalyzed Oxidation Of Naphthalenediol, G. Whelan, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

This study investigates the effects that manganese(IV) dioxide particles have on 2,3-naphthalenediol at varying pH levels (i.e., initial pH of 4.58, 5.85, and 8.75) and under different organic concentration conditions (4×¹⁰⁻³, 4×¹⁰⁻⁴, and 4×¹⁰⁻⁵ M), and assesses the importance of Mn oxides on abiotic catalysis of the multiple-ringed aromatic compound. Proton concentration affected the rates of reductive dissolution; as the pH values increased, the rate of reductive dissolution decreased, as predicted by theory. Also, as the concentration of naphthalenediol increased, the rate of reductive dissolution increased, although not proportionally; thus indicating that a majority of …

Mechanisms For Soil Moisture Effects On Activity Of Nitrifying Bacteria, John M. Stark, M. K. Firestone

Biology Faculty Publications

Moisture may limit microbial activity in a wide range of environments including salt water, food, wood, biofilms, and soils. Low water availability can inhibit microbial activity by lowering intracellular water potential and thus reducing hydration and activity of enzymes. In solid matrices, low water content may also reduce microbial activity by restricting substrate supply. As pores within solid matrices drain and water films coating surfaces become thinner, diffusion path lengths become more tortuous, and the rate of substrate diffusion to microbial cells declines. We used two independent techniques to evaluate the relative importance of cytoplasmic dehydration versus diffusional limitations in …

Optimal Pumping Strategy To Capture Tce Plume At Base Boundary, Norton Afb, California, Richard C. Peralta, A. H. Aly

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Ground water contaminated by trichloroethylene (TCE) at Norton AFB (NAFB) has reached off-base supply wells. Utah State University (USU) computed an optimal steady pumping strategy to eventually halt off-base migration of TCE exceeding 5 ppb. (A steady pumping strategy is a spatially distributed set of extraction and injection rates.)

Optimal Perennial Groundwater Yield Planning For Complex Nonlinear Aquifers: Methods And Examples, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Optimal perennial groundwater yield pumping strategies were computed for a complex multilayer aquifer with: (i) confined and unconfined flow, and (ii) many flows typically described by piecewise-linear (nonsmooth) equations. The latter flows account for over 50% of the aquifer discharge from the test area, the eastern shore of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Normally utilized response matrix (RM) and embedding (EM) simulation/optimization modelling procedures did not converge to optimal solutions for this area; they diverged or oscillated. However, the newly presented linear RM and EM approaches satisfactorily addressed the nonlinearities posed by over 2000 piecewise-linear constraints for evapotranspiration, discharge …

Stepwise Pumping Approach To Improve Free Phase Light Hydrocarbon Recovery From Unconfined Aquifers, Grant Cooper, Richard C. Peralta, Jagath J. Kaluarachchi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A stepwise, time-varying pumping approach is developed to improve free phase oil recovery of light non-aqueous phase liquids {LNAPL) from a homogeneous, unconfined aquifer. Stepwise pumping is used to contain the floating oil plume and obtain efficient free oil recovery. The pumping approach is developed using detailed simulations, multiple linear regression and graphical plots. The approach uses ARMOS©, an areal two-dimensional multiphase flow, finite-element simulation model. Systematic simulations of f~ oil area changes to pumping rates are analyzed. Pumping rates are determined that achieve LNAPL plume containment at different times (i.e. 90, 180 and 360 days) for a planning period …

Maximizing Conjunctive Use Of Surface And Ground Water Under Surface Water Quality Constraints, Muhammad Shafqat Ejaz, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A simulation/optimization (s/o) model is presented to address the increasingly common conflicts between water quantity and quality objectives. The model can assist water resources analysts in selecting compromise strategies for stream/aquifer systems in which the stream gains water from the aquifer. The water quantity objective is to maximize steady conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water resources. The water quality objective is to maximize waste loading from a sewage treatment plant {STP) to the stream without violating downstream water quality beyond acceptable limits. The STP discharge is proportional to human population. The two objectives conflict because an increase in groundwater …

Bovine Somatotropin In Milk, Clell Bagley, Charlotte Brennand

All Current Publications

No abstract provided.

Strain Relaxation In Compositionally Graded Ingaas/Gaas Heterostructures, Karen L. Kavanagh, Rachel S. Goldman, Jessica C. P. Chang

Scanning Microscopy

Epilayer strain relaxation in the InGaAs/GaAs system occurs via two mechanisms, plastic deformation and/or surface roughening. Under conditions of two-dimensional growth, we find that compositionally graded InGaAs/GaAs (001) multi-layer buffer structures will plastically deform with < 110 > misfit dislocations approaching 100% strain relaxation. At higher growth temperatures, large-amplitude roughening is observed preferentially along the [110] direction, and the strain relaxation becomes asymmetric in the < 110 > directions. In single epilayers, the symmetry of the strain relaxation is dependent on the magnitude of the substrate offcut angle. In all cases, the epilayers develop a tilt about an in-plane axis in proportion to and opposite in …

Strain Relaxation In Graded Ingaas And Inp Buffer Layers On Gaas (001), K. Eberl, K. Häusler, T. Shitara, Y. Kershaw, W. Sigle

Scanning Microscopy

We investigate compositionally graded In_xo≤x≤0.5Ga_1-xAs and InP buffer layers which are prepared by molecular beam epitaxy on (001) GaAs substrate. The initial In content x_o is equal to 0, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, and 0.5 for the different samples. The In composition of the graded buffer increases linearly between x_o and 0.5 with a fixed slope of 50% In-content per μm. The idea was to combine the advantage of surface flatness in homogeneous buffer layers and the reduced density of threading dislocations on the surface for graded buffer layers. The best compromise in terms of …

Atomic Step Organization In Homoepitaxial Growth On Gaas(111)B Substrates, Leo J. Schowalter, Kai Yang, Thomas Thundat

Scanning Microscopy

When homoepitaxial growth is performed on exactly oriented (singular) (111) GaAs substrates, while maintaining the √19 x √19 surface reconstruction, the originally flat surface spontaneously evolves vicinal (111) facets that are tilted approximately 2.5° toward the < 211 > azimuthal directions. These facets form pyramid-like structures where the distance between adjacent peaks can be varied from as little as 1 μm to tens of μm. When these surfaces are observed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), we find that they are extremely smooth with the observed tilt resulting from atomic steps which are spaced at approximately 7.5 nm. We have also studied growth on …

Transmission Electron Microscopy, High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction And Rutherford Backscattering Study Of Strain Release In Ingaas/Gaas Buffer Layers, G. Salviati, L. Lazzarini, C. Ferrari, P. Franzosi, S. Milita, F. Romanato, M. Berti, M. Mazzer, A. V. Drigo, M. R. Bruni, M. G. Simeone, N. Gambacorti

Scanning Microscopy

Strain release and dislocation distribution in InGaAs/GaAs double heterostructures, step-graded and linear-graded buffer layers have been studied. A higher misfit dislocation density at the inner interface between the InGaAs layer and the substrate was found in all the samples. This corresponded to a strain release of the inner ternary layers much larger than predicted by equilibrium theories. The residual parallel strain of the external layers as a function of their thickness was found to follow a curve approximately of slope -0.5, in agreement with previous investigations on single InGaAs layers. This result has been interpreted as evidence that the elastic …

Reconstructions Of C60 On The Ag(111)1x1 Surface, X. -D. Wang, S. Yamazaki, J. -L. Li, T. Hashizume, H. Shinohara, T. Sakurai

Scanning Microscopy

We report the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) study of the C₆₀ adsorption on the Ag(111)1x1 surface. The well-ordered C₆₀ monolayer with good quality was obtained by briefly annealing the multilayer C₆₀ at approximately 300°C. It is concluded that the (2√3)x(2√3)R30° reconstruction is energetically the most stable phase, while two other phases, "hex-a" and "hex-b" phases, are also observed, rotated by approximately 12.5 ± 1.5° and 47.5 ± 1.5° with respect to the stable (2√3)x(2√3)R30° phase. It is suggested that some specific stable adsorption sites are responsible for the pinning …

Principles Of Semiconductor Surface Reconstruction, C. B. Duke

Scanning Microscopy

Semiconductor surfaces are known to reconstruct, i.e., their surface atomic geometries differ from those of the corresponding surface planes in the bulk material. For clean tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors, these reconstructed geometries are shown to be predicted by five simple principles. These principles are illustrated by the specific examples of Si(100)-(2x1), Si(111)-(2x1), GaAs(100)-c(2x8), GaAs(111)-(2x2), and relaxed zincblende (110) surfaces. The concept of universal (i.e., material independent) semiconductor surface structures is introduced and shown to be characteristic of the cleavage surfaces of tetrahedrally coordinated compound semiconductors. The role of scanning tunneling microscopy in identifying and validating these principles is highlighted.

Bias Dependence Of The Depletion Layer Width In Semi-Insulating Gaas By Charge Collection Scanning Microscopy, A. Castaldini, A. Cavallini, C. Del Papa, M. Alietti, C. Canali, F. Nava, C. Lanzieri

Scanning Microscopy

A procedure for the evaluation of the depletion region width of a Schottky barrier diode made on semi-insulating materials has been assessed and applied to gallium arsenide nuclear detectors. This procedure, which makes use of the optical beam induced current method of charge collection scanning microscopy, allows the direct measurement of the depletion layer width. By taking into account the high resistivity of the material under examination and measuring the diode reverse current, it is possible to evaluate the actual voltage applied at the depletion layer boundaries. It was found that, at low actual bias values, the voltage dependence of …

Role Of Surface Interactions In Determining Surface Structure And State Formation In Iii-V Semiconductors, H. E. Ruda, G. P. Jiang

Scanning Microscopy

GaAs(100), (110), and (111) surfaces are chosen as a vehicle to explain the plethora of surface relaxation and reconstruction phenomena seen for III-V compound semiconductors. These relaxation and reconstruction processes directly affect the formation of surface states. The occupation of these states, in turn, can have a profound influence on device performance. The purpose of this work is to attempt to provide a unified description of the phenomena responsible for surface relaxation and reconstruction on these surfaces. Our work makes use of an ab initio effective core potential scheme based on the Hartree Fock approximation. We discuss the critical steps …

Mapping Metal Distributions In Thin Cryosections Without Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope With The Philips Electron Beam And Image Deflection (Ebid) Unit, A. J. Morgan, J. M. Brock, C. Winters, G. H. J. Lewis

Scanning Microscopy

The purpose of the present paper was to describe the use of a commercially-available, and relatively inexpensive, beam and image deflection unit that can facilitate digital X-ray (element) mapping in a standard transmission electron microscope not furnished with a STEM attachment. The test specimen was a thin freeze-dried section of the metal-sequestering chloragogenous tissue from the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, inhabiting a soil naturally contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cd. Qualitative maps obtained from this material confirmed the efficacy of the deflection unit, and revealed the presence of three compositionally distinct metal-accumulating compartments within the chloragocytes: (i) ovoid, electron-dense, phosphate-bearing and …

Dislocation Nucleation And Propagation In Semiconductor Heterostructures, D. Cherns, S. Mylonas, C. T. Chou, J. Wu, D. E. Ashenford, B. Lunn

Scanning Microscopy

This paper considers misfit dislocation nucleation and propagation in dilute magnetic semiconductor heterostructures in the CdTe-ZnTe-MnTe system. It is shown that, where the deposit is in tension, 1/2 < 110 > dislocations with inclined Burgers vectors propagate by glide along interfacial < 110 > directions and may dissociate giving intrinsic stacking faults. In cases where the deposit is in compression, 1/2 < 110 > dislocations show no evidence of dissociation and propagate by extensive cross-slip to give networks of dislocations close to interfacial < 100 > directions.

Evidence for dislocation sources in ZnTe/GaSb films is presented. ZnTe films contained stacking fault pyramids, single Frank faults and a new type of "diamond defect" …