Digital Commons Network^™

New Directions In Scanning Electron Microscopy Cathodoluminescence Microcharacterization, D. B. Holt

Scanning Microscopy

The general principles of the low-temperature spectroscopic cathodoluminescence (LTSCL) technique in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) are outlined. CL microscopy and spectroscopy are now being extended in new directions. Analysis of the intrinsic CL from quantum well materials by LTSCL is proving valuable for microcharacterization and such work can be expected to expand rapidly. The main, early CL results in this exciting field are summarized here. In geology, CL microscopy, without spectroscopy, is widely used via electron-beam attachments to light microscopes and the addition of spectral analysis to these studies is overdue. Much CL from minerals and ceramics comes from …

The Feasibility Of Enhacing Streamflow In The Sevier River Basin Of Utah By Seeding Winter Mountain Clouds, Arlin B. Super, David W. Reynolds, Bureau Of Reclamation, U.S. Department Of The Interior

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Bureau of Reclamation conducted a feasibility study of seeding winter mountain clouds as a possible means of enhancing the water supplies of the Sevier River Basin of Utah. A considerable body of pertinent meteorological observations from in or near the basin is examined. The evidence indicates that Utah winter mountain clouds often have more supercooled liquid water available than is naturally converted to snowfall. Thus, the needed "raw material" for cloud seeding to be effective is frequently available. Much of the excess liquid water has been found in the lowest kilometer or less over the mountain barriers, a region …

Osprey Summer: Ospreys Nesting On Flaming Gorge, Ron Stewart

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

The osprey, sometimes known as the "fish hawk" is one of Utah's rare and unique raptors. The osprey's diet is almost exclusively fish. Considering the osprey has evolved both physically and behaviorally to catch fish, their distribution is quite limited in a state as dry as Utah. Most ospreys only pass through Utah on their northern or southern migration but a few stop, build nests, hatch and raise their young.

Correlation Of Cochlear Pathology With Auditory Brainstem And Cortical Responses In Cats With High Frequency Hearing Loss, R. J. Mount, R. V. Harrison, S. G. Stanton, A. Nagasawa

Scanning Microscopy

Newborn kittens were treated with the aminoglycoside amikacin to produce a bilateral high frequency cochlear hearing loss. The degree and stability of hearing loss were confirmed by recording auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR audiograms). After maturation, cochleotopic frequency representation within primary auditory cortex (Al) was mapped using standard microelectrode recording techniques. The cochlear sensory epithelium was assessed with SEM and the pattern of damage compared with the ABR audiograms and cortical frequency maps.

Amikacin treatment resulted in various patterns of haircell damage towards the base of the cochlea. A relatively abrupt transition between damaged and undamaged haircell regions resulted in …

The Development Of The Vascular System In Quail Embryos: A Combination Of Microvascular Corrosion Casts And Immunohistochemical Identification, M. C. Deruiter, B. Hogers, R. E. Poelmann, L. Vanlperen, A. C. Gittenberger-De Groot

Scanning Microscopy

Although vascular casts, obtained by injection with methacrylates, are frequently used to investigate the adult vascular system, little data are available for embryonic stages. In this paper we use Mercox^R in quail embryos in the period of 2 to 7 days after incubation. The microvascular corrosion casts were evaluated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with special attention to the development and remodelling of the large arteries and veins. Our results show that the remodelling of the large arteries and veins together with their developing tributary vessels can be visualized from very early embryonic stages onwards. However, complete replication …

Perspectives On Wildlife Nuisance Control: Results Of A Wildlife Damage Control Firm's Customer Survey, Lynn A. Braband, Kevin D. Clark

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Customers of Critter Control, Inc. offices were surveyed in 1990 and 1991 to examine their views and experiences with nuisance wildlife. Most of the survey respondents were having problems with raccoons (Procyon lotor), squirrels (Sciurus spp.), skunks (Mephitis mephitis), woodchucks (Marmata monax), and moles (Talpidae). Approximately 25% of the respondents attempted to control the nuisance situation themselves before contacting Critter Control. Most customers approved of the lethal control of rats/mice (Muridae), moles, snakes, bats (Chiroptera), pigeons (Columba livia), and skunks. Most disapproved of the lethal control of deer (Odocoileus spp.), …

Ecological Considerations In The Management Of Wildlife Damage, Robert K. Swihart

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Strategies for managing wildlife damage may be divided into 3 broad categories: direct manipulation of populations, manipulation of behavioral or ecological traits of pest species, and manipulation of environmental features. For each of these categories, I review the importance of ecological considerations in determining the effectiveness of management strategies. Proper incorporation of ecological information is important to the success of management strategies in all 3 categories. I predict that future demands will increase for ecologically-based strategies that require minimal intervention, and for integration of management strategies that simultaneously address problems posed by both vertebrate and invertebrate pests. Several recent ecologically-based …

Management Of Human-Raccoon Interaction In The Midst Of A Raccoon Rabies Outbreak, Charles V. Trimarchi, John G. Debbie

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The rabies epizootic that had affected raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations in the southeastern United States since the mid-1950s jumped to West Virginia in 1977, the apparent result of importation of raccoons from Florida. During the following 14 years, the disease spread through raccoon populations in the mid-Atlantic states, so that by early 1991 infected raccoons had been identified in areas of West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York. Although raccoons have remained the primary vector of the disease throughout the affected areas, spillover has occurred into other wildlife, including skunks …

An Avian/Airport Study For Standiford Airport, Louisville, Kentucky: Results And Management Implications, Bernice U. Constantin, John K. Floyd

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

An avian/airport study was conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC) from 9 February 1989-18 March 1990 to evaluate near-term bird control needs at Standiford Field Airport (SDF), Louisville, Kentucky. Field surveys were performed on SDF and the Outer Loop Landfill (OLL) to gather data on both daily and seasonal trends in bird activity and effectiveness of management efforts employed by the OLL operator to control bird activity. Data for high-interest species groups were sorted according to site, time of day, weather, and month. Raptors were present at the airport …

Wildlife Damage Management: Policy And Professional Considerations, Harry E. Hodgdon

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

I am honored by the opportunity to be part of this conference and to participate with such a distinguished panel this morning.

Today I have been asked to address policy and professional considerations as they relate to wildlife damage management. As an advocate of professional wildlife management, I will share with you some of the problems and issues that confront, frustrate, and confound us; some sense of the problems that lie ahead; and some thoughts on what we need to do to ensure the wildlife profession remains relevant in the future.

Agency And Stakeholder Evaluations Of Citizen Participation In Deer Management Decisions: Implications For Damage Control, Rebecca J. Stout, Daniel J. Decker, Barbara A. Knuth

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

As in many states, wildlife managers and biologists in the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Wildlife (BOW) set white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population objectives in deer management units (DMUs). BOW has authority to regulate deer harvest through a deer management permit quota system. Decisions about regulating deer population levels have a direct impact on stakeholders concerned with the degree of damage to field and vegetable crops, orchards, nurseries, tree plantations, gardens, and ornamental shrubbery. Deer densities also affect economic and recreational benefits derived by other stakeholders. Developing management strategies that address these conflicting interests …

Economics And Effectiveness Of Control Methods: Fact And Fiction, Rick D. Owens, Dennis Slate

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Wildlife damage management decisions are often incorrectly viewed as being predicated solely upon economics. Although costs of wildlife damage and methods employed to reduce this damage are considerations in damage management decision-making, the selection and application of methods are also dependent upon environmental factors that include biological, physical, social, and legal influences. Professional decision-making involves an assessment of these factors on a case-by-case basis, to determine which methods and application strategies are environmentally cost-effective and therefore practical.

Conference Summary And A Look To The Future, James E. Miller

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

It is with mixed feelings that I agreed, somewhat reluctantly, to accept this challenge of trying to summarize the implications of this Fifth Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference. Even though it has been over 8 years ago, I still remember burning the midnight oil and working in the predawn hours on the last eve of the First Eastern Conference trying to prepare closing remarks for use by my former Deputy Administrator, Merrill L. "Pete" Petoskey. In fact, even though some of the guard has changed, at least one of the professionals who helped provide their insight as we prepared those …

Public Involvement In Coyote Management Decisions, Robert A. Inslerman

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1990, the Legislature passed a bill that would have allowed year-round hunting of coyotes (Canis latrans) in New York's Northern Zone, as opposed to the current system of open and closed hunting seasons established annually by Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) regulation. The bill generated such controversy that it was withdrawn pending a study by DEC. The objectives of the study were to: (1) assess the role of the coyote in northern New York in relation to people, wildlife, and livestock; (2) provide adequate opportunity for citizens to express their opinions concerning coyotes; and (3) prepare a …

Tapping The Potential Of The Wildlife Rehabilitation Community For Public Education About Wildlife Damage Management, William F. Siemer, Tommy L. Brown, Patrick P. Martin, Randall D. Stumvoll

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Wildlife rehabilitators frequently interact with the public, but the extent and impact of their activities as public educators had never been well documented in New York State. In 1991 the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) sponsored a mail survey of all 430 rehabilitators in New York to address this information need. Rehabilitators showed high interest and involvement in public education, and they reached a large audience, suggesting that they may hold potential as contributors to public education concerning wildlife damage control. Realizing that potential offers an incentive for DEC to work more closely with rehabilitators to provide …

Educational Opportunities At The University Of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

University students, particularly those enrolled in natural resources programs, make up one of the smallest, yet potentially most important and influential audiences for wildlife damage professionals. Considering that these students will be tomorrow's natural resources technicians, biologists, and administrators, I feel that it is critical that we provide them factual information about wildlife damage to increase their awareness of potential problems and solutions, and increase their ability to make well-informed decisions.

The Scanning Electron Microscope: How Valuable In The Evaluation Of Small Bowel Mucosal Pathology In Chronic Childhood Diarrhea?, J. Rainer Poley

Scanning Microscopy

Data are presented on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on small intestinal biopsies of children with chronic diarrhea. In particular, there were 230 patients aged 3 months to 13 years with the following diagnoses: chronic nonspecific diarrhea, cow's milk protein intolerance, soy protein intolerance, giardiasis, cystic fibrosis, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, isolated lactase deficiency, isolated sucrase-isomaltase lactase deficiency, microvillus inclusion disease, rotavirus ententis, protracted diarrhea of infancy, chylomicron retention disease, visceral myopathy and villous asthenia.

Examination of biopsied intestinal mucosa by SEM has yielded important new information and insights on structural pathology and ultrastructural topography. Many of the observed changes helped to better …

Hereditary Hair Changes Revealed By Analysis Of Single Hair Fibres By Scanning Electron Microscopy, B. Forslind, M. K. Andersson, E. Alsterborg

Scanning Microscopy

In many disorders with a genetic background the sparsity of scalp hairs may deter the clinician from trying to extract information from single hair fibres. Presenting a number of diverse conditions, we propose to show that simple measures can be taken in the doctor's office which makes single fibre analysis a useful tool for assessment of factors involved in genetic disorders including the integument and its appendages. The paper is focussed on the utilization of the scanning electron microscope with the goal of demonstrating that pertinent information can be gained where information from transmission electron microscopy and other techniques are …

Proceedings From The 28th Annual Marschall Italian Seminar, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

Since 1983, the Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, funded by the 33,000 dairy farmers, has formed a unique partnership with the Wisconsin cheese manufacturers in their efforts to market the products they make with advertising, promotion, education and research programs.

These marketing programs have focused on Wisconsin's cheese quality and cheese making expertise as the foundation for the strategic direction that WMMB has set for our programs and services. Communications strategy was developed to capitalize on the equity in the name "Wisconsin" which has been confirmed through consumer and foodservice market research.

This presentation will give an overview of WMMB's programs …

Effects Of Modulated And Continuous Microwave Irradiation On The Morphology And Cell Surface Negative Charge Of 3t3 Fibroblasts, Z. Somosy, G. Thuróczy, T. Kubasova, J. Kovács, L. D. Szabó

Scanning Microscopy

Mouse embryo 3T3 cells were irradiated with 2450 MHz continuous and low frequency (16 Hz) square modulated waves of absorbed energy ranging from 0.0024 to 2.4 mW/g. The low frequency modulated microwave irradiation yielded more morphological cell changes than did the continuous microwave fields of the same intensity. The amount of free negative charges (cationized ferritin binding) on cell surfaces decreased following irradiation by modulated waves but remained unchanged under the effect of a continuous field of the same dose. Modulated waves of 0.024 mW/g dose increased the ruffling activity of the cells, and caused ultrastructural alteration in the cytoplasm. …

Enhancing The Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopic Visualization Of Lucifer Yellow Filled Cells In Whole-Mounted Tissue, David L. Becker, Joanna Dekkers, Roberto Navarrete, Colin R. Green, Jeremy E. Cook

Scanning Microscopy

The laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) is an extremely useful tool that allows fluorescently labelled cells to be visualized in whole-mount preparations. This is particularly advantageous, for example, in studying the dendritic trees of neurons with respect to their environment.

One of the most popular, and easiest, ways to visualize a cell is to inject it intracellularly with the fluorophore Lucifer Yellow (LY). However, the argon gas lasers of most LSCM's are not well matched to the excitation spectrum of aqueous LY. When this largely inappropriate excitation is combined with standard filters, designed for fluorescein fluorescence rather than Lucifer Yellow, …

The Vascularization Of The Digestive Tract Studied By Scanning Electron Microscopy With Special Emphasis On The Teeth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small And Large Intestine, Pancreas, And Liver, S. Aharinejad, A. Lametschwandtner, P. Franz, W. Firbas

Scanning Microscopy

The periodontal vessels in adult rats show a ladder-like pattern; in guinea pigs molars, by contrast, they present a honey-comb pattern. The vascular architecture in human teeth seems to be similar to that of rabbits. In guinea pigs, rats, rabbits and humans esophagus circumferential vessels give off perforating vessels. In human esophagus the number and diameter of the vessels in the submucous venous plexus decrease from proximal to distal. In the stomach the subepithelial capillary network shows a honey-comb pattern reflecting the arrangement of the gastric pits. A local portal system between the gastric glands and the surface mucosal cells …

Surfsat: Supporting Deep-Space-Network Research And Development With A Student-Designed Small Satellite, Jonathan Chow

Small Satellite Conference

SURFSAT is a small satellite designed primarily by students at the California Institute of Technology under Caltech's Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program and is sponsored by the Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Office at JPL, the research and development arm for the Deep Space Network (DSN). The project was initiated in the summer of 1987 and has involved several dozen undergraduate students. SURFSAT is designed to radiate at either the milliwatt or microwatt level in four bands: Sband (2.29 GHz), X-band (8.45 GHz), Ku-band (15.33 GHz) and Ka-band (32 GHz). The signals will be received by a new 34-meter DSN …

A Comparison Of Digital Modulation Methods For Small Satellite Data Links, Daniel Mulally, Don Lefevre

Small Satellite Conference

The selection of a good modulation scheme for a satellite data link should involve careful consideration of several factors. Bit-error-rate (BER), initial cost, power consumption, circuit complexity, channel linearity, reliability, and bandwidth must be considered and weighed in the selection process. This paper examines and compares various modulation methods applicable to small satellite data links. The performance of frequency-shift keying (FSK), bi-phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature-phase-shift keying (QPSK), offset QPSK (OQPSK), minimum-shift keying (MSK), and on-off keying (OOK) are compared. The use of a non-linear transmitter amplifier is normally desirable because of its power efficiency. Because of this, a near constant …

Tracking Small Satellites Using Translated Gps, Don Lefevre, Daniel Mulally

Small Satellite Conference

This paper discusses using translated GPS for tracking small satellites, the technical trade-offs involved, and the position and timing accuracies which are achievable using translated GPS. The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses the relative times-of-arrival of multiple spread-spectrum signals at an antenna to determine the position of the antenna. The system can also determine the time the antenna was at that position. The direct sequence spread spectrum signals are transmitted from GPS satellites whose orbital position and timing (the ephemeris data) are accurately known. Once the GPS signals are received at the antenna, their relative timings are fixed, and are …

Earth-Space Leosat Communication Using Optical Frequencies, Kenneth Baker, Timothy Pratt

Small Satellite Conference

This paper introduces the concept of a high bit rate burst type communications system as a means of increasing the communications throughput on LEO spacecraft. The discussion concerns the use of optical frequencies due to the decrease in size, weight and prime power of LEO satellite communication packages at these wavelengths. The penalty is an increase in pointing and tracking complexity. An example link design is presented.

Soesat Low Cost Telemetry Ground Station, David Horton

Small Satellite Conference

The School Of Engineering SATellite (SOESAT) will be fabricated and donated by American-Microsat Inc. of Sunnyvale, California. SOESAT will carry a radiation sensor that will measure the secondary emission internal to the satellite caused by the impinging of external primary radiation. At the time of this abstract SOESAT has not been manifested on a launch vehicle. A fourth quarter '92 launch into a geotransfer orbit on a European Space Agency Ariane is being investigated. Low earth orbit launch alternatives on various boosters are also being investigated. Command and control of SOESAT will be accomplished using the telemetry ground station built …

Spaceborne Application Multiprocessor Operating System, Gary Grisbeck, Wesley Webber

Small Satellite Conference

Control Data Corporation, as part of a joint development program with the Boeing Electronics Company, built a nine node, three active module multiprocessor called SPA-l or Spaceborne Processor Array-I. (SPA was the processing system concept proposed as the heart of a multi-mission autonomous surveillance satellite in a paper presented at the 4th Annual AIAA/Utah State Small Satellite Conference in 1990). Since then, an operating system called the Operational Kernel, or OK, has been completed, tested, and functionally validated in a demonstration using the SPA-l. This demo featured fully autonomous on-board control of data movement, fault detection, fault isolation, hardware reconfiguration, …

Single Event Upset Error Protection For Solid State Data Memory On Microsatellites, M.S. Hodgart, C.I. Underwood, J.W. Ward

Small Satellite Conference

Many microsatellite missions rely upon large arrays of CMOS static RAM for data storage. Even a satellite with strict power and volume limitations can carry several Mbytes of SRAM. Experience has shown that these memory arrays are useful for scientific data collection image storage, store and- forward message switching and spacecraft telemetry monitoring. This paper describes the authors' design and implementation of error protection codes which protect large CMOS RAM arrays from radiation-induced single event upsets.

Protocols For Store-And-Forward Message Switching Via Microsatellites, J.W. Ward, H.E. Price

Small Satellite Conference

The authors have developed a suite of protocols specifically optimized for use on store-and-forward microsatellite communications missions. The protocols support networks in which user terminals directly access the store-and-forward satellite to transfer electronic mail. The authors' PACSAT Protocol Suite includes a message format standard, a virtual-circuit directory and file transfer service, and a datagram based point-to-multipoint "broadcast" protocol. An implementation of this suite has been operating on the UoSAT-3 PACSAT Communications Experiment (PCE) for twelve months and on the AMSAT Microsats for seven months. During this period, hundreds of small and medium-sized ground terminals in all parts of the world …