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Exploring The Malleability Of The Zero-Sum Perspective Of Gender Status, Abigail Marie Kroke Jan 2023

Exploring The Malleability Of The Zero-Sum Perspective Of Gender Status, Abigail Marie Kroke

Theses and Dissertations

Gender equality has broad individual and societal benefits. However, research continues to show evidence of gender-related biases and barriers to equality. One such barrier is the zero-sum perspective (ZSP) of gender status: the belief that any gains by women coincides with equal costs to men. Prior research has focused on between-group differences in ZSP endorsement after receiving a threat to gender status (i.e., women outperforming men in some capacity). The current study aimed to expand upon past research through three main objectives: assessing the between- and within-group malleability of the ZSP of gender status by introducing a threat to gender …

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The Impact Of The Authority Gradient Created By Rank Imbalance On The Role Effectiveness Of U.S. Coast Guard Safety Officers, James Bernard Mccormack Jan 2023

The Impact Of The Authority Gradient Created By Rank Imbalance On The Role Effectiveness Of U.S. Coast Guard Safety Officers, James Bernard Mccormack

Theses and Dissertations

Coast Guard air station commands have three department heads referred to as the Tri-P, consisting of the safety officer, operations officer, and engineering officer. The safety officer is generally junior in rank to the other members of the Tri-P despite what is advertised as an equal position within the command structure. The purpose of this study was to explore rank imbalance for Coast Guard safety officers at air stations throughout the United States by examining their perceptions in a quantitative survey. All current Coast Guard safety officers were eligible for participation in the survey. The survey revealed that safety officers …

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“Blue” Hydrogen & Helium From Flare Gas Of The Bakken Formation Of The Williston Basin, North Dakota: A Novel Process, Martin R. Leipzig Jan 2023

“Blue” Hydrogen & Helium From Flare Gas Of The Bakken Formation Of The Williston Basin, North Dakota: A Novel Process, Martin R. Leipzig

Theses and Dissertations

Is it possible to curtail flaring in the Williston basin while simultaneously sequestering carbon dioxide, harvesting economic quantities of natural gas liquids, helium and other valuable products? Utilizing a novel approach described here, diatomic hydrogen and elemental helium, as well as other products, can be profitably extracted from the gas streams produced from horizontal, hydraulically-fractured Middle Bakken Member wells, in the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin, North Dakota, USA.However, there are two vastly different methods employed to extract these gasses. Hydrogen is harvested from the gas stream by physically reforming methane (CH4) through the application of one or …

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A Data Driven Approach To Optimize Re-Fracturing Operations In The Williston Basin, Joshua Kroschel Jan 2023

A Data Driven Approach To Optimize Re-Fracturing Operations In The Williston Basin, Joshua Kroschel

Theses and Dissertations

Because of the recent paradigm shift focusing heavily on cost minimization, many operators are now re-developing existing assets at much lower costs instead of developing newly drilled wells. Although it may seem that the hydraulic fracturing process on a well would be easier after initial stimulation, this is not usually the case and is often more difficult. Being able to identify high margin effects of treatment parameters will help engineers design hydraulic fracturing treatments to minimize average STP (STP) and minimize costs. This research develops a feature engineered multivariate regression model that identifies several high margin areas for STP reduction. …

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Natural Fractals And Facial Emotion Recognition, Nathaniel Joseph Pagel Jan 2023

Natural Fractals And Facial Emotion Recognition, Nathaniel Joseph Pagel

Theses and Dissertations

The psychological benefits that come from visually processing natural imagery have been widely studied. The components of natural imagery that provoke positive responses are not fully understood. This study uses a mixed design approach to identify if the acute exposure to statistical fractal imagery, of both a high-range or mid-range complexity, affects cognitive workload, physiological arousal, and gaze patterns in the recognition and identification of emotions through facial expressions. Participants were undergraduate students fulfilling a partial course requirement (N = 87). Eye-tracking metrics were used to compare exposure to fractal complexities. Participants were randomly assigned to either be exposed to …

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Determining The Optimum Ground Coal Bottom Ash Content For Sustainable Concrete Infrastructure, Sandip Poudel Jan 2023

Determining The Optimum Ground Coal Bottom Ash Content For Sustainable Concrete Infrastructure, Sandip Poudel

Theses and Dissertations

Cement production requires a high amount of energy and natural resources which has a high impact on the environment due to harmful gas emissions. Coal bottom ash (CBA) or Coal Boiler Slag (CBS) is the byproduct of coal-fired power plants that has pozzolanic properties. CBA or CBS can be mechanically ground to obtain Ground Coal Bottom Ash (GCBA) or Ground Coal Bottom Slag (GCBS). GCBA has the potential to replace cement in concrete which will reduce the waste in landfills, make economic benefits, preserve natural resources, and reduce health hazards. This research was performed to determine the optimum GCBA or …

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Machine Learning And Data Mining To Validate The Prognostics And Predictive Breast Cancer Biomarkers On A Large Racially Diverse Population, Kalli Scheafer Jan 2023

Machine Learning And Data Mining To Validate The Prognostics And Predictive Breast Cancer Biomarkers On A Large Racially Diverse Population, Kalli Scheafer

Theses and Dissertations

Breast cancer biomarkers have great potential in providing clinicians more individualized information about the composition and outcomes of a patient’s breast cancer. However, many breast cancer biomarkers have not been evaluated on a large scale or in groups of patients with diverse characteristics, leading to difficulty in their translation to having an impact on patients. In this study, we compile a large, pooled breast cancer patient data cohort and evaluate breast cancer biomarkers on patients with diverse characteristics. Biomarkers are found to have varying expression patterns within the different breast cancer subtypes, validating the need to evaluate biomarkers on patient …

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Studying Phase And Morphology Of Hydrocarbon Petrochemicals In Inorganic And Organic Microdroplets Using An Electrodynamic Balance, Fafa Tackie-Otoo Jan 2023

Studying Phase And Morphology Of Hydrocarbon Petrochemicals In Inorganic And Organic Microdroplets Using An Electrodynamic Balance, Fafa Tackie-Otoo

Theses and Dissertations

Wastewater from the petroleum industry contains large amounts of inorganic salts, hydrocarbons, mercaptans, oil and grease, phenols, and other organic chemicals. All these compounds can be found in highly complex solutions in the petroleum industry’s discharged water, and there is no common treatment method, which precludes reuse paths in other sectors such as irrigation of farmland. In order to reuse produced water, the water must be treated and these harmful chemicals must be removed. To treat and potentially reuse oily waste outside the energy sector, researchers typically use membrane technology, photocatalytic degradation, oxidation processes, electrochemical catalysis, and other methods. The …

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Exploration Of Early Career Teachers’ Perspectives On Preservice Training, Classroom Experiences, And Retention, Ashley Smalley Jan 2023

Exploration Of Early Career Teachers’ Perspectives On Preservice Training, Classroom Experiences, And Retention, Ashley Smalley

Theses and Dissertations

To promote the advancement of teacher recruitment, retention, and reduce attrition, K-12 teachers need to be fully prepared for the complex nature of being in a classroom, a classroom filled with students of all types. There is a unique nature to education and one must recognize the complexity of each individual student. The context of this study explores early career teachers’ perspectives on their preparedness for teaching. This research examines teachers’ perspectives in their first to fifth years of teaching who graduated from a North Dakota college. Each participant answered 13 questions regarding their perspectives on the preparation they received …

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Effect Of Deicing Chemicals And Fly Ash On Durability And Mechanical Properties Of Concrete, Joseph M. Useldinger-Hoefs Jan 2023

Effect Of Deicing Chemicals And Fly Ash On Durability And Mechanical Properties Of Concrete, Joseph M. Useldinger-Hoefs

Theses and Dissertations

Deicing chemicals, such as Sodium Chloride (NaCl), lowers the freezing point of water, resulting in less skidding, less hydroplaning, and more friction on roadways. NaCl has limitations regarding its deicing capabilities; therefore, a supplement should be used to decrease corrosion and aid in lowering the freezing point of water. Incorporating AMP in NaCl brine aids in bonding to the road’s surface and further lowers the water’s freezing point. This study was conducted to explore the optimum solution of AMP and Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) and the impact 20% fly ash has on durability. Hardened properties were used to compare the impact …

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Childhood Adversity And The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Fourth Edition (Mcmi-Iv), Jenna Marie Wolff Jan 2023

Childhood Adversity And The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Fourth Edition (Mcmi-Iv), Jenna Marie Wolff

Theses and Dissertations

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, 4th edition (MCMI-IV; Millon et al., 2015) is a reliable and valid personality assessment based on Theodore Millon’s biosocial learning theory of personality. Millon’s theory evolved to include 15 personality constructs that vary in adaptive and maladaptive response patterns. In his most recent book (Millon, 2011), he presented hypotheses about biological and environmental factors that contribute to development of each personality construct. Many of these hypotheses specify particular adversities in childhood that differentially contribute to each construct. This study is the first to evaluate Millon’s hypotheses about how childhood adversities may contribute to development of …

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Evaluating The Size Distribution Of Submicron Particles In Seawater, Yuanheng Xiong Jan 2023

Evaluating The Size Distribution Of Submicron Particles In Seawater, Yuanheng Xiong

Theses and Dissertations

Particles of sizes < 1 µm or submicron particles in seawater can contribute up to 60% of optical backscattering that reflect sunlight measured by remote sensors. Better understanding of their optical effect in ocean color requires the knowledge of their particle size distributions (PSDs). However, data on PSDs of submicron particles is limited. We examined an instrument, ViewSizer 3000, for its capability of measuring PSDs of submicron particles. The working theory of the instrument is to track the Brownian motion of particles and relate the diffusivity of each particle to its size. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to prove that the instrument can be used to quantify PSDs of naturally occurring particles. Calibrations in the lab using NIST-traceable microbeads indicates two corrections are needed: (1) the sample volume varies with the size of particles and (2) particles of sizes <250 nm cannot be estimated reliably due to their low signal-to-noise ratio. With the corrections, the instrument can resolve submicron particles of sizes >250 nm with a mean absolute error of 3.9% in size and 38% in concentration. The ViewSizer 3000 was deployed in two NASA EXPORTS field campaigns in the North Pacific Ocean in August 2018 and the North Atlantic Ocean in May 2021. A total of 373 water samples were collected from 5 m to 500 m and measured in the ship’s lab for their PSDs. The PSDs of submicron particles at different depths and waters exhibit up to 3 orders of magnitude variations at each size bin, with the mean concentration in NA 30% greater than that …

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The Design And Preparation Of High-Performance Silicon/Carbon Composite Anode For Lithium-Ion Batteries, Xin Zhang Jan 2023

The Design And Preparation Of High-Performance Silicon/Carbon Composite Anode For Lithium-Ion Batteries, Xin Zhang

Theses and Dissertations

The increasing demand for high-performance energy storage devices has driven extensive research into developing advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for various applications, including electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid energy storage. Anode materials play a critical role in determining the overall performance of LIBs. In this dissertation, the investigation of silicon-based anode materials synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance was conducted for high-performance lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications. Four projects (Chapter 3 through 6) will be included in this dissertation. Chapter one includes the background and motivation of developing high-performance anode material for LIBs, followed by the hypothesis, scope of work, and significance …

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The Interplay Between Parp-1 And Histone Modifications In Transcriptional Regulation During Development And Heat Shock Response, Gbolahan Gbenga Bamgbose Jan 2023

The Interplay Between Parp-1 And Histone Modifications In Transcriptional Regulation During Development And Heat Shock Response, Gbolahan Gbenga Bamgbose

Theses and Dissertations

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), a multifunctional nuclear enzyme, plays a crucial role in transcriptional regulation through its three functional domains: the N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD), the automodification domain (AD), and the C-terminal domain, which includes the WGR and the catalytic domains. Despite its importance, the mechanisms directing PARP-1 to chromatin remain unclear and PARP-1’s role in development is still poorly understood. In chapter II, we interrogated the role of PARP-1 domains in PARP-1 to chromatin. We used ChIP-seq of YFP-tagged deletional isoforms of PARP-1 and a construct that lacks only the first zinc finger domain (ΔZnI). Interestingly, our findings suggest …

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Analysis, Development And Design For Early Fault Detection And Fire Safety In Lithium-Ion Battery Technology, Daniel Kelly Boakye Danquah Jan 2023

Analysis, Development And Design For Early Fault Detection And Fire Safety In Lithium-Ion Battery Technology, Daniel Kelly Boakye Danquah

Theses and Dissertations

Energy storage technologies in its natural form play a key role in the electrical infrastructure, renewable and mobility industry. This form includes the material nomenclature for cell. technology, battery module design, Battery enclosure system design, control, and communication strategy, chemistry profile of various cell technologies, formation and formfactors of cell structure, electrical and mechanical properties of a lithium-ion cell, behavior of the cell under high voltage, low voltage, elevated temperature and lower temperature, multiple charging of a lithium-ion batteries. Energy storage industry is growing rapidly, and the industry is experiencing an unprecedented safety concern and issues in terms of fire …

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A Multivariant Comparative Analysis Of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors And Their Role In Net Zero 2050, Cynthia Bradley Bryant Jan 2023

A Multivariant Comparative Analysis Of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors And Their Role In Net Zero 2050, Cynthia Bradley Bryant

Theses and Dissertations

Climate Change is one of the world’s most urgent issues, and the ideas to reduce the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) from manmade sources needed to help resolve this plight. Globally, the production of electricity accounts for nearly 40% of all GHG emissions in 2022. The substitution of nuclear energy can reduce that number greatly. SMRs, or small modular nuclear reactors, are smaller than conventional nuclear reactors. They can be made on-site, assembled, and transported to their final destination. SMRs offer many advantages over traditional reactors. They are more cost-effective, safer, and more flexible.SMRs could be used to replace fossil …

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Nohwi Nadeesh Diyih: Honoring Indigenous Health Through Research, Evaluation, And Policy, Danya S. Carroll Jan 2023

Nohwi Nadeesh Diyih: Honoring Indigenous Health Through Research, Evaluation, And Policy, Danya S. Carroll

Theses and Dissertations

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in the United States (US) represent culturally rich food landscapes, traditions, and languages. Food access remains a public health issue in AI/AN communities that is influenced by a myriad of factors. Indigenous food cultures and Indigenous languages are also underappreciated factors in the health of AI/AN communities. This dissertation in practice is guided by both the Social Ecological Model (SEM) and Indigenous Evaluation Framework (IEF) Model with the intent of highlighting multilevel culturally aligned approaches to promoting AI/AN health through food access and Indigenous languages. Specifically, this dissertation in practice sought to platform …

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The Predictiveness Of Gendered Racism On The Well-Being Of Women Of Color, Mallika Chakrabarti Jan 2023

The Predictiveness Of Gendered Racism On The Well-Being Of Women Of Color, Mallika Chakrabarti

Theses and Dissertations

Research suggests a reduced sense of well-being in women of color who have been experiencing discrimination based on gender or race. Surprisingly, the intersectional discrimination of both gender and race, termed as Gendered Racism, on women of color has received much less attention than the individual variables. The present study seeks to fill a void in literature by offering to examine some effects of gendered racism on aspects of well-being in this population. This study examines the predictiveness of intersectional discrimination based on race and gender – called Gendered Racism - on the well-being of women of color. Well-being was …

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Environmental Toxicity Of Isoxazoline Drugs On Non-Target Species, Haley M. Cooper Jan 2023

Environmental Toxicity Of Isoxazoline Drugs On Non-Target Species, Haley M. Cooper

Theses and Dissertations

Lyme disease affects tens of thousands of people every year in the United States, causing serious illness and even death. It is caused by the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, through infected black-legged tick bites. The range of these ticks is expanding, causing Lyme disease cases to increase. Considerable effort has been put toward research and eradication of Lyme disease, with limited success. Isoxazoline drugs, commonly used to prevent flea and tick infestations in dogs, could be dispatched in the field to keep black-legged ticks off the reservoir host of Lyme disease, the White-footed mouse. Little research has been done on …

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3d Geologic Modeling Of Rare Earth Element Concentrations In Lignite Coal, Ian Kelly Feole Jan 2023

3d Geologic Modeling Of Rare Earth Element Concentrations In Lignite Coal, Ian Kelly Feole

Theses and Dissertations

Rare-earth elements (REE) are a set of elements with unique consumer applications that consist of the lanthanide series of elements which have the atomic numbers from 57 to 71 plus yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc). Because of their unique properties, REEs are used in a wide array of consumer goods, energy system components, and military defense applications, but currently the United States is 100% import-reliant on these critical materials, and the REE supply chain is considered an issue of national security. Coal and coal by-products have been identified as a promising alternative resource and a focus of much recent research …

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Self-Efficacy Of Applied Doctoral Students Scale: Initial Development And Validation, Kylie Anne George Jan 2023

Self-Efficacy Of Applied Doctoral Students Scale: Initial Development And Validation, Kylie Anne George

Theses and Dissertations

The present study explored the development and initial validation of a measure of doctoral student self-efficacy for students in Health Profession Training (HPT) programs. There is a gap in existing scales that measure the full spectrum of tasks that contribute to doctoral self-efficacy. The scales that do exist focus on broad self-efficacy (Chen et al., 2001) or program-specific self-efficacy in one area (Stump et al., 2012; Van Horn & Christman, 2017; Lent et al., 2003). Our purpose was to develop and provide initial norming and validity information for the Self-Efficacy of Applied Doctoral Students (SEADS) Scale. The SEADS was developed …

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Intracranial Mast Cell Activation And Central Histaminergic Dysregulation In Food Allergy-Associated Neuropathology And Behavioral Changes, Danielle Germundson-Hermanson Jan 2023

Intracranial Mast Cell Activation And Central Histaminergic Dysregulation In Food Allergy-Associated Neuropathology And Behavioral Changes, Danielle Germundson-Hermanson

Theses and Dissertations

Food allergy occurs when the immune system reacts inappropriately to an otherwise harmless food. The hypersensitivity response is known to cause physical symptoms ranging from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Curiously, there is growing evidence that some food-allergic individuals experience changes in mood and behavior after consuming an offending food despite not experiencing severe physical symptoms. However, the mechanism(s) through which food allergy may affect the brain and behavior has yet to be elucidated. Previously, we found that inducing non-anaphylactic cow’s milk allergy (CMA) in mice resulted in abnormal behavior, neuroinflammation, and an increased the number of brain mast …

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A Measure Predicting Treatment Outcome For Sexual Offenders, Kaitlin Alyssa Guston Jan 2023

A Measure Predicting Treatment Outcome For Sexual Offenders, Kaitlin Alyssa Guston

Theses and Dissertations

Researchers generally agree that treatment reduces the likelihood of sexual offender recidivism. However, studies show attrition rates of up to 85% in some treatment programs for sex offenders. Because many risk factors for recidivism and treatment attrition are the same, the present study used gold-standard risk assessments to predict which sex offenders would not complete a community treatment program. The Static-99r, Stable-2007, and URICA assessed static risk factors, dynamic needs, and responsivity to treatment for 289 sex offenders. Pre-treatment scores from the sex offenders in the sample indicated that these assessment instruments could predict treatment attrition for sex offenders in …

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The Effect Of A Prior Criminal Record On Juror Decision Making, Emily Haynes Jan 2023

The Effect Of A Prior Criminal Record On Juror Decision Making, Emily Haynes

Theses and Dissertations

Evidence of a prior criminal record can be admitted if it holds substantial probative value (Fed. R. Evid. 403) or to evaluate defendant characteristics and credibility (Fed. R. Evid. 404.; Fed. R. Evid. 609). However, despite admittance for these purposes, the evidence of a prior criminal record has been demonstrated to influence verdicts and ratings of guilt. The majority of previous research supports the conclusion that a prior criminal record, specifically a prior conviction, inflates guilty verdicts. The present study sought to assess previous findings related to the evidence of a prior criminal record and expand upon the literature by …

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Examining Faculty Autonomous And Controlled Motivation For Learning Analytics, Michael James Herbert Jan 2023

Examining Faculty Autonomous And Controlled Motivation For Learning Analytics, Michael James Herbert

Theses and Dissertations

Learning Analytics (LA) is the collection and analysis of data about learners and their environments. University faculty are among some of the most important stakeholders in the successful implementation of LA initiatives, whose participation can influence the success or failure of innovative educational changes. However, limited research exists surrounding university faculty members’ perceptions and motivation to adopt LA practices in their courses. The purpose of this study was to examine faculty institutional trust, course data control, and motivation for LA practices in their courses. Examining survey data from 250 university faculty, this quantitative study employed structural equation modeling to analyze …

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Verification Of High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Surface Winds In Support Of An Open-Source Small Unmanned Aerial Systems Application, Brian Timothy Horan Jan 2023

Verification Of High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Surface Winds In Support Of An Open-Source Small Unmanned Aerial Systems Application, Brian Timothy Horan

Theses and Dissertations

Small Uncrewed Aerial Systems (sUAS) can be flown in many conditions under Part 107 of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Code of Regulations. While some weather restrictions exist (visibility, ceiling, and horizontal distance from clouds), subjective flight limits (such as acceptable wind limits) are needed by pilots to ensure safe flight. Multiple websites or applications exist to aid sUAS pilots in decision-making regarding weather for flights, though most are not comprehensive or do little to aid the pilot beyond providing basic weather information. This work evaluates High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) forecast wind data in the context of an open-source application …

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Diversity, Phylogenetics And Life Cycles Of Diplostomoidean (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) Of The Upper Midwest, Jakson Martens Jan 2023

Diversity, Phylogenetics And Life Cycles Of Diplostomoidean (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) Of The Upper Midwest, Jakson Martens

Theses and Dissertations

The superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 consists of a diverse, globally distributed group of parasitic flatworms parasitic as adults in reptiles, birds, mammals, and very rarely, fish. The superfamily Diplostomoidea has a tumultuous history full of genus synonymizations and resurrections. Currently, the superfamily consists of 39 genera parasitizing primarily piscivorous animals as adults to include birds, reptiles, and mammals. This group of parasitic worms remains a highly active area of research and has recently undergone several major systematic changes including the abandonment of a subfamily-based system. Additionally, the influx of data entries in GenBank has lead to confusing nomenclature and misidentifications …

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Self-Regulation And Goal Orientation In Physician Assistant And Medical Students, Jay Ryan Metzger Jan 2023

Self-Regulation And Goal Orientation In Physician Assistant And Medical Students, Jay Ryan Metzger

Theses and Dissertations

Self-regulation and goal orientation both play a crucial role in how medical providers learn and master the knowledge and skills that they will use throughout their careers. It is crucial that practicing physician assistants (PAs) and physicians know how to self-regulate their thoughts and actions and when to use resources such as research and peer advice (Ericsson, 2015). This research investigated self-regulation and goal orientation in the clinical training of PA and medical students, examined differences between PA and medical students, and provided insight into how goal orientation and self-regulation play a role in the education of these professionals. It …

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Building A Better Teacher Evaluation System, Amanda Melsby Jan 2023

Building A Better Teacher Evaluation System, Amanda Melsby

Theses and Dissertations

The teacher evaluation process has been an area of study for decades because of its complexity. Going back to one-room schoolhouses, teaching has always been an isolated profession—usually a room, a teacher, and students. Other colleagues or administrators are not participants in the classroom most of the time, which creates difficulties for effectively evaluating a teacher and providing feedback that will help a teacher grow and develop.This study explored the teacher evaluation process, how it can be more effective to teachers in building their capacity and improving their practice at the secondary level, and how the evaluation process can be …

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Graduates’ Perceptions Of Horizontal Mismatch: A Case Study Of A Marketing Program At A Regional Research University, Michael William Mills Jan 2023

Graduates’ Perceptions Of Horizontal Mismatch: A Case Study Of A Marketing Program At A Regional Research University, Michael William Mills

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative case study utilizes the human capital theory to examine the influence of high impact career exploration and career-focused practices in a public, regional four-year institution. Literature shows that graduates who enter well-matched careers earn approximately 30 percent more than graduates who are not closely matched. In addition, well-matched employees lower recruitment and training costs for employers. The guiding notion of the paper is that students should not only be well-rounded but also be prepared to enter a career that is related to their field of study. Most students attend college to advance their career and economic outlook. This …

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