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Faculty Senate Executive Committee Agenda December 16, 2024, Utah State University Dec 2024

Faculty Senate Executive Committee Agenda December 16, 2024, Utah State University

Faculty Senate & Faculty Senate Executive Committee

  • Call to Order
  • Approval of Minutes
  • University Business
  • Faculty Senate Business
  • Information
  • EPC Report
  • Policy 301
  • Policy 368
  • Report
  • Council on Teacher Education Annual Report
  • Scholarship Annual Report
  • Old Business
  • New Business
  • Adjourn: 4:30


Improving Health And Well-Being Through Shared Family Meals, Halle Larson, Savannah Daines, Stacy Bevan, Palak Gupta, Mateja R. Savoie-Roskos Dec 2024

Improving Health And Well-Being Through Shared Family Meals, Halle Larson, Savannah Daines, Stacy Bevan, Palak Gupta, Mateja R. Savoie-Roskos

All Current Publications

Shared family meals provide numerous benefits for children, adolescents, and parents, including improved diet quality, healthier weight, better academic performance, stronger family bonds, and enhanced mental health. Regular family meals help children develop healthier eating habits, reduce risky behaviors, and foster communication skills. Despite challenges such as busy schedules and differing dietary preferences, families can overcome obstacles by starting small, keeping meals simple, involving everyone in meal prep, and minimizing distractions like screens. Creating a positive, flexible mealtime routine can help integrate these valuable moments into family life.


The Burden Mothers Bear: Using The Health Belief Model To Understand How U.S. Mothers’ Intersectional Identities Shape Health Decision-Making During Covid-19, Sydney O'Shay, Kaitlin E. Phillips, Marissa J. Sáez Dec 2024

The Burden Mothers Bear: Using The Health Belief Model To Understand How U.S. Mothers’ Intersectional Identities Shape Health Decision-Making During Covid-19, Sydney O'Shay, Kaitlin E. Phillips, Marissa J. Sáez

Publications

The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on people of color and the burden placed on mothers created a need to better understand how mothers of color made health decisions for their families and communicated these decisions with others during the pandemic. This study investigated how this populations’ intersectional identities played a role in their health decision-making processes and overall experiences during COVID-19. Using the health belief model as a sensitizing concept, we conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with mothers of color across the United States about their lived experiences during the pandemic. Our findings suggest a need for health communicators to address …


Safety, Immunogenicity, And Efficacy Of A Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectored Vaccine Against Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus And Heartland Bandavirus, Philip Hicks, Tomaz B. Manzoni, Jonna B. Westover, Raegan J. Petch, Brianne Roper, Brian B. Gowen, Paul Bates Dec 2024

Safety, Immunogenicity, And Efficacy Of A Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectored Vaccine Against Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus And Heartland Bandavirus, Philip Hicks, Tomaz B. Manzoni, Jonna B. Westover, Raegan J. Petch, Brianne Roper, Brian B. Gowen, Paul Bates

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (STSV) is a recently emerged tickborne virus in east Asia with over 18,000 confirmed cases. With a high case fatality ratio, SFTSV has been designated a high priority pathogen by the WHO and the NIAID. Despite this, there are currently no approved therapies or vaccines to treat or prevent SFTS. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) represents an FDA-approved vaccine platform that has been considered for numerous viruses due to its low sero-prevalence in humans, ease in genetic manipulation, and promiscuity in incorporating foreign glycoproteins into its virions. Methods: In this study, we developed a …


Assessing Spatial Distribution And Quantification Of Native Trees In Saskatchewan's Prairie Landscape Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Elham Shafeian, Bryan J. Mood, Kenneth W. Belcher, Colin P. Laroque Dec 2024

Assessing Spatial Distribution And Quantification Of Native Trees In Saskatchewan's Prairie Landscape Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Elham Shafeian, Bryan J. Mood, Kenneth W. Belcher, Colin P. Laroque

Aspen Bibliography

The importance of trees in non-forest landscapes has been the focus of only a few studies. However, these trees provide many important ecosystem services. In this study, we mapped and quantified these trees using Sentinel-2 (S2) and very high-resolution (VHR) Google satellite imagery without any field campaigns. We performed a Random Forest (RF) classification to map the spatial distribution of native trees in different scenarios. The optimal model showed an overall accuracy and kappa of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. We mapped 40,500 km2 of tree cover, including native tree cover (approximately 29,565 km2≈10.5%), excluding plantations, regional and …


Rhizobacterial Isolates From The Native Plant Ceanothus Velutinus Promote Growth In Two Genotypes Of Tall Fescue, Ananta Raj Devkota, Sukhmanjot Kaur, Amita Kaundal Dec 2024

Rhizobacterial Isolates From The Native Plant Ceanothus Velutinus Promote Growth In Two Genotypes Of Tall Fescue, Ananta Raj Devkota, Sukhmanjot Kaur, Amita Kaundal

Plants, Soils and Climate Student Research

Global warming-induced climate change haunts the world, posing a critical threat to plant health and crop production. Overusing chemical fertilizers and pesticides poses a significant threat to soil health. Ceanothus velutinus (snowbrush) is a drought-tolerant, actinorhizal native plant found in the Intermountain West region of the US that harbors many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, we evaluated the effects of PGPR CK-06, CK-22, CK-44, and CK-50 from C. velutinus on the growth and development of two tall fescue genotypes: (i) a lawn-type tall fescue blend and (ii) an endophyte-free forage-type tall fescue known as Armory. Tall fescue plants …


Comparing Recovery Volumes Of Steady And Unsteady Injections Into An Aquifer Storage And Recovery Well, Saeid Masoudiashtiani, Richard C. Peralta Dec 2024

Comparing Recovery Volumes Of Steady And Unsteady Injections Into An Aquifer Storage And Recovery Well, Saeid Masoudiashtiani, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) can involve injecting available surface water into an unconfined aquifer and then extracting it to provide secondary water for irrigation. This study demonstrates a method for evaluating the appropriateness of steady injection versus unsteady injection for an assumed situation. In design, it can be important to affect the transient: the proportion of the injected water that would be subsequently extracted (versus that remaining in the aquifer) and the proportion within the extracted water that would be an injectate (versus ambient groundwater). These proportions can be predicted from the predicted value of an ASR well's Recovery …


Education Policy Committee Agenda December 05, 2024, Utah State University Dec 2024

Education Policy Committee Agenda December 05, 2024, Utah State University

Educational Policies Committee

  • Approval of Minutes
  • Subcommittee Reports
  • Other Business
  • Adjourn: 4:00pm


Curriculum Subcommittee Agenda December 05, 2024, Utah State University Dec 2024

Curriculum Subcommittee Agenda December 05, 2024, Utah State University

Educational Policies Committee

  • Approval of Minutes
  • Program Proposals
  • Semester Course Approval Reviews
  • Other Business
  • Adjourn: 3:00pm


A Case Of Dallisgrass Staggers In Oklahoma, Stephen T. Lee Phd, Giselle Cino Ozuna D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate Acvp, Adriana Villasenor Dvm, Daniel Cook Phd Dec 2024

A Case Of Dallisgrass Staggers In Oklahoma, Stephen T. Lee Phd, Giselle Cino Ozuna D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate Acvp, Adriana Villasenor Dvm, Daniel Cook Phd

Poisonous Plant Research (PPR)

Dallisgrass is a warm-season, perennial forage found in pastures across the southeastern United States. Seed heads of dallisgrass are susceptible to ergot infection resulting in production of several tremorgenic indole-diterpene alkaloids such as paspalinine, paspalitrem A, and paspalitrem B. Herein, we report a clinical case of “dallisgrass staggers” in Oklahoma beef cows resulting in 31% morbidity and 5% mortality. Clinical signs were first observed within 36 hours of exposure to a new pasture, and included shaking, whole body tremors, staggering, swaying and wobbling when walking, falling down, and hyperexcitability. Tremorgenic indole diterpene alkaloids were detected from ergotized seed heads …


Correlation Between Maximal Eccentric And Isometric Multi-Joint Lower-Extremity Strength And Vertical Jumping Performance In Young Adults, Joonsun Park, Cassidy Weeks, Brennan J. Thompson, Talin Louder Dec 2024

Correlation Between Maximal Eccentric And Isometric Multi-Joint Lower-Extremity Strength And Vertical Jumping Performance In Young Adults, Joonsun Park, Cassidy Weeks, Brennan J. Thompson, Talin Louder

Kinesiology and Health Science Student Research

Maximal eccentric (MES) and isometric (MIS) muscle strength may enhance vertical jump performance by facilitating preloading and reducing energy loss during the eccentric (ECC) phase of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). However, the contributions of ECC and isometric (ISO) strength to the countermovement (CMJ) and depth jump (DJ) remain unclear due to variability in assessment methods (e.g., dynamometry, isometric mid-thigh pull) and the limited range of metrics examined in prior research. The aim of this study was to assess correlations between multi-joint lower extremity MES and MIS, obtained using a seated multi-joint isokinetic dynamometer, and 13 vertical ground reaction force (GRF) …


Outcomes And Impacts Of A Statewide Teen Leadership Program, Meggan Callister, Shannon Cromwell Dec 2024

Outcomes And Impacts Of A Statewide Teen Leadership Program, Meggan Callister, Shannon Cromwell

Outcomes and Impact Quarterly

The Junior Youth Conference (JYC) Teen Leadership program provides opportunities for Utah teens to plan and implement experiential workshops for 5th-6th graders throughout the state. Evaluation results indicate that teens developed leadership skills, increased self-awareness, and gained effective communication skills, thereby increasing protective factors and mitigating risky behaviors.


Improving Relationships – Hidden Gems Adventure Guides, Naomi Brower, Shannon Cromwell, Elizabeth Davis Dec 2024

Improving Relationships – Hidden Gems Adventure Guides, Naomi Brower, Shannon Cromwell, Elizabeth Davis

Outcomes and Impact Quarterly

The USU Hidden Gems Adventure Guides are free online resources for families and couples. They offer one-hour activities that promote social-emotional learning. Online surveys showed improvements in family and couple outcomes in several important aspects, such as spending time together and communication skills.


Assessing The Impact Of The Snap-Ed Social Marketing Campaign, Brittney Johnson, Lacee Jimenez, Lea Palmer, Heidi Leblanc Dec 2024

Assessing The Impact Of The Snap-Ed Social Marketing Campaign, Brittney Johnson, Lacee Jimenez, Lea Palmer, Heidi Leblanc

Outcomes and Impact Quarterly

The Create Better Health (CBH) social marketing team shares practical nutrition tips, budget-friendly recipes, and resources to reinforce direct education class messages through social media platforms. An evaluation project aimed to refine Utah SNAP-Ed’s social marketing strategy. Methods included a literature review, a needs assessment survey, a strategy update, and an evaluation survey. Results showed increased engagement and motivation for healthier choices. The public value lies in reducing disparities and enhancing statewide health outcomes.


Utahns’ Generally Agree On Top Environmental Concerns, But Climate Change And Related Issues Reveal Political Polarization, Sarah E. Wilson, Jessica Ulrich-Schad Dec 2024

Utahns’ Generally Agree On Top Environmental Concerns, But Climate Change And Related Issues Reveal Political Polarization, Sarah E. Wilson, Jessica Ulrich-Schad

Utah People and Environment Poll (UPEP)

Utah is renowned for its unique landscapes and abundant opportunities to connect with the natural environment. However, the state is currently grappling with serious environmental challenges, including poor air quality, dwindling water supplies, and the alarming desiccation of the Great Salt Lake. These and other issues have major ecological and economic implications, and combating them will likely require large scale efforts. However, rising levels of political polarization are a common problem in the United States that many feel stifles our ability to combat societal problems, including those related to the environment and human health.


Condition And Management Futures In A Quaking Aspen Recreation Area. Final Report To Snyderville Basin Special Recreation District, Paul C. Rogers, Georgie Corkery, Anna B. Miller Dec 2024

Condition And Management Futures In A Quaking Aspen Recreation Area. Final Report To Snyderville Basin Special Recreation District, Paul C. Rogers, Georgie Corkery, Anna B. Miller

Aspen Bibliography

In partnership with Snyderville Basin Special Recreation District (SBSRD), we undertook a study of ecological conditions and user preferences within a quaking aspen recreational destination forest. The location, in two sections know as Run-A-Muk and Right Turn Sage (RAM/RTS), has experienced some forest die-off in the principally aspen dominated forest dissected by ski, bike, and hiking trails. Graduate student Georgie Corkery led the study and successfully completed a Master's degree, in addition to providing needed information to SBSRD regarding the status, uses, and preferred actions at this facility. Key outcomes regarding aspen conditions include assigning causal factors—ungulate browsing and elevated …


The Restorative Design Scale (Rds) An Assessment Guide: Measuring The Potential For Mental Restoration In Urban Green Spaces, Corinne Bahr Dec 2024

The Restorative Design Scale (Rds) An Assessment Guide: Measuring The Potential For Mental Restoration In Urban Green Spaces, Corinne Bahr

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

Mental health is a growing national priority, and green space has been proven to benefit mental health. There is a massive amount of recent research studying the influence of green space characteristics on mental health improvement and restoration. However, professional landscape architects, designers, and planners involved in creating physical spaces have not been able to assess and therefore prioritize mental health in their designs due to the sheer quantity of information that has not yet been synthesized and applied efficiently. The Restorative Design Scale (RDS) Assessment condenses this material into a scientifically inspired resource for professionals to easily understand and …


Creating Place-Based Introductory Geoscience Field Trip Curricula For Indigenous Students, Kitri Spencer Dec 2024

Creating Place-Based Introductory Geoscience Field Trip Curricula For Indigenous Students, Kitri Spencer

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

This project seeks to produce and evaluate a place-based geoscience field trip curriculum along the San Juan River designed for Indigenous students. The Geoscience on the San Juan River field trip uses a “place-based” approach to weave scientific concepts with the cultural knowledge and lived experiences of the students. Learning activities were designed to accommodate a wide range of learning preferences and accessibility needs with the hope of increasing Indigenous enrollment in the geosciences. The lesson plan was tested on June 4th, 2022 during a guided rafting excursion on the San Juan River for students participating in the …


Assessing The Short-Term Outcomes Of Erase And Replace: A Series Of Health & Wellness Activities, Gabriela Murza, Christina Pay, Eva Timothy, Melanie Dabb, Cris Meier Dec 2024

Assessing The Short-Term Outcomes Of Erase And Replace: A Series Of Health & Wellness Activities, Gabriela Murza, Christina Pay, Eva Timothy, Melanie Dabb, Cris Meier

Outcomes and Impact Quarterly

Utah State University Extension faculty addressed Utah's high rate of poor mental health with activities that improved participants’ connections, confidence, and abilities. These efforts positively impacted adults' mental health and quality of life and offered an additional resource to address self-care needs while encouraging connection and skill-building.


Analysis Of School Lunches- A Systemic Approach, Maggie E. Eguko Dec 2024

Analysis Of School Lunches- A Systemic Approach, Maggie E. Eguko

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

1.1. This capstone explores the persistent issue of food waste in public school lunch programs and the critical role that grant writers can play in addressing this challenge. School food waste has become a significant concern, with studies indicating that up to 50% of food served in school cafeterias is discarded, contributing to both environmental harm and inefficient resource use (Schwartz & Cohen, 2015).

1.2. The paper highlights the lack of effective waste reduction strategies, and the underutilization of available funding sources aimed at combating this issue. Grant writers, who are often underrepresented in school districts, can secure vital funding …


A Review Of Research On Acceptance And Commitment Therapy For Anxiety And Obsessive Compulsive And Related Disorders, Michael P. Twohig, Leila K. Capel, Michael E. Levin Dec 2024

A Review Of Research On Acceptance And Commitment Therapy For Anxiety And Obsessive Compulsive And Related Disorders, Michael P. Twohig, Leila K. Capel, Michael E. Levin

Psychology Faculty Publications

This paper reviews acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, hoarding, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Measurement of psychological inflexibility and its relationship to pathology is reviewed. Outcome work in all disorders listed is reviewed with results supporting ACT for anxiety disorders, OCD, and trichotillomania, but there is limited evidence for excoriation disorder, hoarding, and BDD. Future research should focus on processes of change in addition to outcomes.


Reframing The Landscape: Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty, Amy Reid Dec 2024

Reframing The Landscape: Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty, Amy Reid

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

This thesis project recognizes Robert Smithson’s contribution to the fields of art and landscape architecture with a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places for Spiral Jetty. The nomination was completed with support from the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, Dia Art Foundation, and Holt/Smithson Foundation.

Spiral Jetty is considered a highly influential work of the Land art genre. At Rozel Point Smithson constructed a 1,500-foot-long and 15-foot-wide earthwork of site-sourced basalt rock and soil. It extends from the shore approximately 600 feet before collapsing twice in a counterclockwise spiral. Smithson carefully selected the site where the earthwork would …


Quantitative Evaluation Of Baseflow Separation Methods Using An Integrated Hydrologic Model: A Case Study In A Snow-Dominated Watershed, Jihad Othman Dec 2024

Quantitative Evaluation Of Baseflow Separation Methods Using An Integrated Hydrologic Model: A Case Study In A Snow-Dominated Watershed, Jihad Othman

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

Baseflow, commonly referred to as the groundwater contribution to streamflow, constitutes approximately 50% of streamflow in mountainous regions of the Western United States. Accurately quantifying the amount of baseflow is critical for water management and decision-making, as it significantly impacts stream water quality, low flow availability, and ecosystem health. Traditionally, baseflow has been estimated using conceptual and automated baseflow separation methods, which are known to be both arbitrary and ambiguous, posing a challenge to validate them. In this study, we developed an integrated hydrologic model that seamlessly integrated the exchange between surface and subsurface flows to physically quantify the baseflow …


Teaching Methods To Build The Numeracy Skills Of Preschoolers With Disabilities And Complex Communication Needs, Avery Briggs Dec 2024

Teaching Methods To Build The Numeracy Skills Of Preschoolers With Disabilities And Complex Communication Needs, Avery Briggs

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

This project explored the use of a curriculum that incorporates naturalistic and explicit instructional approaches through literature and direct teaching moments on the numeracy skills of three students with disabilities and complex communication needs. The numeracy skills targeted included patterning and sorting, shape discrimination, and quantity discrimination. This project took place during Extended School Year (ESY), a program that extends the traditional school year to provide services to students with disabilities. Student present levels and progress were assessed through a pretest and posttest given on the first and last days of ESY, in addition to progress monitoring data taken during …


Designing A Robust Lab Scale Electrocoagulation Reactor For Removal Of Micro- And Nanoplastics From Drinking Water, Emmanuel Louis Aduhene Dec 2024

Designing A Robust Lab Scale Electrocoagulation Reactor For Removal Of Micro- And Nanoplastics From Drinking Water, Emmanuel Louis Aduhene

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

The widespread occurrence of micro and nanoplastics in drinking water sources could cause serious public health issues. These plastics particles, products of industrial operations and weathering of larger plastics, can interact with other contaminants in the environment, leading to more severe environmental pollution. Present drinking water treatment technologies were designed to remove suspended colloids. However, due to the distinct chemical and physical properties of micro and nanoplastics from conventional colloids, it is challenging for traditional chemical coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation process to achieve satisfying removal performance. This report investigates a design of a lab-scale electrocoagulation reactor for the removal of nanoplastics from drinking …


Quantitative Analysis Of Protective Effect Of Resveratrol Against Nanoplastic-Induced Oxidative Stress, Bryan Gustafson Dec 2024

Quantitative Analysis Of Protective Effect Of Resveratrol Against Nanoplastic-Induced Oxidative Stress, Bryan Gustafson

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

Nanoplastics and microplastics are a growing ecological and health concern due to their widespread prevalence. The effects of these microscopic particles in biological systems primarily relate to their potential to produce reactive oxygen species and interactive effects with other cytotoxic agents. Of particular interest in this work is the effect on mammalian intestinal cells, due to the regular unintentional ingestion of micro- and nanoplastics in the normal western diet. In this study, Caco-2 cells were cultured and exposed to polystyrene particles in vitro as a simple model of the human digestive endothelium.

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has been …


Reducing The Cost Of Implementing The F.I.T. Game Healthy Eating Program In Diverse Schools While Observing Effects On Food Waste, Robert Gifford Dec 2024

Reducing The Cost Of Implementing The F.I.T. Game Healthy Eating Program In Diverse Schools While Observing Effects On Food Waste, Robert Gifford

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

It is well known that children do not eat enough fruits and vegetables. The FIT Game Healthy Eating Program is an interactive, story-board type narrative that has increased fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary school children. While The FIT Game intervention has shown progress in the past, the schools studied had minimal diversity and the intervention was time intensive and costly.

This research utilized The FIT Game intervention in four Salt Lake City area, Title 1, schools with a large amount of student diversity. The first portion of research was conducted in two phases. The first phase compared an intervention …


Examining Support By Residents For Community Scale Wildfire Mitigation Strategies In The Wasatch Front, Conner R. Smith Dec 2024

Examining Support By Residents For Community Scale Wildfire Mitigation Strategies In The Wasatch Front, Conner R. Smith

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Current development trends along the Wasatch Front are causing a greater threat of wildfires to the Utahns who reside there. Research indicates that although studies meant to examine wildfire mitigation strategy preferences do exist, their findings are not applicable to the Wasatch Front. This thesis addresses the lack of applicable data and the resultant lack of understanding of the Wasatch Front residents' preferences. In my project specifically, I will be looking at what wildfire mitigation strategies, at the community scale, residents of the Wasatch Front prefer. Additionally, I will be comparing the preferences of residents living in areas with above …


Is That Controversial Or Is It Just Me?, Joseph D. Cochran Dec 2024

Is That Controversial Or Is It Just Me?, Joseph D. Cochran

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

The purposes of this study were to explore the decision-making process behind delineating issues as controversial or not, identify the risks considered by administrators when faced with potentially controversial issues, and provide recommendations for educators to consider in their own deliberations. I interviewed seven charter school principals and used thematic analysis to explore the influence of contained risk-taking on administrator decision-making concerning controversial issues. The findings of this study suggest that administrators generally consider the same risks their teacher counterparts do but often prioritize larger-scale solutions that ensure equity for the entire school. The products of this process emphasize a …


Engineered Microalgae Cultivations Systems: Conversion Of Wastewater Nutrients Into Biofuels And Bioplastics, Jacob Watkins Dec 2024

Engineered Microalgae Cultivations Systems: Conversion Of Wastewater Nutrients Into Biofuels And Bioplastics, Jacob Watkins

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Dissolved Nitrogen and Phosphorus in wastewater can contribute to harmful algae blooms if released into the environment. One technology that can be used to recover dissolved nutrients from wastewater is the Rotating Algae Biofilm Reactor (RABR), which supports microalgae growth in an easily-harvested biofilm and produces nitrogenand phosphorus-rich biomass that can be used to produce slow-release fertilizers, biofuels, and compostable bioplastics. This thesis (1) examines the effects of several environmental factors on the biomass production rate and nutrient removal efficiency of RABRs treating municipal wastewater, (2) quantifies the composition and biofuel yields of microalgae biomass cultivated using a RABR at …