Digital Commons Network^™

Increasing Pediatric Hearing Aid Use: Considerations For Clinical Practice, Karen Muñoz, Kali Markle, Guadalupe G. San Miguel, Michael P. Twohig

Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education Faculty Publications

Purpose: Hearing aid use can be variable for young children, and inconsistent wear time can undermine spoken language development. This study explored the effectiveness of hearing aid data logging (DL) awareness and coaching sessions on increasing hours of hearing aid use. We also collected qualitative data on challenges participants experienced managing hearing aid use.

Method: We used a single-subject design that included three conditions, during a 6-week period, in the same order for each participant. Condition A was baseline, Condition B was DL monitoring alone, and Condition C was remote coaching calls plus DL monitoring.

Results: Hours of hearing aid …

Extension Of Cloud Computing To Small Satellites, Kathryn O'Donnell, Meghan Weber, Joy Fasnacht, Jeff Maynard, Margaret Cote, Shayn Hawthorne

Small Satellite Conference

Time-to-insight is a critical measure in a number of satellite mission applications: detection and warning of fast-moving events like fires and floods, or identification and tracking of satellites or missiles, for example. Current data flows delay the time-to-insight on the order of minutes or hours, as all collected data must be downlinked in one or more contact windows, then transited over terrestrial networks to the location of the analytic software. Additionally, mission applications on spacecraft are often static: built prior to launch, they cannot rapidly adapt to changing needs based on these insights.

To reduce time-to-insight and provide a dynamic …

Educational And Real-World Satellite Mission Operations Center At The Us Naval Academy, Noah Loftis, Ethan Schneider, Christine Maceo, Jin S. Kang, Michael Sanders

Small Satellite Conference

For successful satellite missions at the United States Naval Academy (USNA), a critical element is the
/="/">establishment of a capable and dynamic Satellite Mission Operations Center (SOC). In addition to powerful hardware, flexibility and adaptability allow the SOC to continue to support operations, even as new protocols arise and communication architectures change with the rapid pace of small satellite advancement. Software-defined radios (SDRs) provide the necessary flexibility for the SOC to easily change configurations and network with other ground stations. However, the resulting high-tech, turn-key operations of an advanced SOC tend to alienate students from hands-on learning experiences. The …

Space Station Operations Capabilities In A Shoebox: Marshall Space Flight Center’S Telescience Resource Kit, Jeff Lippincott, Michelle Schneider, Steve Chubb, Sam Digesu, Darren Wallace

Small Satellite Conference

The International Space Station (ISS) has provided the world an unprecedented capability, establishing a continuous human foothold in outer space for more than 22 years now. But maintaining that capability and supporting the ambitious portfolio of scientific research it hosts has required another unprecedented capability – providing ground-based operations support for the crew and a diverse manifest of research payloads, all simultaneously. To help meet this challenge, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) developed TReK, the Telescience Resource Kit, providing a robust solution for data, command, metadata, and file transfer capabilities. In response to an increasingly wide and diverse need …

Development Of An Autonomous Distributed Fault Management Architecture Forspacecraft Formations Involving Proximity Operations, Antoine Paletta, Ebenezer Arunkumar, Glenn Lightsey

Small Satellite Conference

CubeSat formations have been identified as a new paradigm for addressing important science questions but are often early adopters of new technologies which carry additional risks. When these missions involve proximity operations, novel fault management architectures are needed to handle these risks. Building on established methods, this paper presents one such architecture that involves a passively safe relative orbit design, interchangeable chief-deputy roles, a formation level fault diagnosis scheme, and an autonomous multi-agent fault handling strategy. The primary focus is to enable the reliable detection of faults occurring on any formation member in real time and the autonomous decision making …

Cmac Smallsat Atmospheric Correction With Scene Statistics: Superior Accuracy In Near Real-Time, David Groeneveld, Tim Ruggles

Small Satellite Conference

The future of remote sensing is imaging smallsats; however, assuring their data utility requires atmospheric correction (AC). Current methods are difficult to apply and often fail to provide accurate surface reflectance retrieval even for the most common levels of atmospheric aerosol loading; this impediment is increasing annually due to wildfires induced by climate change. Closed-form Method for Atmospheric Correction (CMAC), developed for smallsats using Sentinel-2 data, is applicable to all imaging satellites. CMAC uses only scene statistics for automated near real-time AC while bypassing ancillary data that delays existing methods by days. In this paper, data from two research-grade satellite …

Brainstack – A Platform For Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Collaborative Experiments On A Nano-Satellite, Marcus Murbach, Eric Barsczc, L. Seth Schisler, Alejandro Salas, Kwabena Boateng, Gregoire Marty, Avery Brock, Malachi Mooney-Rivkin, Stanley M. Krześniak

Small Satellite Conference

Space missions have become more ambitious with exploration targets growing ever distant while simultaneously requiring larger guidance and communication budgets. These conflicting desires of distance and control drive the need for in-situ intelligent decision making to reduce communication and control limitations. While ground based research on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) software modules has grown exponentially, the capacity to experimentally validate such software modules in space in a rapid and inexpensive format has not. To this end, the Nano Orbital Workshop (NOW) group at NASA Ames Research Center is performing flight evaluation tests of ‘commercially’ available bleeding-edge computational platforms …

Towards Comprehensive Ai-Based Onboard Fdir: System Design And First Results, Luca Manca, Gianluca Campagna, Riccardo Maderna, Gabriele Giordana

Small Satellite Conference

Health monitoring of spacecrafts is a crucial task in Space operations. Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and successful operation of a spacecraft by detecting and isolating faults, and then executing recovery actions. Currently, the FDIR process is carried out mostly on ground, with only anomaly detection typically performed onboard the spacecraft using out-of-limit (OOL) threshold techniques, whereas fault isolation and recovery is managed by operators on the ground.

This approach has two major limitations. Firstly, OOL approach is not capable of identifying subtle anomalies that occur within the parameters’ nominal operational …

Development Of Tactical And Strategic Operations Software For Nasa's Lunar Flashlight Mission, Mason Starr

Small Satellite Conference

Lunar Flashlight (LF) is an interplanetary CubeSat mission designed to demonstrate the use of a novel green monopropellant propulsion system and characterize lunar surface ice with a near-infrared laser array and reflectometer. LF is also the first Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) mission to be operated entirely by students. While JPL provided baseline tools to Georgia Tech (GT), bespoke tools and software were developed by GT operators. Four tools developed by the author are discussed in this paper: (1) Downlink Helper is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool which improves the tactical downlink of recorded spacecraft telemetry. The tool automatically creates …

Evaluating Rotation-Equivariant Deep Learning Models For On-Orbit Cloud Segmentation, Alex Meredith

Small Satellite Conference

Cloud detection in satellite imagery is key for autonomously taking and downlinking cloud-free images of a target region as well as studying cloud-climate interactions and calibrating microwave radiometers. We propose a C₈-equivariant dense U-Net, a rotation-equivariant deep learning model, trained on visible-spectrum, long-wave infrared (LWIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) imagery for on-orbit cloud detection. We train this model on the SPARCS¹ dataset of Landsat 8 images and compare it to three related deep learning models, two rule-based algorithms, and to the literature. Additionally, we compare a C₈-equivariant dense U-Net trained on VIS, LWIR, and SWIR …

Novel Ground Communication For Geo Servicing Missions, Trevor Barth, Dan Mckee

Small Satellite Conference

As geostationary orbit (GEO) rendezvous proximity operations (RPO) missions are being launched as a means to provide life-extension services to active GEO satellites, new novel approaches to ground communication architecture have potential to simplify servicer design, reduce RF interference, and reduce overall mission operation costs. One such approach discussed here involves the servicer vehicle utilizing the client vehicle's active antenna and data stream during combined-stack operations versus maintaining a distinct communication stream with a separate ground station. The proposed method to accomplish this is to provide a physical umbilical connection during docking operations, allowing the servicer vehicle to provide power …

Mission Operations, Systems Engineering, And Ground Stations: How University Students Are Crucial To The Cu-Lasp Smallsats Program, Sierra Flynn

Small Satellite Conference

The Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado (CU) in Boulder, CO is an internationally recognized facility that specializes in atmospheric, solar, planetary, and space physics research, as well as spacecraft engineering, operations, and data analysis. LASP has contributed to the research, development, and operations of a multitude of missions exploring every planet in the solar system for over 70 years. At LASP, a multi-mission SmallSat Operations Team (SMOPS) composed of 2 professionals and 8 students currently supports 3 SmallSats in flight and numerous missions in development. Additionally, a sub-team of Ground Station Operations (GSOPS) …

Aquarius: The World's First Water-Based Thruster Enabled 6u Cubesat To Complete Lunar Flyby, Aoma Fujimori, Hokuto Sekine, Yasuho Ataka, Isamu Moriai, Mariko Akiyama, Masaya Murohara, Hiroyuki Koizumi, Ryu Funase

Small Satellite Conference

This paper presents the outcomes of the initial operations and on-orbit performance of AQUARIUS (AQUA ResIstojet propulsion System), a micro-propulsion system. AQUARIUS utilizes water as a propellant and is designed for trajectory control and reaction wheel desaturation of a 6U CubeSat, EQUULEUS (EQUilibriUm Lunar-Earth point 6U Spacecraft). The spacecraft was launched in November 2022 by SLS, following which the initial operations commenced. Both the spacecraft and the propulsion system were confirmed to be in good health during the checkout process. Performance evaluation of the propulsion system confirmed that it met the requirement to execute the first delta-V maneuver scheduled 38 …

Lessons Learned During The Implementation Of A Cold Gas Propulsion System For The Sunrise Mission, Ryan Martineau, Tyson Smith, Matt Felt, Cameron Weston, Blake Rusch, Robert Fowler, Emma Brown, Adam Farmer, Tim Neilsen, Craig Thompson, Alex Kirkman, Paul Fluckiger, Shawn Morrison, Dave Wittner, Frank Picha, Jeffrey Weiss, Nathan Daniel, Samuel Wood, Mackenzie Glaser

Small Satellite Conference

The SunRISE mission utilizes a two-phase cold gas propulsion system, which provides several advantages over other cold gas systems but experienced challenges during assembly and testing. Since 2020, Georgia Tech Research Corporation (GTRC), Utah State University Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (FPL) have implemented several improvements to the SunRISE propulsion system.

The SunRISE propulsion system leverages an additively manufactured monolithic structure, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) valves and transducers, and the benign working fluid R-236fa to provide a suitable propulsion system for the SunRise mission. While the GTRC propulsion system had been developed for other missions, the multi-organizational …

The Journey Of The Lunar Flashlight Propulsion System From Launch Through End Of Mission, Celeste Smith, Nathan Cheek, Christopher Burnside, John Baker, Philippe Adell, Frank Picha, Matthew Kowalkowski, Glenn Lightsey

Small Satellite Conference

The Lunar Flashlight Propulsion System (LFPS) was developed as a technology demonstration to enable the Lunar Flashlight spacecraft to reach Lunar orbit and to desaturate onboard reaction wheels. While the system produced over 16 m/s of delta-v and successfully managed momentum, variable thrust performance, most likely due to debris in the propellant flow path, kept the spacecraft from reaching the Moon. This paper details the in-flight journey of the LFPS, highlighting both successes and challenges met throughout the mission, and provides lessons learned applicable to future CubeSat missions and additively manufactured propulsion systems.

Afrl Recurve Mission Success, Loss, Diagnosis, And Lessons Learned, Tyler De Caussin, Kate Yoshino, Lee Jasper, Franklin Hinckley, Brandon Shirley

Small Satellite Conference

Small satellites are making leaps in capability and are more often successful than even 5 years ago. However, there are many practices and approaches that are fairly new and deserve consideration for their efficacy. AFRL’s Small Satellite Portfolio (SSP) has been researching both first-of-their-kind technology demonstrations and the practices/approaches for their implementation. This paper discusses those practices and their results on the recent flight mission Recurve.

The Portfolio, somewhat uniquely, has the ability to execute flight demonstrations starting from concept and ending in operations, literally under one roof. Recurve was comprised of in-house developed and vendor supplied subsystems; in-house flight …

A Reusable Framework For Fault Detection And Isolation In Small Satellites, Jubilee Prasad Rao, John Pace, Jesse Williams, Ryan Mackey, Liang He, Carlo Menegazzo

Small Satellite Conference

Nearly half of all small satellites launched between 2000 and 2016 have experienced partial or complete failures. Detecting the anomalies and faults responsible for such failures and responding to them rapidly may help increase the success rates of future small satellite missions. However, developing and implementing platform-specific and comprehensive fault management solutions can be cost-prohibitive to most small satellite teams. To enable such teams to achieve this capability quickly and cost-efficiently, we have developed a reusable and fully data-driven framework and associated algorithms to detect and isolate anomalous behaviors. This work is supported by NASA and utilizes correlations between system …

Initial Results For Science Instruments Onboard Equuleus During The Cruising Phase Toward The Earth Moon Lagrange Point, Ryota Fuse, Kazuo Yoshioka, Masaki Kuwabara, Hajime Yano, Takayuki Hirai, Shinsuke Abe, Masahisa Yanagisawa, Ryu Funase

Small Satellite Conference

EQUULEUS (EQUilibriUm Lunar-Earth point 6U Spacecraft) is a spacecraft to explore the cis-lunar region including the Earth-Moon Lagrange point L2 (EML2). The spacecraft is being jointly developed by JAXA, the University of Tokyo, and several other universities in Japan. After being launched into a lunar transfer orbit by NASA's SLS (Space Launch System) Artemis-1 on November 16, 2022, the spacecraft successfully performed a first Delta-V and a trajectory correction maneuver. This enabled a precise lunar flyby and successful insertion into the orbit toward EML2.

Although the size of EQUULEUS is only 6U CubeSat, the spacecraft carries three different science instruments. …

Nasa Spacecube Next-Generation Artificial-Intelligence Computing For Stp-H9-Scenic On Iss, Alessandro Geist, Gary Crum, Cody Brewer, Dennis Afanasev, Sebastian Sabogal, David Wilson, Justin Goodwill, James Marshall, Noah Perryman, Nick Franconi, Timothy Chase Jr., Travis Wise, Sarah Flanagan, Michael Monaghan, Jeff Hosler, Leyland Young, Judy Kuntz, Lindsey Seo, Joseph Schreck, Tracy Price, Munther Hassouneh, Steven Kenyon, Samuel Price, Christopher Wilson, Nicole Thai, Madison Hobbs, Andrew Keene, Sammy Lin, Michael Nemerouf, Evan T. Kain, Francisco O. Viramontes, Tyler M. Lovelly

Small Satellite Conference

Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) capabilities have seen an exponential increase in interest from academia and industry that can be a disruptive, transformative development for future missions. Specifically, AI/ML concepts for edge computing can be integrated into future missions for autonomous operation, constellation missions, and onboard data analysis. However, using commercial AI software frameworks onboard spacecraft is challenging because traditional radiation-hardened processors and common spacecraft processors cannot provide the necessary onboard processing capability to effectively deploy complex AI models. Advantageously, embedded AI microchips being developed for the mobile market demonstrate remarkable capability and follow similar size, weight, …

Imaging Spectrometer Implementation On A Small Satellite Platform For Aquatic Ecosystems Science, Corrie Smeaton, Ronald Lockwood, Michael Chrisp, Charles Bachmann, Laura Kennedy, Steve Gillmer, Linda Fuhrman, Derrick Brouhard, Jade Wang

Small Satellite Conference

The implementation of Imaging spectrometers with state-of-the-art performance on small satellites is challenging due to the size, weight, and power (SWaP) limitations. We have recently developed a compact form, the Chrisp Compact VNIR/SWIR Imaging Spectrometer (CCVIS), that facilitates their usage without sacrificing performance. The CCVIS enables a modular implementation that, combined with a freeform telescope, produces a wide field of view with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance. The targeted scientific application is the study of aquatic ecosystems. The imaging spectrometer is designed to address carbon sequestration in coastal margins and wetlands, kelp and seagrass studies, coral reefs, harmful …

Scouts Missions: Esa New Program For Science Mission Based On Small Satellite, Massimiliano Pastena, Jean-Pascal Lejault, Dominique Gilliéron

Small Satellite Conference

This paper presents the main characteristics of the new Scout framework in ESA's Earth Observation directorate aimed to exploit and support the New Space initiative in Europe in the frame of Earth science missions. In particular, details will be provided to explain the subtle balance between the commercial new space aspects and the science traditional aspects of the Scout framework. An overview of the 4 missions selected during the first consolidation round will be given as well as the one under development highlighting for each one the innovations, applications as well as the challenges and the achievements of the development …

Prototype Testing Results Of Charged Particle Detectors And Critical Subsystems For The Esra Mission To Gto, Carlos A. Maldonado, Jonathan Deming, Brooke N. Mosley, Justin Mcglown, Anthony Nelson, Philip A. Fernandes, Anthony J. Rogers, Douglas Patrick, Martin Kroupa, Michael Caffrey, Susan Mendel, Kerry Boyd, August Gula, Kim Katko, Markus P. Hehlen, Daniel Arnold, Jonathan Barney, Ted Schultz, Daniel B. Reisenfeld, Ruth Skoug, Angus Guider, Michael Holloway, Heidi Morning, John T. Steinberg, Erik Krause, Andrew Kirby, Darrel Beckman, Justin Tripp, Keith S. Morgan, Zachary Miller, Robert Merl, Paul S. Graham, Joshua Ortner, Quinten Cole, Chuck Clanton, Brian A. Larsen, Tom Fairbanks, Jeffrey George, Rory Scobie, Kasidit Subsomboon, Kristina Mckeown, Katherine Alano, John Michel, Darren Harvey, Andrew Harvilla, Donathan Ortega

Small Satellite Conference

The Experiment for Space Radiation Analysis (ESRA) is the latest of a series of Demonstration and Validation (DemVal) missions built by the Los Alamos National Laboratory, with the focus on testing a new generation of plasma and energetic paritcle sensors along with critical subsystems. The primary motivation for the ESRA payloads is to minimize size, weight, power, and cost while still providing necessary mission data. These new instruments will be demonstrated by ESRA through ground-based testing and on-orbit operations to increase their technology readiness level such that they can support the evolution of technology and mission objectives. This project will …

Leveraging Smallsat Technology At Noaa For Space Weather Observations, Nai-Yu Wang, Irfan Azeem, Richard Ullman, Elsayed Talaat

Small Satellite Conference

Space weather observations is a strategic priority for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Services (NESDIS). In 2023, NOAA NESDIS established the Office of Space Weather Observations (SWO) to manage NESDIS' space weather satellite portfolio. SWO is formulating a new Space Weather Next (SW Next) program under the joint NOAA/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Weather Observations Programs Division. The SW Next program will provide critical space weather data products, making observations from a variety of orbits and utilizing diverse platforms and sensors. The SW Next program reference architecture is expected to …

A Small Satellite Constellation For Monitoring Of The Aurora, Giada Staniscia, Bastiaan Lagaune, Sten Berge, Milan Battelino, Stefan Kraft

Small Satellite Conference

As part of the European Space Agency's D3S (Distributed Space Weather Sensor System), a small satellite constellation is currently being designed by OHB Sweden which will observe space weather impacts in Earth's vicinity by monitoring of the auroral oval. The primary objective of the Aurora mission is to observe the Aurora Borealis and Australis continuously and as complete as possible. The auroral emissions are the result of interactions of the Solar Wind and Coronal Mass Ejections with the Earth which drive the location and strength of electron precipitation on the ionosphere. Such observations will thereby allow the identification, characterization and …

Formosat-7/Cosmic-2: Impacts On Global Operational Forecasting And Future Architectures With A Smallsat Constellation, William Gullotta, John Braun, Jan-Peter Weiss

Small Satellite Conference

The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) is a mission partnership between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Taiwan Space Agency (TASA) and the US Space Force (USSF). The mission consists of a constellation of six smallsats with a primary Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) payload, which provides observations of the Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. These observations are delivered in real-time to operational weather and space weather prediction centers across the globe. Since launching in 2019, observations from COSMIC-2 have been making a significant impact on global numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. …

Operations And Results From The 200 Gbps Tbird Laser Communication Mission, Kathleen Riesing, Curt Schieler, Bryan Bilyeu, Jesse Chang, Ajay Garg, Noah Gilbert, Andrew Horvath, Robert Reeve, Bryan Robinson, Jade Wang, Sabino Piazzolla, Abdullaah Tarif, Beth Keer

Small Satellite Conference

Since launch in May 2022, the TeraByte Infrared Delivery (TBIRD) mission has successfully demonstrated 200 Gbps laser communications from a 6U CubeSat and has transferred up to 4.8 terabytes (TB) in a pass from low Earth orbit to ground. To our knowledge, this is the fastest downlink ever achieved from space. To support the narrow downlink beam required for high rate communications, the payload provides pointing feedback to the host spacecraft to precisely track the ground station throughout the 5-minute pass. The space and ground terminals utilize fiber-coupled coherent transceivers in conjunction with an automatic repeat request (ARQ) system to …

Biosentinel: Mission Summary And Lessons Learned From The First Deep Space Biology Cubesat Mission, Matthew Napoli, Cheryle Kong, Jeffrey Homan, Jesse Fusco, Robert Nakamura, Mike Padgen, Shang Wu, Philip Shih, Mohammad Hejase, Sergio R. Santa Maria, Josh Benton, Dennis Heher, Terry Stevenson, Andres Dono Perez, Jose Alvarellos

Small Satellite Conference

Launched on Artemis I, BioSentinel carries a biology experiment into deep space for the first time in 50 years. A 6U CubeSat form factor was utilized for the spacecraft, which included technologies newly developed or adapted for operations beyond Earth orbit. The spacecraft carries onboard budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as an analog to human cells to test the biological response to deep space radiation. This was the maiden deep-space voyage for many of the subsystems, and the first time to evaluate their performance in flight operation.

Flying a CubeSat beyond LEO comes with unique challenges with respect to trajectory …

The First-Ever Asteroid Fly-By Performed By A Cubesat: Outcomes Of The Liciacube Mission, Eugenio Scarpa, Niccolò Battezzati, Sarah Ciaglia, Pasquale Tricarico, Biagio Cotugno, Emilio Fazzoletto, Gabriele Impresario

Small Satellite Conference

Transported onboard NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (in short, DART) spacecraft developed by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), the Italian Space Agency (ASI) Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids (in short, LICIACube) played a crucial role in the homonymous mission that took place in September 2022. Its main purpose has been to document the effects of the intentional impact of DART probe with Dimorphos, the minor-planet moon of the 65803 Didymos asteroid system. Along this first-ever planetary defense mission against Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), LICIACube successfully completed the first-ever asteroid fly-by performed by a CubeSat.

With a maximum Earth …

How Do Different Market-Oriented News Organizations Portray News Coverage About The Cares Act?, Michelle Rossi

Journalism and Communication Faculty Publications

Drawing from CARES Act news coverage, this study investigated how different market-oriented news organizations modulated the debate on the most expansive stimulus bill in modern U.S. history, released in 2020, during the coronavirus pandemic. A comparative approach was used, between news articles produced by a strongly market-oriented and a weakly market-oriented news outlet, both national news outlets, based in the United States. Using market theory as a guide to explore published news content, this study focuses on showing the range of debate, news sources, and journalistic role performances employed in coverage of the same topic, coming from differently funded newsrooms. …

Development Of A Kmno4 Catalyst-Infused Fuel Grain For H2o2 Hybrid Thruster Ignition Enhancement, Ryan Thibaudeau, Stephen A. Whitmore

Small Satellite Conference

Utah State University's patented High Performance Green Hybrid Propulsion (HPGHP) technology leverages unique dielectric breakdown properties of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), allowing re-start, stop, and reignition. HPGHP works most reliably using gaseous oxygen (GOX) as the oxidizer but has experienced ignition reliability and latency issues when replaced high test hydrogen peroxide (HTP), which has a significantly higher storage density. This deficiency results from HTP's high decomposition energy barrier. Traditionally, inline external catalyst beds or GOX pre-lead burns are used to overcome this energy barrier to achieve ignition; however, the extra hardware required for these systems have inhibited their adoption …