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Articles 11161 - 11190 of 16532
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Rodenticide Use In Rodent Management In The United States: An Overview, Gary Witmer, John D. Eisemann
Rodenticide Use In Rodent Management In The United States: An Overview, Gary Witmer, John D. Eisemann
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Rodents occur worldwide and have adapted to most types of ecosystems. Rodents provide many important ecosystem functions and while most rodent species do not cause serious damage problems, a small number of species do. Rodent-caused damage includes crop and stored food consumption and contamination, forestry and nursery damage, rangeland damage, ornamental plant damage, property damage, cable and irrigation pipe damage, disease transmission, and, when introduced to islands, damage and even extinction of native flora and fauna. Many tools are used to reduce rodent populations and damage. Rodenticides are an especially important tool in rodent management. Many types of active ingredients …
Feral Hogs: A Texas Perspective, Douglas S. Steen, Mark E. Mapston, Bruce R. Leland, L. Janean Romines
Feral Hogs: A Texas Perspective, Douglas S. Steen, Mark E. Mapston, Bruce R. Leland, L. Janean Romines
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Feral hog (Sus scrofa) populations are a growing concern, and evidence of their presence has spread throughout the state. With the exception of a few areas in the northern panhandle and far western Texas, this invasive species successfully exists in almost every county; and evidence of their exponential population growth and the damage they cause is no longer confined to rural areas. Feral hogs affect farmers, livestock producers, private and public industry, and individuals living in suburban and urban areas. Wildlife, agriculture, property owners, animal and public health interests are all experiencing feral hog issues at different levels. …
Developing A Standard Protocol For Assessing Suburban Deer Impacts To Vegetation, Karleen Ami, Paul D. Curtis
Developing A Standard Protocol For Assessing Suburban Deer Impacts To Vegetation, Karleen Ami, Paul D. Curtis
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Over the past 30 years, populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have increased dramatically in suburban communities, causing significant economic and ecological impacts. Homeowners have observed such deer population explosions and must cope with the problems of living in close proximity to deer with few reliable solutions. By applying knowledge of deer biology, behavior, and habitat requirements, this assessment protocol provides a scale to estimate the severity of deer damage, and the potential success of control measures. It will prove valuable by achieving a greater understanding of suburban deer management through a methodical and standardized analysis of impact …
Overview Of The First Use Of Gps 1991/Gis 1992 During A Wyoming Skunk Rabies Epizootic, Craig A. Ramey, Kenneth H. Mills, Marshall Robin
Overview Of The First Use Of Gps 1991/Gis 1992 During A Wyoming Skunk Rabies Epizootic, Craig A. Ramey, Kenneth H. Mills, Marshall Robin
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are one of the most important reservoirs of wildlife rabies on the Great Plains of North America. During a skunk rabies epizootic in a previously rabies-free area of northwestern Wyoming, we studied the spread of rabies from the index case occurring in 1988 until the Shoshone River epizootic ended in 1993. All specimens were sent to the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory for Fluorescent Antibody Testing for rabies. The goal of federal, state, county, and local agencies was to address the public's fear about the health and safety of humans and animals. Following several rabid …
Suitable And Effective Coyote Control Tools For The Urban/Suburban Setting, Alan A. Huot, David L. Bergman
Suitable And Effective Coyote Control Tools For The Urban/Suburban Setting, Alan A. Huot, David L. Bergman
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Increases in the incidence of human conflict with coyotes in urban/suburban environments fuel a need for suitable coyote tools and methods to reduce these conflicts. Traditional tools, such as foothold traps and snares, face continued problems of acceptability in urban/suburban situations because of public anxiety about the risks to non-targets as well as other animal welfare concerns. We review the major categories of methods and tools used to prevent or reduce urban coyote-human conflicts, including exclusion (fencing), environmental and habitat modification, capture devices (traps, snares, and related devices), and shooting. We briefly discuss future technologies current under development: fertility control, …
Controlling Coyotes In An Urban Environment - Effective Evaluation Of Requests By The General Public For Control Services, Tim J. Julien
Controlling Coyotes In An Urban Environment - Effective Evaluation Of Requests By The General Public For Control Services, Tim J. Julien
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
The incidence of request for control services in regards to human conflict with coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban/suburban environments continues to increase countrywide. These incidents have created a need for a systematic means of evaluating the perceived need for control to determine first if control is necessary and would it be effective in solving the problem. Generally we have found the public is uninformed and surprised by their first sighting or encounter with coyotes. We have taken an approach that allows us to evaluate the clients concerns and enable us to make recommendations to them on possible control …
Conserving Cheetahs On Private Land: Using The Namibian Cheetah Acinonyx Jubatus Jubatus As A Case Study, Laurie L. Marker, Amy Dickman
Conserving Cheetahs On Private Land: Using The Namibian Cheetah Acinonyx Jubatus Jubatus As A Case Study, Laurie L. Marker, Amy Dickman
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Conflict between humans and large carnivores is well documented in Africa, and is one of the chief causes of population declines seen in species such as lions (Panthera lea), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). While protected areas provide important refuges for many carnivores, species such as cheetahs cover large areas where protected areas are insufficient to maintain long-term viable populations across much of their range. Over the past century, the world's cheetah population has declined in both numbers and range due to habitat fragmentation, depletion of their natural prey base …
Avian Influenza In Wild Birds: Environmental Sampling For The Rapid Detection Of Avian Influenza Viruses, Robert G. Mclean, Jeffrey S. Hall, Alan B. Franklin, Heather Sullivan, Kaci Vandalen, Susan Shriner, Matthew Farnsworth, Paul Oesterle, Ginger Young, Jenny Carlson, Kacy Cobble, Stacey Elmore, Ted Anderson, Sean Hauser, Kevin Bentler, Nicole Mooers, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Tom Deliberto, Seth Swafford
Avian Influenza In Wild Birds: Environmental Sampling For The Rapid Detection Of Avian Influenza Viruses, Robert G. Mclean, Jeffrey S. Hall, Alan B. Franklin, Heather Sullivan, Kaci Vandalen, Susan Shriner, Matthew Farnsworth, Paul Oesterle, Ginger Young, Jenny Carlson, Kacy Cobble, Stacey Elmore, Ted Anderson, Sean Hauser, Kevin Bentler, Nicole Mooers, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Tom Deliberto, Seth Swafford
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
All subtypes of influenza Type A viruses infect wild birds, especially waterfowl and shorebirds, but rarely cause disease or mortality in these aquatic species. Aquatic birds are the natural reservoirs for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) that are distributed globally. However, some AI subtypes can be virulent in other animals and humans and some highly pathogenic AI viruses (HPAI) have caused major outbreaks in poultry and even pandemics in the human population. The emergence of a HPAl H5N1 subtype in southeast Asian poultry in 1997 subsequently involved migratory waterfowl in 2005 and has since spread westward throughout the Asian, …
Use Of Alpha-Chloralose By Usda Wildlife Services To Immobilize Birds, Jeanette R. O'Hare, John D. Eisemann, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Lawanna L. Koch, Thomas W. Seamans
Use Of Alpha-Chloralose By Usda Wildlife Services To Immobilize Birds, Jeanette R. O'Hare, John D. Eisemann, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Lawanna L. Koch, Thomas W. Seamans
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
In 1992, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) opened an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) file for the avian immobilizing agent, alpha-chloralose (AC) for the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Currently, this INAD authorizes trained Wildlife Services (WS) personnel to use AC to immobilize and live-capture nuisance waterfowl (Anatidae spp.), American coots (Fulica americana) , pigeons (Columba livia), common ravens (Corvus corax) and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis). The use of AC has proven to be a valuable tool for WS and the …
Research Strategies To Reduce Bovine Tuberculosis Transmission From Wildlife To Cattle, Are R. Berentsen, Mike R. Dunbar, Robert G. Mclean
Research Strategies To Reduce Bovine Tuberculosis Transmission From Wildlife To Cattle, Are R. Berentsen, Mike R. Dunbar, Robert G. Mclean
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobaterium bovis, and is transmissible to humans, wildlife and domestic livestock. In the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serve as a reservoir for the disease and pose a significant threat to domestic cattle and captive cervids. Scientists at USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center have designed a variety of laboratory and field studies aimed at reducing or eliminating bTB infection in cattle by interrupting the transmission of the disease from wild life reservoirs. These strategies include reducing bTB in deer by delivery …
Operational Challenges Of Solving Urban Coyote Problems In Southern California, Dennis L. Orthmeyer, Terrance A. Cox, John W. Turman, Joe R. Bennett
Operational Challenges Of Solving Urban Coyote Problems In Southern California, Dennis L. Orthmeyer, Terrance A. Cox, John W. Turman, Joe R. Bennett
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
We present challenges, methodologies, and solutions related to mitigating urban coyote (Canis latrans) problems in southern California. The physical environment, the diverse urban structure (green belts and parks) with its abundant food resources which support high coyote densities, combined with the human component (behavior, urbanization, politics) create operational challenges. The increasing disconnect between humans and wildlife, coyote emigration/immigration into the increasing rural/urban interface, and coyote life cycles that occur exclusively in urban environments, all contribute to the increase in coyote-human conflicts. California's southern counties' human population has expanded 13% over the period from 1990-2000 and is projected to …
Urban Coyotes: Some Summary Thoughts, Jeffrey S. Green
Urban Coyotes: Some Summary Thoughts, Jeffrey S. Green
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services program provides services on request to help alleviate damage by wildlife to agriculture, natural resources and human health and safety. Such services may also involve dealing with coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban settings. Resolving problems with urban coyotes requires a mix of suitable methods but perhaps more importantly, an understanding of complex social and cultural issues surrounding people and wildlife.
Gray Wolves And Livestock In Montana: A Recent History Of Damage Management, Carolyn A. Sime, Ed Bangs, Elizabeth Bradley, John E. Steuber, Kraig Glazier, Paul J. Hoover, Val Asher, Kent Laudon, Mike Ross, Jon Trapp
Gray Wolves And Livestock In Montana: A Recent History Of Damage Management, Carolyn A. Sime, Ed Bangs, Elizabeth Bradley, John E. Steuber, Kraig Glazier, Paul J. Hoover, Val Asher, Kent Laudon, Mike Ross, Jon Trapp
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
The Montana gray wolf (Canis lupus) population grew from 2 wolves in 1979 to a minimum of 316 by late 2006. Resolving conflicts, both perceived and real, between wolves and livestock became a dominant social issue for the federal recovery program, and it remains so today. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and now Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks work with United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services to reduce depredation risks and address wolf-related conflicts through a combination of non-lethal and lethal management tools. The number of wolf complaints investigated from …
A Review Of Successful Urban Coyote Management Programs Implemented To Prevent Or Reduce Attacks On Humans And Pets In Southern California, Rex O. Baker
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Since the fatal coyote (Canis latrans) attack on a 3-year-old girl in Glendale, California in 1981, government agencies have emphasized developing coyote management programs to increase public safety. This presentation will focus on the success of numerous programs including: small neighborhoods, industrial sites, parks, large city and county-wide projects. Local environmental conditions attracting coyotes, specific problems caused by the coyotes, public reaction, and the role of public relations including public education emphasizing environmental management, will be discussed. Coyote population monitoring regarding behavior patterns, aversive conditioning, and coyote population reduction methods will be reviewed. Trapping remains the most effective …
Coyotebytes.Org: A New Educational Website, Robert M. Timm
Coyotebytes.Org: A New Educational Website, Robert M. Timm
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
A web site, www.CoyoteBytes.org, has been developed as a tool to provide science based management recommendations to homeowners and municipal officials on methods to reduce conflicts with coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban and suburban areas. Such conflicts include aggression toward or attacks on children and adults; attacks on pet dogs and cats; attacks on hobby animals, such as poultry, sheep, and goats; and damage to drip irrigation systems, garden crops, and to other resources. In addition to providing information, the website allows individuals to upload photos or video clips of urban and suburban coyotes, and to submit firsthand …
Missouri's Feral Hog Task Force: Addressing Increasing Feral Swine Populations, R. Edwin Hartin, Thomas A. Hutton
Missouri's Feral Hog Task Force: Addressing Increasing Feral Swine Populations, R. Edwin Hartin, Thomas A. Hutton
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Feral hog (Sus scrofa) populations are expanding in size and distribution in Missouri and other parts of the United States. Increases of this invasive species are a serious concern because of the damage they cause and diseases they carry. Affected stakeholders in Missouri formed a task force in 1998 with sixteen member agencies and organizations to develop a program for the control/eradication of feral hogs in the state. The task force identified three objectives with appropriate supporting strategies to help achieve the ultimate goal: protection of Missouri 's public health, agricultural economy, and natural resources through eradication of …
Impacts Of Wildlife Diseases In Urban Environments, Mike R. Dunbar, Ray T. Sterner, Shylo R. Johnson
Impacts Of Wildlife Diseases In Urban Environments, Mike R. Dunbar, Ray T. Sterner, Shylo R. Johnson
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Approximately 60% of diseases causing pathogenic illness in humans originate in animals. Emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases pose considerable public health, environmental, and economic impacts in the U.S. There are over 250 urban areas in the U.S. with populations > 100,000. These densely populated centers, with concomitant development of natural areas, greenbelts, and walking trails, are viewed to exacerbate the potential for human-wildlife, pet-wildlife, and pet-human interactions leading to greater risks of zoonotic disease transmission. Wildlife rabies, West Nile virus (WNV), and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) offer illustrations of potential impacts from zoo noses in urban areas. Prevention of …
Blackbird Use Of Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots, George M. Linz, Jonathan M. Raetzman, Heath M. Hagy, H. Jeffrey Homan, William J. Bleier
Blackbird Use Of Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots, George M. Linz, Jonathan M. Raetzman, Heath M. Hagy, H. Jeffrey Homan, William J. Bleier
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Blackbird (Icteridae) damage to ripening sunflower fields in North Dakota ranges from $5-10 million and has probably forced many growers to abandon this crop. From 2004 to 2006, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services cost-shared Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots (WCSP) with sunflower growers. The objective of the WCSP was to provide blackbirds an attractive nearby alternative food source to reduce damage in commercial fields. From 2004 through 2006, sunflower damage in the WCSP's was 39%, 32%, and 60%, respectively. In comparison, damage in nearby commercial fields was 5%, 4%, and 18%, over those years. In 2006, drought in the region …
Endangered Species And Migratory Bird Treaty Act Considerations In Rodenticide Registration And Use, Nancy H. Golden
Endangered Species And Migratory Bird Treaty Act Considerations In Rodenticide Registration And Use, Nancy H. Golden
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
The Endangered Species Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act protect wildlife from injury or harm resulting from human activities, including pesticide use. In administering these laws, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) advises federal and state agencies, and private landowners and organizations of ways in which to minimize the adverse effects of rodenticides upon threatened and endangered species, and migratory birds. Technical assistance and formal consultation with USFWS can occur on both the registration and use of a rodenticide, and may result in general mitigation to the overall labeled use of a product, or site-specific modification based on …
Reducing Non-Target Hazards Of Rodenticides In Forest Settings, Wendy M. Arjo, David T. Bryson
Reducing Non-Target Hazards Of Rodenticides In Forest Settings, Wendy M. Arjo, David T. Bryson
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Mammalian damage to forest resources is widespread and causes annual economic loss. Wildlife damage control is very important to the intensified land use practices and the economics of reforestation using seedlings. Reforestation areas provide ideal habitat for many wildlife species. However, animals negatively impact trees more severely during stand establishment than at any other time. While numerous non-lethal and lethal tools are available for large and medium-sized mammals, fewer tools are available for small mammals. The damage caused by these rodent species has in some cases warranted the use of rodenticides to control populations. Rodenticides are effective tools for reducing …
Reducing Rodenticide Hazards To Humans And Wildlife: The Need For Use Regulations, Michael Fry
Reducing Rodenticide Hazards To Humans And Wildlife: The Need For Use Regulations, Michael Fry
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Rodenticide use poses significant exposure risks for children and poisoning risks for native wild birds and mammals in the United States. Poison Control Center reports document 15,000 calls annually identifying household rat poison ingestion, with 88% of cases for children under age six. Wildlife poisonings from ingestion of baits or treated grain may occur whenever birds or mammals have access to the products. This is especially true for broadcast baits and treated grain used above ground in agricultural settings, or when baits are distributed around structures or outside waste containers. Secondary poisoning of predators and scavengers occurs when target rodents …
Characterization Of Wild Pig - Vehicle Collisions, John J. Mayer, Paul E. Johns
Characterization Of Wild Pig - Vehicle Collisions, John J. Mayer, Paul E. Johns
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Wild pig (Sus scrofa) collisions with vehicles are known to occur in the United States, but only minimal information describing these accidents has been reported. In an effort to better characterize these accidents, data were collected from 179 wild pig-vehicle collisions from a location in west central South Carolina. Data included accident parameters pertaining to the animals involved, time, location, and human impacts. The age structure of the animals involved was significantly older than that found in the population. Most collisions involved single animals. However, up to seven animals were involved in individual accidents. As the number of …
Assessing The Impact Of Urban Coyote On People And Pets In Austin, Travis County, Texas, Randy O. Farrar
Assessing The Impact Of Urban Coyote On People And Pets In Austin, Travis County, Texas, Randy O. Farrar
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
The City of Austin acquires citizen reports of coyote (Canis latrans) observations or complaints through a toll-free non-emergency 311 telephone call system. The observed coyote behavior or activity reported by constituents is categorized into one of eight behavioral categories that correlate with observed changes in coyote behavior indicating an increasing risk to human safety. The categorical data is used to formulate indices of coyote behavior for accessing and monitoring the relative risk of urban coyotes to human safety over time. Behavioral indices with respect to established management zones are used to prioritize and target areas for preventing or …
My Experience: Setting Up An Urban Campaign Or Trapping Project For Urban Coyote Management, Dairen Simpson
My Experience: Setting Up An Urban Campaign Or Trapping Project For Urban Coyote Management, Dairen Simpson
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
I discuss my personal experience in urban coyote (Canis latrans) management, including the following elements: 1) necessary liaisons and alliances (who are they?); 2) choosing methodology (pluses and minuses of each option); 3) necessity for target selectivity and minimal time at site (knowing when to quit, and ways to know); 4) public contact and on-site education for all concerned; 5) inter-agency contact and communication (remaining allies through the thick of it); 6) media communication; 7) following up actively after incidents or control work; and 8) examples of train wrecks and successes.
Bad Dogs: Why Do Coyotes And Other Canids Become Unruly?, Robert H. Schmidt, Robert M. Timm
Bad Dogs: Why Do Coyotes And Other Canids Become Unruly?, Robert H. Schmidt, Robert M. Timm
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
We summarize the behavior of several species of canids (coyotes, dingoes, and gray wolves) in relation to their habituation to humans and to human food sources. Striking parallels exist between coyotes and other wild canids in terms of the inclination of individual animals to act aggressively toward humans and even attack, once they have come to associate humans with food. We describe the stages of coyotes' behavioral adaptation to suburban ecosystems, listing 7 steps toward increasing habituation, which can be used as action thresholds for invoking active coyote management or removal efforts. We consider the hypothesis that coyotes may regard …
Complexities Of Urban Coyote Management: Reaching The Unreachable, Teaching The Unteachable, And Touching The Untouchable, Robert H. Schmidt
Complexities Of Urban Coyote Management: Reaching The Unreachable, Teaching The Unteachable, And Touching The Untouchable, Robert H. Schmidt
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Urban coyote (Canis latrans) management is often complicated, but the technical portion of any management program is only one part of the equation. The use of lethal (traps, snares, shooting, toxicants) and non-lethal (exclusion, guard animals, husbandry practices, harassment) coyote management strategies can be successful, less than successful, or not successful depending on the appropriate match of technical skill and technology available in a particular situation. However, technical sophistication is only a portion of the management dilemma. Issues of policy, law, politics, and economics, as well as human values, attitudes, and ethics play an obvious and profound role …
The Use Of Rodenticides For Conservation Efforts, Gary Witmer, John D. Eisemann, Gregg Howald
The Use Of Rodenticides For Conservation Efforts, Gary Witmer, John D. Eisemann, Gregg Howald
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Non-native rats (Rattus spp.) and mice have been introduced to more than 80% of the island groups around the world. They have caused ecosystem-wide impacts, including the extirpation and extinction of many native and endemic species which evolved in a mammalian predator-free environment. Fortunately, practitioners have developed techniques to eradicate introduced rodents, allowing ecosystems to recover. Rodenticides have proven an effective tool in eradications, having been used in over 300 successful eradications worldwide. Careful planning, adequate resources, and a sustained effort by competent field staff are needed to help ensure a successful eradication program. Island eradications are logistically …
Modeling Costs Of Using Ovocontrol G For Managing Nuisance Canada Goose (Branta Canadensis) Populations, Joe N. Caudell, Stephanie A. Shwiff
Modeling Costs Of Using Ovocontrol G For Managing Nuisance Canada Goose (Branta Canadensis) Populations, Joe N. Caudell, Stephanie A. Shwiff
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
OvoControl G is a relatively new product that reduces the hatchability of Canada goose (Branta canadensis) eggs. However, little data is available on the cost of application. We present a model for estimating the cost of application of OvoControl G for managing nuisance Canada goose populations. We found that at low goose densities, fixed labor costs are responsible for a significant portion of the cost. As goose densities increase, these fixed costs become equivalent to, and eventually less than, the costs associated with the purchase of the product. We present several scenarios that managers may employ to further …
Management Strategies For Addressing Wildlife Disease Transmission: The Case For Fertility Control, Gary Killian, Kathleen Fagerstone, Terry Kreeger, Lowell Miller, Jack Rhyan
Management Strategies For Addressing Wildlife Disease Transmission: The Case For Fertility Control, Gary Killian, Kathleen Fagerstone, Terry Kreeger, Lowell Miller, Jack Rhyan
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Transmissible diseases among wildlife species, and between wildlife and domestic livestock, are a matter of increasing concern. A combination of approaches should be considered for controlling disease transmission. If a vaccine is available or can economically be developed for the disease, it should be used as the primary component of the disease management strategy. For example, development of an oral rabies vaccine has led to programs where baits are dispersed on a large scale in a barrier zone to prevent the spread of rabies. However, there are no vaccines available for many diseases and incentives are frequently not present for …
Cowbird Control: Management Issues, Controversies And Perceptions, And The Future, Scott G. Summers, Richard M. Kostecke, Garrett L. Norman
Cowbird Control: Management Issues, Controversies And Perceptions, And The Future, Scott G. Summers, Richard M. Kostecke, Garrett L. Norman
Wildlife Damage Management Conference
Brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) have been implicated as a cause of songbird population declines. Cowbirds can have particularly severe negative impacts on already endangered hosts. Removal of cowbirds by trapping has become a popular management action to benefit hosts. Cowbird trapping often decreases parasitism frequency and can help to increase the reproductive success of hosts. However, its role in the recovery of host populations is equivocal. Based on our experience at Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, the site of a long-term, landscape-scale trapping program, we discuss factors that we believe are important for the success of a trapping …