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Shifting The Focus From Species To Individuals In Invasion Biology: Individual Differences In Jumping Behaviour, Aaron Jessop, Miguel Barbosa, Michael Morrissey

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Dispersal is critical to population persistence, colonization and connectivity which are all critical components of invasive success. While individual propensity to disperse varies within populations, the underlying mechanisms promoting individual dispersal remain unclear. Collectively, dispersal is influenced by the environment and individual phenotype. Here we investigated individual dispersal propensity in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and related individual variation in dispersal behaviour to phenotype and social/environmental conditions. Namely, we addressed the effect of sex ratio (social/environmental factor) on the tendency for individuals to disperse across physical barriers via jumping behaviour. Jumping is vital for the dispersal of many aquatic species …

Electrochemical Based Quantification Of Bacterial Growth In Media Using Square Wave Voltammetry And Low Cost Screen Printed Electrodes, Simon Peter Whelan, Shirin Naserikarimvand, Zari Tehrani, Martin Peacock, Owen Guy, David Gethin

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

A novel method for determining the yield of bacterial growth using square wave voltammetry and screen printed electrodes is described here. This procedure was shown to be a reliable and accurate way to quickly determine the level of bacterial growth within culturing media and these results suggest that the combination of such sensors and the application of square wave voltammetry is suitable for applications such as within a bioreactor where the rapid determination of bacterial growth may be necessary.

Blood From A Stone: Do The Trace Metals Of Sperm Whale Coproliths Reveal A Contribution From Squid Haemolymph?, Steven J. Rowland, Robert Clough, Paul A. Sutton, George H. Rowland

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Background: Ambergris is a coprolith produced by some sperm whales (∼1 %). It has been hypothesised that the metals in ambergris derive from the haemolymph of squid in the whale diet (mainly copper). However, few data exist. We report analysis of 10 trace metals in each of 50 ambergris samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Main Findings: Acid digests of the samples contained ∼5 to >6880 µg g⁻¹ air-dried weight total metals; mainly of iron (present in ∼90 % of samples, 38), copper (∼95 % of samples, 40), zinc (93 % of samples, 39) and cadmium (∼95 % of …

Transgressive Gene Expression And Expression Plasticity Under Thermal Stress In A Stable Hybrid Zone, Lindsey C. Schwartz, Vanessa L. González, Ellen E. Strong, Manuela Truebano, Thomas J. Hilbish

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Interspecific hybridization can lead to myriad outcomes, including transgressive phenotypes in which the hybrids are more fit than either parent species. Such hybrids may display important traits in the context of climate change, able to respond to novel environmental conditions not previously experienced by the parent populations. While this has been evaluated in an agricultural context, the role of transgressive hybrids under changing conditions in the wild remains largely unexplored; this is especially true regarding transgressive gene expression. Using the blue mussel species complex (genus Mytilus) as a model system, we investigated the effects of hybridization on temperature induced gene …

Identification Of Druggable Regulators Of Cell Secretion Via A Kinome-Wide Screen And High-Throughput Immunomagnetic Cell Sorting, Mahmoud Labib, Zongjie Wang, Yunhye Kim, Sichun Lin, Abdalla Abdrabou, Hanie Yousefi, Pei Ying Lo, Stéphane Angers, Edward H. Sargent, Shana O. Kelley

Peninsula Medical School

The identification of genetic regulators of cell secretions is challenging because it requires the sorting of a large number of cells according to their secretion patterns. Here we report the development and applicability of a high-throughput microfluidic method for the analysis of the secretion levels of large populations of immune cells. The method is linked with a kinome-wide loss-of-function CRISPR screen, immunomagnetically sorting the cells according to their secretion levels, and the sequencing of their genomes to identify key genetic modifiers of cell secretion. We used the method, which we validated against flow cytometry for cytokines secreted from primary mouse …

Hermit Crabs As Model Species For Investigating The Behavioural Responses To Pollution, Mark Briffa, Gareth Arnott, Jörg D. Hardege

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Human impacts on the environment affect organisms at all levels of biological organisation and ultimately can change their phenotype. Over time, phenotypic change may arise due to selection but individual phenotypes are also subject to change via genotype × environment interactions. In animals, behaviour is the most flexible aspect of phenotype, and hence the most liable to change across environmental gradients including exposure to pollution. Here we review current knowledge on the impacts of pollution, broadly defined to include the release of substances, energy, and the effects of carbon emissions, on the behaviour of a highly studied group, the globally …

Co-Producing Ethics Guidelines Together With People With Learning Disabilities, Mary Bottomley, Jodie Bradley, Lisa Clark, Bryan Collis, Bojana Daw Srdanovic, Victoria Farnsworth, Annie Ferguson, Dan Goodley, Andrew Fox, Nikita K. Hayden, Charlotte Lawthom, Rebecca Lawthom, Claudia Magwood, Robert Mclean, Ian Middleton, Alison Owen, Matty Prothero, Simon Rice, Simon Richards, Katherine Runswick-Cole, Kelly Scargill, Rohit Shankar, Toni Ann Wood

Peninsula Medical School

Background: We are a research team of clinical, academic and advocacy-based researchers with and without learning disabilities, working on the Humanising Healthcare (for people with learning disabilities) project. The project is dedicated to finding and sharing healthcare practices that enhance the lives of people with learning disabilities. As part of our ethics applications to access National Health Service study sites for fieldwork, we worked together to write guiding principles for co-producing research ethics with researchers with learning disabilities. In this paper, we introduce these Participatory Ethics Good Practice Guidelines and reflect on our collaboration. Methods: We reflect on developing the …

Emigration Of Post-Spawned Twaite Shad Alosa Fallax, An Anadromous And Iteroparous Fish, In A Highly Fragmented River, Mark I.A. Yeldham, J. Robert Britton, Charles Crundwell, Peter Davies, Jamie R. Dodd, Andrew D. Nunn, Randolph Velterop, Jonathan D. Bolland

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Anthropogenic barriers are widely known to negatively impact the spawning migrations of anadromous fishes, by delaying or preventing passage upstream. Although the impacts of barriers on emigrating post-spawned adults are less well studied, they could potentially impact the fitness and subsequent return rates of iteroparous species. In this study, passive acoustic telemetry was used to track the emigrations of 53 twaite shad Alosa fallax in the River Severn basin in their first spawning migration a year after being tagged, giving insights into their emigration movements and the impacts of anthropogenic weirs on these movements. A. fallax began their emigrations after …

Inconsistent Bioreceptivity Of Three Mortar Mixes In Subtidal Sites, Jessica R. Bone, Alice E. Hall, Rick Stafford, Roger J.H. Herbert

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Concrete is extensively used in coastal engineering and development which, in addition to its high carbon footprint, threatens intertidal habitats and ecosystems. Eco-engineering addresses this by designing habitat features into coastal infrastructure. The chemical bioreceptivity of cement has been shown to vary, but ordinary Portland cement is generally considered to be the least bioreceptive. In this study, we compare two low carbon mortars (a natural, single source cement (VP), and an ordinary Portland cement/ ground granulated blast furnace slag blend (GGBS)) with an ordinary Portland cement-based control mix (OPC). The three mortars were made into smooth blocks which were secured …

Integration Of Attractive And Defensive Phytochemicals Is Unlikely To Constrain Chemical Diversification In A Perennial Herb, Hanna Eriksdotter Thosteman, Katherine Eisen, Hampus Petrén, Sotiria Boutsi, Loretta Pace, John M. Halley, Consuelo M. De Moraes, Mark C. Mescher, James Buckley, Magne Friberg

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Diversification of plant chemical phenotypes is typically associated with spatially and temporally variable plant–insect interactions. Floral scent is often assumed to be the target of pollinator-mediated selection, whereas foliar compounds are considered targets of antagonist-mediated selection. However, floral and vegetative phytochemicals can be biosynthetically linked and may thus evolve as integrated phenotypes. Utilizing a common garden of 28 populations of the perennial herb Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), we investigated integration within and among floral scent compounds and foliar defense compounds (both volatile compounds and tissue-bound glucosinolates). Within floral scent volatiles, foliar volatile compounds, and glucosinolates, phytochemicals were often positively correlated, and …

Invasive Macroalgae In Native Seagrass Beds: Vectors Of Spread And Impacts, Louise Firth, Andy Foggo, Thomas Watts, Antony Knights, Stacey Deamicis

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Background and AimsWorldwide, invasive species are spreading through marine systems at an unprecedented rate with both positive and negative consequences for ecosystems and the biological functioning of organisms. Human activities from shipping to habitat damage and modification are known vectors of spread, although biological interactions including epibiosis are increasingly recognized as potentially important to introduction into susceptible habitats.MethodsWe assessed a novel mechanism of spread – limpets as transporters of an invasive alga, Sargassum muticum, into beds of the seagrass Zostera marina – and the physiological impact of its invasion. The association of S. muticum with three limpet species and other …

Perioperative Oxygenation—What's The Stress?, Joseph Larvin, Mark Edwards, Daniel S. Martin, Martin Feelisch, Michael P.W. Grocott, Andrew F. Cumpstey

Peninsula Medical School

Oxygen is the most used drug in anaesthesia. Despite such widespread use, optimal perioperative oxygen administration remains highly controversial because of concerns about the competing harms of both hyperoxia and hypoxia. Notwithstanding a Cochrane review concluding that routinely administering a fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO₂) >0.6 intraoperatively might increase postoperative morbidity and mortality, the World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends all anaesthetised patients receive 0.8 FiO₂ during and immediately after surgery to reduce surgical site infections. Results from the largest trial available at the time of these two reviews (suggesting long-term survival may be worse with high …

Multi-Ancestry Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis Of Parkinson’S Disease, Jonggeol Jeffrey Kim, Dan Vitale, Diego Véliz Otani, Michelle Mulan Lian, Karl Heilbron, Stella Aslibekyan, Adam Auton, Elizabeth Babalola, Robert K. Bell, Jessica Bielenberg, Katarzyna Bryc, Emily Bullis, Paul Cannon, Daniella Coker, Gabriel Cuellar Partida, Devika Dhamija, Sayantan Das, Sarah L. Elson, Nicholas Eriksson, Teresa Filshtein, Alison Fitch, Kipper Fletez-Brant, Pierre Fontanillas, Will Freyman, Julie M. Granka, Alejandro Hernandez, Barry Hicks, David A. Hinds, Ethan M. Jewett, Yunxuan Jiang

Peninsula Medical School

Although over 90 independent risk variants have been identified for Parkinson’s disease using genome-wide association studies, most studies have been performed in just one population at a time. Here we performed a large-scale multi-ancestry meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease with 49,049 cases, 18,785 proxy cases and 2,458,063 controls including individuals of European, East Asian, Latin American and African ancestry. In a meta-analysis, we identified 78 independent genome-wide significant loci, including 12 potentially novel loci (MTF2, PIK3CA, ADD1, SYBU, IRS2, USP8, PIGL, FASN, MYLK2, USP25, EP300 and PPP6R2) and fine-mapped 6 putative causal variants at 6 known PD loci. By combining our …

Loss Of The Scavenger Receptor Marco Results In Uncontrolled Vomocytosis Of Fungi From Macrophages, Chinaemerem U. Onyishi, Yusun Jeon, Gyorgy Fejer, Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Siamon Gordon, Robin C. May

School of Biomedical Sciences

Vomocytosis, also known as nonlytic exocytosis, is a process whereby fully phagocytosed microbes are expelled from phagocytes without discernible damage to either the phagocyte or microbe. Although this phenomenon was first described in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans in 2006, to date, mechanistic studies have been hampered by an inability to reliably stimulate or inhibit vomocytosis. Here we present the fortuitous discovery that macrophages lacking the scavenger receptor MAcrophage Receptor with COllagenous domain (MARCO), exhibit near-total vomocytosis of internalised cryptococci within a few hours of infection. Marco^−/− macrophages also showed elevated vomocytosis of a yeast-locked C. albicans strain, …

Long-Term Accretion Rates In Uk Salt Marshes Derived From Elevation Difference Between Natural And Reclaimed Marshes, Gerd Masselink, Robert B. Jones

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The future of salt marshes depends in a large part on the balance between the future rate of marsh accretion and the future rate of sea-level rise (SLR). Current accretion rates can provide some insight into future resilience of salt marshes to SLR, but representative long-term rates across the complete salt marsh area are difficult to obtain. Here, we introduce a new method based on the elevation difference between a natural marsh and a neighbouring reclaimed marsh. The method, referred to as the ‘reclaimed salt marsh method’, was applied to 19 UK salt marshes and yielded a UK-averaged accretion rate …

Amplifying Pcr Productivity And Environmental Sustainability Through Shortened Cycling Protocols, Matthew Pedlar, Matthew J. Emery, Philip J. Warburton

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Since its inception in the 1980s, advancements in PCR technology using improved thermal cyclers, engineered DNA polymerases and commercial master mixes, have led to increased PCR productivity. Despite these advancements, PCR cycling protocols have largely remained unchanged over the same period. This study aimed to systemically evaluate the effect of reduced PCR cycling parameters on amplicon production. The 1466bp fragment from the 16S rRNA gene present in low-, medium- and high-CG bacteria was amplified using three commercially available PCR master mixes. The shortest cycling parameters required to successfully amplify the 16S fragment from all bacteria and master mixes comprised 30-cycles …

Lessons Learned: Facilitating A Health And Wellness Intervention For Frontline Child Welfare Workers During Covid-19, Kara Haughtigan, Austin Griffiths, Kim Link, Oliver Beer, Lindsey Powell

School of Health Professions

Child maltreatment is one of the nation’s most significant public health concerns. The estimated annual economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States is more than $292 billion (Peterson et al., 2018). In 2021, approximately four million referrals were made to child protective service agencies alleging the maltreatment of more than seven million children (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2023). The primary mechanism for evaluating these referrals is the frontline child welfare workforce. Frontline child welfare workers (FCWWs) engage families and make decisions about the safety of children that directly impact children’s futures (Edwards & Wildeman, …

Associations Between Fatigue Impact And Physical And Neurobehavioural Factors: An Exploration In People With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis, L Connolly, S Chatfield, J Freeman, A Salter, Mp Amato, G Brichetto, J Chataway, Nd Chiaravalloti, G Cutter, J Deluca, U Dalgas, R Farrell, P Feys, M Filippi, M Inglese, C Meza, Nb Moore, Rw Motl, Ma Rocca, Bm Sandroff, A Feinstein

School of Health Professions

Background: Fatigue is common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding the relationship between fatigue, physical and neurobehavioural factors is important to inform future research and practice. Few studies explore this explicitly in people with progressive MS (pwPMS). Objective: To explore relationships between self-reported fatigue, physical and neurobehavioural measures in a large, international progressive MS sample of cognitively impaired people recruited to the CogEx trial. Methods: Baseline assessments of fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale; MFIS), aerobic capacity (VO _2peak), time in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; accelerometery over seven-days), walking performance (6-minute walk test; 6MWT), self-reported walking difficulty (MS Walking …

Double Testing With Lateral Flow Antigen Test Devices For Covid-19: Does A Second Test In Quick Succession Add Value?, Matthias E Futschik, Sarah A Tunkel, Elena Turek, David Chapman, Zareen Thorlu-Bangura, Raghavendran Kulasegaran-Shylini, Edward Blandford, Andrew Dodgson, Paul E Klapper, Malur Sudhanva, Derrick Crook, John Bell, Susan Hopkins, Tim Peto, Tom Fowler

School of Biomedical Sciences

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated if performing two lateral flow device (LFD) tests, LFD2 immediately after LFD1, could improve diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen.

STUDY DESIGN: Individuals aged ≥16 years attending UK community testing sites (February-May 2021) performed two successive LFD tests and provided a nose-and-throat sample for a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Using the PCR result as the reference diagnosis, we assessed whether improvements could be achieved in sensitivity (by counting a positive result in either LFD as a positive overall test result) or specificity (by using LFD2 as confirmatory test). …

The Challenge Of Securing Future Food Production For Aquaculture Species Under Environmental Change: Enhancing Physiological Performance Under Environmental Stress, Ahmed Salama Ali Abbas

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification present profound challenges for many marine species, leading to cascading effects on ecosystem functionality and food security. Phenotypic plasticity is anticipated to play a key role in helping marine ectotherms maintain performance and acclimate to changes in these global environmental drivers. However, our understanding of phenotypic plasticity in the context of climate change is largely based on short-term studies, with limited ecological relevance, which often overlook some important response modifiers such as environmental context, exposure nature, reproductive modes, and potential trade-offs between fitness components. As a result, the full potential for marine ectotherms …

The Effect Of Breathing Hypoxic Gas (15% Fio2) On Physiological And Behavioral Outcomes During Simulated Driving In Healthy Subjects, Jaspreet Kaur, Lebbathana Manokaran, Michael Thynne, Mirza M.F. Subhan

School of Biomedical Sciences

Hypoxia is mainly caused by cardiopulmonary disease or high-altitude exposure. We used a driving simulator to investigate whether breathing hypoxic gas influences driving behaviors in healthy subjects. Fifty-two healthy subjects were recruited in this study, approved by the Science and Engineering Ethical Committee. During simulated driving experiments, driving behaviors, breathing frequency, oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), and heart rate variability (HRV) were analyzed. Each subject had four driving sessions; a 10-min practice and three 20-min randomized interventions: normoxic room air (21% FIO 2 ) and medical air (21% FIO 2 ) and hypoxic air (equal to 15% FIO 2 ), …

Ecosystem-Scale Patterns In The Diversity, Seasonal Dynamics And Physiology Of Antagonistic Diatom-Bacteria Interactions In The Western English Channel, Laura Branscombe

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Diatoms, a major group of marine and freshwater microalgae, are one of the most successful phototrophic organisms in the oceans. Their ubiquity and abundance pins them as important drivers of marine biogeochemical cycles and significant components of marine food webs. Diatoms exist within a complex web of interactions with other microbes, including equally ubiquitous marine bacteria. Interkingdom interactions between diatoms and bacteria are both diverse and numerous, and they underpin the success of diatoms through their resulting impacts on diatom physiology. Interactions between diatoms and antagonistic bacteria are increasingly recognised to significantly impact diatom growth and physiology, and potentially represent …

Short- And Midterm Outcomes Of Off- And On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass In Patients With A Mean Age Of 65 Or More: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Jake Trotman, Toluwalase Eboka, Neil Smart, Nicola King

School of Biomedical Sciences

Background. Advancing age is a nonmodifiable risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. Furthermore, patients >65 years old are considered at high risk for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were any differences in clinical outcomes for patients with a mean age ≥65 undergoing CABG on or off pump. Methods. Systematic searches were conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The key search terms used were "cardiopulmonary bypass"OR "On pump"AND "off pump"OR "beating heart"AND "coronary artery bypass grafting"OR "CABG"AND "age."This was …

Editorial: Bacteriocins And Other Ribosomally Synthesised And Post-Translationally Modified Peptides (Ripps) As Modulators Of The Microbiome, Harsh Mathur, Des Field, Caitriona Guinane, Maire Begley, Mathew Upton, Hilario C. Mantovani, Paul D. Cotter

School of Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.

Mapping The ‘Particlescape’: Diversity And Activity Of Microbial Communities Associated With Particles In The Marine Environment., Cordelia Roberts

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Particles are hotspots for marine microbial communities and impact ecosystem functioning, including the biological carbon pump. Although particle microbiomes differ across particle composition, type, size, source, and life history, this heterogeneity is often overlooked by using bulk-scale sampling approaches. In addition, knowledge of microbial eukaryotes in particle microbiomes is limited. I broadly set out to investigate how particle associated communities are structured at the macro and micro-scale which may have implications for wider food web interactions and biogeochemical cycling. In independent research chapters, I examined the diversity of bacteria (chapter 1) and activity of microbial eukaryotes associated with organic material …

Intraspecific Differences In The Metabolic Response Of Amphipods To Elevated Co2 And Hypoxia, Emma Ingrid Zandt

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Periodic episodes of low oxygen (hypoxia) and elevated CO2 (hypercapnia) accompanied by low pH occur naturally in Norwegian fjord systems. Under the influence of climate change, the geographic range and intensity of hypoxia and hypercapnia are predicted to increase, especially considering the phenomenon of Arctic amplification. To examine the metabolic variability and physiological capabilities of amphipods to these stressors, a series of physiological measurements were performed on latitudinal subpopulations (60° and 69°) of the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus, acclimated to different natural thermal regimes. The effects of elevated pCO2 and hypoxia, separate and together, on thermal sensitivity (Q10), metabolic rate, activation …

The Thermal Performance And Tolerance Of Tropical Cleaner Shrimp (Lysmata Amboinensis), Sancha Conway Holroyd

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

This thesis explores the theoretical and experimental applications of ecophysiological research for the management of aquatic organismal health within the ornamental trade. Ecophysiology investigates the interactions between an organism’s physiology and its environment, and offers a promising approach to improving the management of health outcomes for traded species. Chapter One presents a comprehensive and critical literature review that explores the potential of ecophysiology to redefine our understanding of health, by integrating ecophysiological perspectives into practice. Using Hatch’s (1962) theoretical framework as a foundation to define health, the review discusses the importance of understanding species-specific responses to key physio-chemical parameters for …

Application Of Deep-Learning To Deep-Sea Species Identification From Image-Based Data, Eleanor Cross

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Vast areas of the world’s deep sea are unexplored, and the recent threats of deep-sea mining and trawling make exploration of these habitats a time-sensitive concern. Much of our understanding of the deep sea has been based on physical sampling of sediment habitats using trawls and grabs, however, modern methods of surveying the deep sea involve the acquisition of video footage using Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs). Use of image-based methods is particularly important for sensitive or vulnerable species such as cold-water corals, especially considering these species tend to inhabit hard substrate areas that cannot be sampled using trawls. Annotation of …

Physical Drivers Of Ecosystem Change Throughout The Tropical Indian Ocean, Ted Robinson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

The past decade has seen improved awareness of increasing anthropogenic stress on marine ecosystems and their inhabitants. To understand how best to protect these ecosystems, it is vital to understand the linkages between physical oceanographic processes and ecosystem variability. To date there have been limited multidisciplinary investigations capable of resolving both local oceanographic influences and ecosystem response at tidal and interseasonal time scales. Here we present findings from three multidisciplinary research cruises to Chagos Archipelago, investigating the dynamics at Egmont, a tropical atoll, and Sandes, a shallow steep sloped seamount pinnacle. Our findings are then applied in a case study …

Predictors Of Weight Gain In The Rehabilitation Of Eastern North Atlantic Grey Seals (Halichoerus Grypus), Samantha Mcgivern

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

As large adult body size is subjected to strong selective pressures, other processes can be compromised before growth when there is resource limitation or stress during the growth phase. Stress has been linked with both weight loss and weight gain in a variety of taxa, and some stressors, such as physical disturbance, are known to affect the development of important physiological processes, e.g., diving physiology in marine mammals. With 40% of the world’s grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) population on UK shores, grey seal pups are frequently admitted to rehabilitation centres within their first four weeks – a crucial growth phase …