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Introduction, Establishment, And Spread: 50 Years Of Invasion Ecology Since Elton, Karen H. Beard, Andrew Kulmatiski Jan 2012

Introduction, Establishment, And Spread: 50 Years Of Invasion Ecology Since Elton, Karen H. Beard, Andrew Kulmatiski

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

While some may argue that Charles Elton was not a "founder" but rather a "prophet" of invasion ecology (Simberloff, this volume), Elton’s 1958 monograph The ecology of invasions by animals and plants (Methuen, London) inspired and informed many of today’s ecologists about the issues and problems of biological invasions. In addition, while many theories Elton proposed in his monograph (e.g., diversityinvasibility) have been questioned and his oversights (e.g., on propagule pressure) have been noted, there is no doubt that he has influenced entire directions of research. Thus, revisiting Elton’s influence on the field of invasion ecology 50 years after his …

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Delayed Nesting By Female Canada Geese (Branta Canadensis): Benefits And Costs, Michael R. Conover Jan 2012

Delayed Nesting By Female Canada Geese (Branta Canadensis): Benefits And Costs, Michael R. Conover

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

In many avian species, females do not nest the first year they attain sexual maturity. I examined the benefits and costs of delayed nesting in a nonmigratory population of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) in New Haven County, Connecticut, from 1984 through 2008. I individually marked 381 female goslings and monitored them throughout their lives. Eighty-seven females were recruited into the local breeding population; 16 of these started nesting when 1 or 2 years old (young nesters), and 71 started nesting when 3 to 9 years old (delayed nesters). During their first reproductive effort, young nesters and delayed nesters produced similar-sized …

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Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus Urophasianus) Select Nest Sites And Brood Sites Away From Avian Predators, Jonathan B. Dinkins, Michael R. Conover, Chrostopher P. Kirol, Jeffrey L. Beck Jan 2012

Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus Urophasianus) Select Nest Sites And Brood Sites Away From Avian Predators, Jonathan B. Dinkins, Michael R. Conover, Chrostopher P. Kirol, Jeffrey L. Beck

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have declined in distribution and abundance in western North America over the past century. Depredation of nests and predation of chicks can be two of the most influential factors limiting their productivity. Prey species utilize antipredation behaviors, such as predator avoidance, to reduce the risk of predation. Birds in general balance the dual necessity of selecting cover to hide from visual and olfactory predators to enhance prospects of survival and reproductive success, which may also be achieved by selecting habitat with relatively fewer predators. We compared avian predator densities at Greater Sage-Grouse nests and brood locations …

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In The News, Joe N. Caudell Jan 2012

In The News, Joe N. Caudell

Human–Wildlife Interactions

No abstract provided.

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Introduction One Health: More Than Just A Catch Phrase!, Sherman W. Jack Jan 2012

Introduction One Health: More Than Just A Catch Phrase!, Sherman W. Jack

Human–Wildlife Interactions

No abstract provided.

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Contagious Ecthyma In A Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep From Utah, David J. Wilson, Leslie Mcfarlane Jan 2012

Contagious Ecthyma In A Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep From Utah, David J. Wilson, Leslie Mcfarlane

Human–Wildlife Interactions

In December 2008, near Flaming Gorge Reservoir in northeastern Utah, a 2 ½-year-old male Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) was reported in poor body condition with bloody lesions covering the muzzle area. The sheep was euthanized, and samples were submitted to the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Logan, Utah. The gross and microscopic lesions confirmed the diagnosis of contagious ecthyma (CE). This is the first documented report of CE in bighorn sheep from Utah.

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Unintended Consequences Of Bovine Brucellosis Management On Demand For Elk Hunting In Northwestern Wyoming, Mandy E. Kauffman, Benjamin S. Rashford, Dannele E. Peck Jan 2012

Unintended Consequences Of Bovine Brucellosis Management On Demand For Elk Hunting In Northwestern Wyoming, Mandy E. Kauffman, Benjamin S. Rashford, Dannele E. Peck

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Management strategies proposed to mitigate the risk of brucellosis transmission between elk and cattle (e.g., test-and-slaughter of all elk, elimination of feedgrounds, use of contraceptives) could result in a substantial decrease in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations. These strategies could impact hunting and outfitting industries through reduced regional elk populations. Loss of hunters, particularly nonresidents, could result in economic losses for the state and hinder elk management. We estimated 2 empirical models using panel data from multiple hunt areas to determine effects of elk population changes on demand for elk hunting licenses in northwest Wyoming. First, we used …

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Using Radio-Telemetry To Assess The Risk European Starlings Pose In Pathogen Transmission Among Feedlots, Shannon M. Gaukler, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, William J. Bleier Jan 2012

Using Radio-Telemetry To Assess The Risk European Starlings Pose In Pathogen Transmission Among Feedlots, Shannon M. Gaukler, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, William J. Bleier

Human–Wildlife Interactions

We monitored site-use and movements of 102 radio-tagged European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during the winter months at 2 concentrated animal feeding operations (feedlots) in central Kansas. Our research investigated the spatial ecology of wintering starlings as part of a broad epidemiological study on the possible role of starlings in pathogen transmission at feedlots. Site fidelity was 0.677 and 0.552 (days at capture-site per total days tagged) for feedlots A and B, respectively. Minimal exchange (9%) occurred between feedlots A and B and was often followed by a roost-site change. Starlings rarely abandoned the feedlot where they were captured, …

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Brucellosis In The Greater Yellowstone Area: Disease Management At The Wildlife–Livestock Interface, Brant A. Schumaker, Dannelle E. Peck, Mandy E. Kauffman Jan 2012

Brucellosis In The Greater Yellowstone Area: Disease Management At The Wildlife–Livestock Interface, Brant A. Schumaker, Dannelle E. Peck, Mandy E. Kauffman

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) of the Greater Yellowstone area are the last known reservoir of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in the United States. Domestic cattle occasionally contract the disease while grazing in areas where infected wild ungulates have aborted their fetuses or have given birth. Cases of brucellosis in cattle trigger costly quarantine, testing, and culling procedures. Government agencies and stakeholders, therefore, allocate valuable resources to prevent wildlife-to-cattle transmission. Scientific uncertainty about the biology, epidemiology, and economics of brucellosis makes it difficult to determine the length to which society should go to control it or the combination …

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Role Of Bird Movements In The Epidemiology Of West Nile And Avian Influenza Virus, Sabir B. Muzaffar, Nichola J. Hill, John Y. Takekawa, William M. Perry, Lacy M. Smith, Walter M. Boyce Jan 2012

Role Of Bird Movements In The Epidemiology Of West Nile And Avian Influenza Virus, Sabir B. Muzaffar, Nichola J. Hill, John Y. Takekawa, William M. Perry, Lacy M. Smith, Walter M. Boyce

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is influenced by site fidelity and movements of bird hosts. We examined the movement ecology of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) as potential hosts for West Nile virus (WNV) and greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) as potential hosts for AIVs. Research was based on radio-telemetry studies conducted in the Central Valley of California, USA. While crows were restricted to a small area of only a few square kilometers, the distribution of the geese encompassed the northern Central Valley. The crows used 1.5 to 3.5 different roosting areas monthly from February through October, …

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Serologic Evidence Of Brucella And Pseudorabies In Mississippi Feral Swine, Sherman W. Jack, James C. Cumbee Jr., Kristina C. Godwin Jan 2012

Serologic Evidence Of Brucella And Pseudorabies In Mississippi Feral Swine, Sherman W. Jack, James C. Cumbee Jr., Kristina C. Godwin

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an ever-increasing problem across the United States. Besides physical environmental damage that they cause, they may harbor and transmit a number of pathogens to humans, livestock, and other domestic animals. We sampled feral swine across the state of Mississippi for titers to several diseases. Antibodies against Brucella were found in 16 of 499 (3.2%) feral swine, and antibodies against pseudorabies (porcine herpes virus, type 1; Herpesveridae sp.) virus were identified in 37 of 499 (7.4%) feral swine from across the state of Mississippi. Evidence of classical swine fever, African swine fever, swine influenza, …

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Lead From Spent Ammunition: A Source Of Exposure And Poisoning In Bald Eagles, Luis Cruz-Martinez, Patrick T. Redig, John Deen Jan 2012

Lead From Spent Ammunition: A Source Of Exposure And Poisoning In Bald Eagles, Luis Cruz-Martinez, Patrick T. Redig, John Deen

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Ongoing occurrence of elevated levels of lead in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) following the ban on lead shot for waterfowl hunting led us to hypothesize that spent lead from ammunition, which is present in field residues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), represented a source of lead exposure in eagles. We conducted a case-control study using data from 1,277 bald eagles admitted for rehabilitation from January 1996 through December 2009. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to predict the odds of elevated lead levels using admission date in relation to deer hunting season, recovery location in …

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Lead-Free, High-Powered Rifle Bullets And Their Applicability In Wildlife Management, Joe N. Caudell, Scott R. Stopak, Paul C. Wolf Jan 2012

Lead-Free, High-Powered Rifle Bullets And Their Applicability In Wildlife Management, Joe N. Caudell, Scott R. Stopak, Paul C. Wolf

Human–Wildlife Interactions

In recent years, concern over the use of lead-based ammunition for hunting has been growing, primarily due to consumption of discarded offal by scavengers and donated game meat for human consumption. While there are alternative bullet technologies on the market that are suitable for hunting, these alternatives have not been adequately researched and tested for use in professional wildlife damage management (WDM). Differences between hunting and WDM include an increased level of precision necessary for safe WDM work, potentially greater distances for shots fired at targets, a need for instant incapacitation, and overall cost-effectiveness. To determine the applicability of lead-free …

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Animal-Related Injuries Resulting In Emergency Department Visits And Hospitalizations In The United States, 2006–2008, Ricky L. Langley Jan 2012

Animal-Related Injuries Resulting In Emergency Department Visits And Hospitalizations In The United States, 2006–2008, Ricky L. Langley

Human–Wildlife Interactions

This paper presents information on emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations resulting from an animal-caused injury from 2006 to 2008 using data collected from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Information on the number of ED visits and hospitalizations from adverse animal encounters, the types of injuries resulting from such encounters, and the therapeutic procedures performed to treat injured persons from bites or stings caused by various species of animals are presented. The economic costs of animal-caused injuries also are discussed. Over 1 million hospital ED visits and 48,000 hospitalizations were reported annually in the United States due to …

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Landowner Attitudes Toward Introduced Wild Turkeys In Northwestern Minnesota, Chad J. Parent, Brett J. Goodwin, Eric M. Dunton Jan 2012

Landowner Attitudes Toward Introduced Wild Turkeys In Northwestern Minnesota, Chad J. Parent, Brett J. Goodwin, Eric M. Dunton

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were introduced to northwestern Minnesota, USA, in 2006 and 2007. This provided an opportunity to examine landowner feelings for a wildlife species not endemic to the region. In 2007, we mailed surveys to 200 landowners to evaluate landowner interactions, feelings, and concerns with turkeys. Overall response rate was 76%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents in northwestern Minnesota reported positive feelings toward turkeys, 9% were indifferent, and 2% reported negative feelings. The introduced turkeys were not perceived to be problematic:

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Effects Of Hikers And Boats On Tule Elk Behavior In A National Park Wilderness Area, Benjamin H. Becker, Christopher M. Moi, Thomas J. Maguire, Robert Atkinson, Natalie B. Gates Jan 2012

Effects Of Hikers And Boats On Tule Elk Behavior In A National Park Wilderness Area, Benjamin H. Becker, Christopher M. Moi, Thomas J. Maguire, Robert Atkinson, Natalie B. Gates

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Human disturbance of wildlife may cause disruption of normal feeding, resting, reproduction, or care for juveniles. Such disturbance may be particularly undesirable in federally managed wilderness areas designed to minimize human influences on natural resources. We recorded tule elk (Cervus elephus nannodes) responses (standing, walking away, running) to off-trail hikers, off-shore boats, and other natural and anthropogenic factors in Point Reyes National Seashore in northern California during 2002 to 2008. Most disturbance behaviors were related to other elk exhibiting rutting behaviors, but off-trail hikers still explained a 100% increase and off-shore boats a 15% increase in baseline disturbance …

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Management Of Double-Crested Cormorants To Improve Sport Fisheries In Michigan: Three Case Studies, Brian S. Dorr, Shauna L. Hanisch, Peter H. Butchko, David G. Fielder Jan 2012

Management Of Double-Crested Cormorants To Improve Sport Fisheries In Michigan: Three Case Studies, Brian S. Dorr, Shauna L. Hanisch, Peter H. Butchko, David G. Fielder

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Impacts of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) to fisheries have been documented, but evaluation of the process and outcomes of cormorant management to reduce impacts on fisheries is lacking. We provide a synthesis of adaptive management of double-crested cormorants in the Les Cheneaux Islands (LCI), Brevoort Lake, and Drummond Island, Michigan from 2004 to 2007. The LCI management focused on reducing numbers of nesting cormorants in the region as a means of improving the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) population and fishery. At Brevoort Lake and Drummond Island, management focused on lethal and nonlethal harassment of spring migrating …

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Excluding Feral Swine, Javelinas, And Raccoons From Deer Bait Stations, J. Mathews Pound, Kimberly H. Lohmeyer, Ronald B. Davey, Lisa A. Soliz, Pia U. Olafson Jan 2012

Excluding Feral Swine, Javelinas, And Raccoons From Deer Bait Stations, J. Mathews Pound, Kimberly H. Lohmeyer, Ronald B. Davey, Lisa A. Soliz, Pia U. Olafson

Human–Wildlife Interactions

No abstract provided.

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Media Review A Pickup Load Of Pigs: The Feral Swine Pandemic, Patrick Jackson Jan 2012

Media Review A Pickup Load Of Pigs: The Feral Swine Pandemic, Patrick Jackson

Human–Wildlife Interactions

No abstract provided.

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In The News, Joe N. Caudell Jan 2012

In The News, Joe N. Caudell

Human–Wildlife Interactions

No abstract provided.

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Brown Treesnakes: A Potential Invasive Species For The United States, Samantha Sue Kahl, Scott E. Henke, Marc A. Hall, David K. Britton Jan 2012

Brown Treesnakes: A Potential Invasive Species For The United States, Samantha Sue Kahl, Scott E. Henke, Marc A. Hall, David K. Britton

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Brown treesnakes (ˆ) are mildly venomous, exotic snakes that have the potential to become an invasive species in North America, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The snake is native to northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands of northern and western Melanesia. The snakes were first found outside their native range on Guam in 1953. The exact date they reached the island is uncertain, but they are believed to have arrived on military cargo transport vessels some time during or just after World War II. During the years that followed, the population of brown …

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Examining A Potential Brown Treesnake Transport Pathway: Shipments From Guam, Samantha Sue Kahl, Scott E. Henke, Marc A. Hall, Andrea R. Litt, Gad Perry, David K. Britton Jan 2012

Examining A Potential Brown Treesnake Transport Pathway: Shipments From Guam, Samantha Sue Kahl, Scott E. Henke, Marc A. Hall, Andrea R. Litt, Gad Perry, David K. Britton

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Shipments of cargo and household goods have been identified as pathways for brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) transport from Guam to other locations. We analyzed data regarding shipments of military household goods leaving Guam during 2006 to 2009 to identify the potential for human transport of brown treesnakes to the United States by determining when shipments most commonly occur and identifying primary receiving areas. We found that the number of shipments was highest during the months of May and June and that California receives more shipments (23% of total shipments) than any other location. Approximately 98% of shipments originated …

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Efficacy Of Aerial Broadcast Baiting In Reducing Brown Treesnake Numbers, Larry Clark, Peter J. Savarie Jan 2012

Efficacy Of Aerial Broadcast Baiting In Reducing Brown Treesnake Numbers, Larry Clark, Peter J. Savarie

Human–Wildlife Interactions

The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) is an invasive predator that was introduced on Guam as a stowaway in cargo after World War II. Since then, the population has exploded, attaining 50 to 100 snakes per ha in some areas. The snake has caused the extirpation of ten of the 12 native forest bird species on Guam. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, has a program to deter the spread of snakes from Guam to other islands. Hand capture from fences, trapping, toxic bait stations, and canine inspection of outbound cargo methods are used in the control program …

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Efficacy, Effort, And Cost Comparisons Of Trapping And Acetaminophen-Baiting For Control Of Brown Treesnakes On Guam, Larry Clark, Peter J. Savarie, John A. Shivik, Stewart W. Breck, Brian S. Dorr Jan 2012

Efficacy, Effort, And Cost Comparisons Of Trapping And Acetaminophen-Baiting For Control Of Brown Treesnakes On Guam, Larry Clark, Peter J. Savarie, John A. Shivik, Stewart W. Breck, Brian S. Dorr

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) are an invasive species to the island of Guam. Because they have extirpated the native forest avifauna on Guam and are a threat to other Pacific islands, the development of efficient and cost-effective methods to control them is desired. We compared the efficacy, cost, and effort required to remove brown treesnakes on 6-ha plots in forest scrub on Guam, using 2 methods: trapping and poison baiting. Toxic baits consisted of dead neonatal mice adulterated with 80-mg acetaminophen. To assess efficacy, we used mark-recapture methods to estimate snake abundance on plots 12 days before and 12 days …

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A Model To Predict The Likelihood Of Cliff Swallow Nesting On Highway Structures In Northern California, Robert W. Coates, Michael Delwiche, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon Jan 2012

A Model To Predict The Likelihood Of Cliff Swallow Nesting On Highway Structures In Northern California, Robert W. Coates, Michael Delwiche, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) are colonially breeding migratory birds that frequently nest on highway structures. Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, people cannot harm swallows or their active nests. This restriction causes problems and delays for construction and maintenance divisions of many departments of transportation. In planning future projects, it would be useful for these divisions to have a habitat selection model that can predict the likelihood of cliff swallow nesting on a particular highway structure. We used logistic regression on data collected from 206 highway structures and 2 different land cover data sets to develop …

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Sterilization As An Alternative Deer Control Technique: A Review, Jason R. Boulanger, Paul D. Curtis, Evan G. Cooch, Anthony J. Denicola Jan 2012

Sterilization As An Alternative Deer Control Technique: A Review, Jason R. Boulanger, Paul D. Curtis, Evan G. Cooch, Anthony J. Denicola

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Burgeoning white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in suburban landscapes continue to impact communities and challenge natural resource managers. Increased deer-related damage to vegetation, ecosystems, and automobiles can exceed the tolerance of local stakeholders. We provide an overview of the potential efficacy of using surgical sterilization to help manage populations and conflicts associated with locally overabundant white-tailed deer populations. We review theoretical and fi eld studies pertaining to deer sterilization, and provide research priorities to help guide future sterilization efforts. Recent fi eld studies suggest that sterilization of female deer remains expensive, at approximately $1,000 per surgery. Sterilization may …

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Effects Of Grassland Alteration From Mowing And Fire On Bird Activity At A Colorado Airfield, Kara A. Carragher, Rick M. Clawges, Rick L. Bunn, Helen K. Pigage, Jon C. Pigage Jan 2012

Effects Of Grassland Alteration From Mowing And Fire On Bird Activity At A Colorado Airfield, Kara A. Carragher, Rick M. Clawges, Rick L. Bunn, Helen K. Pigage, Jon C. Pigage

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Grass management has been used for many years at airports in an attempt to reduce numbers of birds and other wildlife and the collisions with aircraft associated with them. We evaluated the impacts of grassland alteration by mowing and fi re on the abundance, diversity, and frequency of birds using 1 control and 2 experimental grass plots from 2009 to 2010 on a U.S. Army airfield in Colorado located in short-grass prairie. Density of breeding birds was highest in the mowed plot. Numbers of birds observed in 34 surveys conducted during the non-breeding season in the burned (x = 41) …

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Mixed-Breed Guarding Dogs Reduce Conflict Between Goat Herders And Native Carnivores In Patagonia, Alejandro González, Andrés Novaro, Martín Funes, Oscar Pailacura, María Jose Bolgeri, Susan Walker Jan 2012

Mixed-Breed Guarding Dogs Reduce Conflict Between Goat Herders And Native Carnivores In Patagonia, Alejandro González, Andrés Novaro, Martín Funes, Oscar Pailacura, María Jose Bolgeri, Susan Walker

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Goat husbandry is the main rural livelihood in the northern Patagonian steppe of Argentina, and herders kill any carnivore that they believe threatens their herds, including the endangered Andean cat (Leopardus jacobita). We evaluated the use of local, mediumsized, mixed-breed guarding dogs to reduce predation and retaliatory killing of carnivores. We interviewed 64 herders, and delivered 37 puppies to 25 herders. Most economic loss was attributed to cougars (Puma concolor) and culpeos (Lycalopex culpaeus). All herders with dogs that reached the working stage reported reduced rates of predation, and 88% reported that they no …

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Commentary: Wildlife Management Professionals Need To Redefine The Terms: Lethal Control, Nonlethal Control, And Live Trap, Stephen M. Vantassel Jan 2012

Commentary: Wildlife Management Professionals Need To Redefine The Terms: Lethal Control, Nonlethal Control, And Live Trap, Stephen M. Vantassel

Human–Wildlife Interactions

I argue that the terms lethal control, nonlethal control, and live trap are no longer sufficiently precise for continued use in the scientific community. Their continued use confuses the public and allows animal protectionists to use them as cudgels in political discourse. Alternative terms are recommended to resolve the semantic and subsequent political issues surrounding the traditional terms.

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Commentary: Some Successful Methods To Mitigate Conflicts Caused By Common Ravens In An Industrial Environment, Rod J. Merrell Jan 2012

Commentary: Some Successful Methods To Mitigate Conflicts Caused By Common Ravens In An Industrial Environment, Rod J. Merrell

Human–Wildlife Interactions

No abstract provided.

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