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Semi-Transparent Zno:Al/Cu2o Thin-Film Heterojunction Fabricated At Low Temperature: Effect Of An Intrinsic Zno Buffer Layer At The Junction, Yu-Nung Huang Jan 2011

Semi-Transparent Zno:Al/Cu2o Thin-Film Heterojunction Fabricated At Low Temperature: Effect Of An Intrinsic Zno Buffer Layer At The Junction, Yu-Nung Huang

Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

The Al-doped ZnO (AZO)/Cu2O semi-transparent heterojunction was realized by an RF sputtering at low temperature in this study. Specifically, the usage of a buffer layer in the junction structure has been found as a key factor influencing the carrier transport mechanisms and performance of the junction. First, the chemical bath deposition (CBD) has been utilized in depositing an intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) buffer layer in order to entirely avoid potential plasma damage from a subsequent sputter deposition process. Increasing pH of CBD solution was critical in delaying the formation of detrimental ZnOHx particles in the solution and the assistance of ultrasonication …

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Examining Income Polarization Indices In The Context Of `World City Thesis': An Analysis Of Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas, Chawana Mwangeka Jan 2011

Examining Income Polarization Indices In The Context Of `World City Thesis': An Analysis Of Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas, Chawana Mwangeka

Planning Dissertations - Archive

For more than three decades, the 'global city thesis' or the 'world city thesis' has attracted scholarly contributions from urban planners, geographers, sociologists and urban political economists interested in socioeconomic and spatial polarization in mega cities. Although with limited empirical evidence, these scholars in general are in agreement that globalization is an underlying factor of growing income inequalities and socio-spatial polarization found in these urban areas. On the other hand, the field of welfare economics has traditionally associated income inequalities with factors that have attracted an avalanche of literature since 1950s. In the face of growing income inequalities which some …

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Mitigating Climate Change At The Municipal Scale: American Urban Planning At A Crossroads, Kent L. Hurst Jan 2011

Mitigating Climate Change At The Municipal Scale: American Urban Planning At A Crossroads, Kent L. Hurst

Planning Dissertations - Archive

The failure of international negotiations toward a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol to limit global greenhouse gas emissions has highlighted not only the problematic associated with a global agreement on such a scientifically and politically complex issue, but also the importance of sub-national action in lieu of such an agreement. This is especially true in the United States where any national climate protection framework seems unlikely in the foreseeable future. In the absence of any such policy leadership from Washington, it is increasingly falling to states, regional organizations, and municipalities to craft emissions reduction strategies that will contribute meaningfully …

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Evaluating Beat Structure And Truck Allocation For The Tarrant County Courtesy Patrol, Farzad Daneshgar Jan 2011

Evaluating Beat Structure And Truck Allocation For The Tarrant County Courtesy Patrol, Farzad Daneshgar

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Non-recurring congestion poses a significant concern to urban freeway drivers. Effective incident management relies on many tools to lessen the overall impact of crashes, road debris, and stalled/disabled vehicles. While many of the tools are based in a region's traffic management center, many urban areas have adopted freeway service patrol (FSP) programs that patrol the freeway network searching for incidents, providing aid to motorists, and assisting with incident management and clearance. While FSP operations can be assessed in terms of response and clearance times, FSP management must consider the beat structure and fleet allocation. This investigation considers response time and …

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Characterization And Evaluation Of Gas Generation Potential Of Municipal Solid Waste From A Closed Section Of A Landfill, Sonia Samir Jan 2011

Characterization And Evaluation Of Gas Generation Potential Of Municipal Solid Waste From A Closed Section Of A Landfill, Sonia Samir

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

At present, there are more than 40 closed municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills around DFW and North Texas. A closed landfill might have potential benefits for gas recovery and utilization due to the presence of organic components in the MSW. The decomposition of organic components of MSW produces gas. The decomposition process after landfill closure may continue for 20 to 100 years depending on the operational practice of the landfill. However, to evaluate the methane potential of a closed landfill it is important to have the understanding of the characteristics of the existing or decomposed landfill wastes. The current study …

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Micromotion And Scarring Do Not Contribute To Failure Of Regenerative Peripheral Neural Interfacing, Nivedita Khobragade Jan 2011

Micromotion And Scarring Do Not Contribute To Failure Of Regenerative Peripheral Neural Interfacing, Nivedita Khobragade

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Neuroprosthetics facilitate amputees with motor function restoration by interfacing nervous system with artificial limb and enabling control of the prosthetic device by volitional thought. Though such neurointerfacing provides dexterity nearly mimicking natural limb agility, the clinical viability of such prosthetics is limited by the lack of long-term reliability. In central nervous system, these implants fail due to foreign body reaction and glial scar formation around the implant. The cause of decrease in active sites of interfacing in peripheral nervous system, which is less invasive than central nervous system implantation, has not been established. Recently an open architecture, regenerative peripheral neural …

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The Last Planner System For Realiable Project Delivery, Alok Patel Jan 2011

The Last Planner System For Realiable Project Delivery, Alok Patel

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The Last Planner System is a production planning system designed to produce predictable work flow and rapid learning in programming, design, construction and commissioning of projects. The Last Planner System (LPS) is developed by Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell as a production planning and control system to assist in smoothing variations in construction work flow, developing planning foresight, and reducing uncertainty in construction operations. The LPS challenges the old practices of developing schedules and pushing them from top management down to frontline people to execute. It advocates collaborative planning, performing collaborative constraint analysis, and learning from planning failures. The LPS …

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Determination Of Geotechnical Properties Of Clayey Soil From Resistivity Imaging (Ri), Golam Kibria Jan 2011

Determination Of Geotechnical Properties Of Clayey Soil From Resistivity Imaging (Ri), Golam Kibria

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The use of resistivity imaging (RI) in the subsurface investigation has increased in recent years. RI is a non destructive method and provides a continuous image of the subsurface. Based on the electrical conduction phenomenon of soil, spatial and temporal moisture variation and he-terogeneity of subsurface can be evaluated from RI. However, only qualitative evaluation of sub-surface can be obtained from RI. The correlation between RI results and geotechnical engineering properties of soils has become an important issue for rigorous use of this method in site in-vestigation. The current study attempts to develop the relationship and correlations between geo-technical parameters …

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Methodology Of Citrate-Based Biomaterial Development And Application, M. Richard Tran Jan 2011

Methodology Of Citrate-Based Biomaterial Development And Application, M. Richard Tran

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Biomaterials play central roles in modern strategies of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Attempts to find tissue-engineered solutions to cure various injuries or diseases have led to an enormous increase in the number of polymeric biomaterials over the past decade. The breadth of new materials arises from the multiplicity of anatomical locations, cell types, and mode of application, which all place application-specific requirements on the biomaterial. Unfortunately, many of the currently available biodegradable polymers are limited in their versatility to meet the wide range of requirements for tissue engineering. Therefore, a methodology of biomaterial development, which is able to address …

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Investigation Of Neural Correlates Between Perception Of Pain And Hemodynamic Response Measured In The Pre-Frontal Cortex Using Functional Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy, Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy Jan 2011

Investigation Of Neural Correlates Between Perception Of Pain And Hemodynamic Response Measured In The Pre-Frontal Cortex Using Functional Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy, Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Perception of pain is multi-dimensional, comprising three major psychological dimensions: sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative. This dissertation study investigates the cognitive evaluation of pain, by acquiring functional Near Infra-Red Spectroscopic (fNIRS) measurements from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) areas, during mechanical and thermal pain stimulation induced on the subject's volar forearm. Clustered-wise analysis on the oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) response from specific PFC areas was followed by categorizing the resulting HbO response into early (0.1-12sec) and late (12.1-25sec) phases. For each respective phase, regression analysis was carried between the HbO-derived parameters and behaviorally measured pain rating. The major findings of this study include: (1) …

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Novel Applications Of Compressed Sensing To Magnetic Resonance Imaging And Spectroscopy, Sairam Geethanath Jan 2011

Novel Applications Of Compressed Sensing To Magnetic Resonance Imaging And Spectroscopy, Sairam Geethanath

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

In this work, three novel applications of compressed sensing to MRI have been developed and implemented which accomplish reduction in acquisition time, thereby also enabling increased spatial and/or temporal resolution. The first application is for reducing the acquisition time of conventional 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), which requires alongeracquisition time than conventional MRI. The implementation involved exploiting the inherent sparsity of the MRSI data in the wavelet domain by the use of Daubechies wavelet. This was demonstrated on an in vitro phantom, 6 healthy human brain MRSI data sets, 2 brain and prostate cancer data sets. The reconstructions were …

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Novel ¹H Mr Probes To Interrogate The Tumor Microenvironment, Praveen Kumar Gulaka Jan 2011

Novel ¹H Mr Probes To Interrogate The Tumor Microenvironment, Praveen Kumar Gulaka

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

The term "tumor microenvironment" usually refers to the description of the physiological and metabolic conditions within solid tumors (primary or metastatic), and is significantly different from that of normal tissues. Assessment of factors like pH, tissue oxygen tension (pO2) and gene expression in the tumor microenvironment and the ability to image them in vivo can provide useful prognostic information. For example, hypoxia (low pO2), typically distributed heterogeneously in solid tumors, is known to affect both radiation sensitivity and the development of metastases thereby influencing the response to treatment. This dissertation research focuses on the evaluation of novel probes to interrogate …

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Wireless Closed-Loop Feedback Systems For Automatic Detection And Suppression Of Nociceptive Signals, Aydin Farajidavar Jan 2011

Wireless Closed-Loop Feedback Systems For Automatic Detection And Suppression Of Nociceptive Signals, Aydin Farajidavar

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Chronic pain is an important public health issue. Several approaches have been implemented for management of chronic pain, including surgical implantation of neurostimulators. Neurostimulators have been used in clinics for spinal cord implantation and they have been suitable for relieving certain types of pains, such as neuropathic pain in leg or arm, complex regional pain, and refractory angina. The stimulation at spinal cord has little relieving effects on syndromes such as facial pain, cluster headache, phantom limb pain, and post stroke pain. For treating such syndromes, electrical stimulation of deep brain structures such as thalamic nuclei (e.g. ventroposterolateral (VPL) or …

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Cell Specific Guidance Of Nerve And Vascular Regeneration Through Sustained Growth Factor Release, Parisa Lotfi Jan 2011

Cell Specific Guidance Of Nerve And Vascular Regeneration Through Sustained Growth Factor Release, Parisa Lotfi

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces have been proposed as viable alternatives for the natural control of robotic prosthetic devices. However, sensory and motor axons at the neural interface are of mixed submodality types, which difficult the specific recording from motor axons and the eliciting of precise sensory modalities through selective stimulation. Here we evaluated the possibility of using type-specific neurotrophins to preferentially entice the regeneration of defined axonal populations from injured peripheral nerves. Segregation of mixed sensory fibers from dorsal root ganglion neurons was evaluated in vivo by compartmentalized diffusion delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), to preferentially …

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Photosynthetically Active Protoplasts For Power Scavenging, Absorbance And Optical Density Analysis, Ahmed Shahid Jan 2011

Photosynthetically Active Protoplasts For Power Scavenging, Absorbance And Optical Density Analysis, Ahmed Shahid

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Plants and photosynthetic bacteria hold protein molecular complexes that can efficiently harvest photons. This paper presents fundamental studies to harness photochemical activities by converting photonic energy into electrical energy. The electrical behavior of protoplast extracted from Arabidopsis plants was characterized in the presence and absence of light. The photo-induced reactions of photosynthesis were measured using a patch clamp measurement system at a constant voltage. This research also reports the absorbance and optical density measurements showing very large bandwidth for extracted protoplasts. The optical measurements were performed on the protoplast Arabidopsis and showed absorption bands at a number of wavelengths. The …

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Comparison Of Dust Generation From Open Cut And Trenchless Technology Methods For Utility Construction, Sahajanand Madhusudan Kamat Jan 2011

Comparison Of Dust Generation From Open Cut And Trenchless Technology Methods For Utility Construction, Sahajanand Madhusudan Kamat

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Construction industry has changed many aspects of human life and is still evolving at a rapid pace. New and better technologies which are environmentally friendly and safe are being introduced in this industry. But with the passage of time, this industry has got riddled with loss of human life and quality due to various scenarios. One of the major contributors to such conditions is dust generated on a construction site. The amount of dust a worker inhales during his whole career is very dangerous. This research has found out that using trenchless technology, this exposure to dust can be reduced …

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The Effect Of Fiber Corrosion On Shear Capacity Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams And An Initial Investigation On Alkali-Silica Reaction In Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Regina Nyambura Waweru Jan 2011

The Effect Of Fiber Corrosion On Shear Capacity Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams And An Initial Investigation On Alkali-Silica Reaction In Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Regina Nyambura Waweru

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The first part of this research aims to investigate the effect of fiber corrosion on the shear capacity of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete beams. It will also strive to determine at what reduction in minimum diameter of the fiber does the effect of corrosion become most severe on the shear capacity of the beam. Four simply-supported beams with a shear span to depth ratio of 3.3 were subjected to a monotonically increasing load. The targeted concrete compressive strength for all beams was 6000 psi. This however differed from the measured strength due to a number of factors as will be …

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Development Of A True-Cost Concept For Renewal Of Municipal Underground Pipeline Systems, Dennis Abraham Jan 2011

Development Of A True-Cost Concept For Renewal Of Municipal Underground Pipeline Systems, Dennis Abraham

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Asset management principles for underground pipeline infrastructure (UPI) are used by municipalities for efficient delivery of water, wastewater, and storm sewers. Due to budget constraints and limited resources, municipalities need to improve their operations, utilizing an optimum cost to provide their asset management services. Life cycle costs (LCC) include the total cost of facility ownership taking into account all capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, and renewing or disposing costs. Asset management costs include the maintenance and renewal portion of LCC. The main objective of this research is to develop asset management strategies with consideration of all the cost factors …

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Local Calibration Of Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide For North Eastern United States, Shariq A. Momin Jan 2011

Local Calibration Of Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide For North Eastern United States, Shariq A. Momin

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A project is based on mechanistic-empirical analysis of the pavement structure to predict the performance of the pavement under different sets of conditions (traffic, structure and environment). MEPDG takes into account the advanced modeling concepts and pavement performance models in performing the analysis and design of pavement. The mechanistic part of the design concept relies on the application of engineering mechanics to calculate stresses, strains and deformations in the pavement structure induced by the vehicle loads. The empirical part of the concept is based on …

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Fluorinated And Fluorocarbon Coating Of Tio₂ By Pulsed Plasma Processing: Improved Photocatalytic Oxidation Of Gaseous M-Xylene And Mercury, Sulak Sumitsawan Jan 2011

Fluorinated And Fluorocarbon Coating Of Tio₂ By Pulsed Plasma Processing: Improved Photocatalytic Oxidation Of Gaseous M-Xylene And Mercury, Sulak Sumitsawan

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a preferred catalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of many air pollutants. In an effort to enhance its photocatalytic activity, TiO₂ was modified by pulsed plasma treatment. In this work, TiO₂ nanoparticles, coated on a glass plate, were treated with a plasma discharge of hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) gas. By appropriate adjustment of discharge conditions, it was discovered that the TiO₂ particles can be either directly fluorinated (Ti-F) or coated with thin perfluorocarbon films (C-F). Specifically, under relatively high power input, the plasma deposition process favored direct surface fluorination. The extent of Ti-F formation increased with increasing power input. …

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Effectiveness Of Public Private Partnership For Infrastructure Projects, Pius Francis Kwaku Agyemang Jan 2011

Effectiveness Of Public Private Partnership For Infrastructure Projects, Pius Francis Kwaku Agyemang

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Public Private Partnership (PPP) has over the years proven to be a good procurement method for Infrastructure projects. The partnership combines the efficiency, expertise, and innovation etc. of the private sector as well as appropriate risk allocation between both public and private sectors. The method also provides an alternate avenue for capital needed for engineering projects. The financing options provided through PPP makes the method increasingly popular due to the current global financial crisis. The method is employed in both developed and developing countries. The United States of America has been using the method since the 1980's. Most governments currently …

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Unsaturated Soil Behavior Under Large Deformations Using A Fully Servo/Suction-Controlled Ring Shear Apparatus, Claudia Liliana Velosa Gamboa Jan 2011

Unsaturated Soil Behavior Under Large Deformations Using A Fully Servo/Suction-Controlled Ring Shear Apparatus, Claudia Liliana Velosa Gamboa

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In recent years, the key hypotheses of most elasto-plastic constitutive frameworks postulated for unsaturated soils have been validated via suction-controlled oedometer, triaxial, and direct shear testing. These techniques, however, allow for the application of loads along limited modes and levels of soil deformation. Today, it is well known that most geotechnical infrastructure resting on unsaturated ground involves a wide range of deformations. Calculation of foundation settlement, for instance, requires a good estimation of soil stiffness at relatively small strains. Analysis of slopes, embankments, and soil bearing capacity, on the other hand, requires an adequate estimation of shear strength, from peak …

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An Investigation Of Support Vector Machine Classifier In Detecting Nocturnal Airway Obstruction From Spontaneous Heart Rate Combined With Ecg Morphology Changes, Harshan Ravi Jan 2011

An Investigation Of Support Vector Machine Classifier In Detecting Nocturnal Airway Obstruction From Spontaneous Heart Rate Combined With Ecg Morphology Changes, Harshan Ravi

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Sleep apnea is a sleep disordered breathing resulting from limitation or cessation to breathing for 10 or more seconds. The prevalence of sleep apnea has increased exponentially in the past decade. The increase in epidemic in sleep apnea is associated with increase in the cases of obesity. It is estimated that 12-18 million of American adults suffer from sleep apnea, which is a sizable sector of the adult population. Sleep apnea is risk factor for hypertension, type II diabetes, and congestive heart failure. Sleep apnea may go undiagnosed for a long period of time after its onset due to complexity …

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Evaluation Of Step Detection Of Piecewise Constant Signals Using Phase Congruency, Real Footprints And Complex Footprints, Srikanteswara Sachidananda Jan 2011

Evaluation Of Step Detection Of Piecewise Constant Signals Using Phase Congruency, Real Footprints And Complex Footprints, Srikanteswara Sachidananda

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Several applications involve the use of signals that are piecewise constant. Often, their measurements or observations are contaminated with noise. Detecting the steps and recovering the true signal from its noisy measurements is an important problem.There are a number of methods in the literature that address this issue. We use two different approaches. First, we use the idea of phase congruency in detecting singularities in a 1-dimensional piecewise constant signal. Phase congruency has been previously used in feature detection from images. It is a dimensionless quantity that gives an absolute measure in finding the edges or discontinuity in a signal. …

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Multiplexing/De-Multiplexing Dirac Video With Aac Audio Bit Stream, Ashwini Urs Jan 2011

Multiplexing/De-Multiplexing Dirac Video With Aac Audio Bit Stream, Ashwini Urs

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

With the inception of High Definition Television (HDTV) for broadcasting digital multimedia, enormous demand for video streaming over internet and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) applications, the choice of a good compression scheme is vital. A good compression scheme assists in exploiting the limited storage capacity and efficient use of bandwidth required for broadcasting. Dirac [31] is a state-of-the-art video codec aimed at applications from HDTV to web streaming [1]. Dirac was developed by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and is an open technology which does not involve any licensing fees. Studies have shown that the performance of Dirac compares well …

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Neptune: Mobile Manipulator With Advanced Human Robot Interaction, Pavan Kanajar Jan 2011

Neptune: Mobile Manipulator With Advanced Human Robot Interaction, Pavan Kanajar

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

This thesis describes Neptune, a mobile manipulator designed as an assistive device for task-related activities and rehabilitation of children with special needs. Neptune consists of a mobile robot base and a 6DOF robotic arm, and it is interfaced to users via Wii Remote, iPad, Neuro headset, a camera, and pressure sensors. These interfaces allow patients, therapists and operators to interact with the robot in multiple ways, as may be appropriate in assistive scenarios such as: direct physical interaction with the iPad, arm positioning exercises through Wii remote, remote navigation and object retrieval through the environment via the Neuro headset, etc. …

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Fingerprint Enhancement By Directional Filtering, Sreya Chakraborty Jan 2011

Fingerprint Enhancement By Directional Filtering, Sreya Chakraborty

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Although inkless methods for taking fingerprint impressions are now available, these methods still suffer from the positional shifting caused by the skin elasticity. The non cooperative attitude of suspects or criminals also leads to smearing in parts of the fingerprint impressions. Thus a substantial amount of research reported in the literature on fingerprint identification is devoted to image enhancement techniques.The important step in fingerprint matching is the reliable fingerprint recognition. Automatic Fingerprint Recognition System relies on the input fingerprint for feature extraction. Hence, the effectiveness of feature extraction relies heavily on the quality of input fingerprint images. In this thesis …

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Real-Time Dynamic Hand Shape Gesture Controller, Rajesh Radhakrishnan Jan 2011

Real-Time Dynamic Hand Shape Gesture Controller, Rajesh Radhakrishnan

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

The main objective of this thesis is to build a real time gesture recognition system which can spot and recognize specific gestures from continuous stream of input video. We address the recognition of single handed dynamic gestures. We have considered gestures which are sequences of distinct hand poses. Gestures are classified based on their hand poses and its nature of motion. The recognition strategy uses a combination of spatial hand shape recognition using chamfer distance measure and temporal characteristics through dynamic programming. The system is fairly robust to background clutter and uses skin color for tracking. Gestures are an important …

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Development And Applications Of Laser Micromachined Inter-Digitated Capacitive Strain Sensors, Shreyas Kiran Thakar Jan 2011

Development And Applications Of Laser Micromachined Inter-Digitated Capacitive Strain Sensors, Shreyas Kiran Thakar

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Reliable strain measurement plays a very important role in the damage detection of the mechanical and civil structures. It can also have a significant contribution in assisting the proper functioning of human body and organs. The current strain sensors and measurement systems have significant drawbacks in terms of high sensitivity to temperature, low gauge factor, low biocompatibility and bulky data acquisition/conditioning circuitry. These factors make the strain measurement unreliable and expensive. In this work, we have developed a laser micro-machined inter-digitated capacitive strain sensor which allowed us to overcome the limitations of existing strain sensing technologies. The structural health monitoring …

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Design Of A Novel Electrostatic Micro Energy Harvester, Madhumita Ambokar Jan 2011

Design Of A Novel Electrostatic Micro Energy Harvester, Madhumita Ambokar

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

The batteries have been a major source of energy for the electronic devices. However, the exhaustible nature of the batteries has encouraged the researchers to exploit the renewable energy sources for powering the electronics. Over the years, the researchers have tried to tap the stray energy provided by the ambient sources such as sun, wind, RF energy, vibration energy, etc. In the work presented here, an effort has been made to design a micro energy harvester, which would harness electric energy from the vibrations provided by the machine such as aircrafts, cars, engines, etc. A variable capacitive device was designed …

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