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Efficacy Of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Vs. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Antagonists In The Application Of Migraine Prophylaxis, Matthew Davis Apr 2023

Efficacy Of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Vs. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Antagonists In The Application Of Migraine Prophylaxis, Matthew Davis

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Worldwide migraines affect millions of people everyday causing significant impact on their lives. • Often times, patients have failed several first-line therapies for migraine prophylaxis. • The purpose of this systematic literature review is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of TENS devices vs. CGRP antagonists in the application of migraine prophylaxis. • PubMed and ClinicalKey were searched with key terms, 17 sources were selected that were published after 2016. • Sources included meta-analysis, literature review, and randomized control trials. • Data shows that TENS devices as well as CGRP antagonists were effective and safe therapy options for migraine prophylaxis. …

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Alternative Treatment Modalities For Plantar Fasciitis, Chelsey Clark Apr 2023

Alternative Treatment Modalities For Plantar Fasciitis, Chelsey Clark

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Introduction: Plantar Fasciitis is a common condition in adult patients. The purpose of this literature review is to determine if there is any evidence for alternative treatments in the regimen of plantar fasciitis that has not been resolved with the standard treatment. Methods: The review was done using Pubmed, CINAHL and SportDiscus. Research was included on the following alternative treatments of PF: corticosteroid(CS) injections, extracorporeal shockwave(ESWT), dry needling, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), autologous blood injection (ABI), cupping, custom insoles, and ultrasound therapy (US). Twelve research articles are included. Results: The alternative treatments within this literature review had some promising statistically significant …

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Liraglutide Versus Semaglutide: Long Term Weight Loss Management In Obese Individuals, Mckenzie Burke Apr 2023

Liraglutide Versus Semaglutide: Long Term Weight Loss Management In Obese Individuals, Mckenzie Burke

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Obesity has been a source of complications affecting multiple aspects from a physiological and psychological standpoint which has been steadily growing. There are a multitude of weight loss programs and medications with the idea of sustaining consistent weight loss to include use of the pharmaceuticals discussed within this review. The purpose of this literature review is to compare the efficacy and safety with use of liraglutide versus semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonists) in respect to long term weight loss management while in conjunction to lifestyle modifications within the obese population. Thorough research has been done with the aid of health science …

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The Effectiveness Of The Gut-Brain-Axis Versus Ssri For Treatment And Management Of Depression, Jenni Hetletved Apr 2023

The Effectiveness Of The Gut-Brain-Axis Versus Ssri For Treatment And Management Of Depression, Jenni Hetletved

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a crippling condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the staple treatment adjunct to psychotherapy. Recently, the connection between gut health, specifically the gut brain axis, has been researched to look at the connection between gut microbiota and its effect on depressive symptoms. This meta-analysis evaluates the connection between gut microbiota and depression as well as the effectiveness of SSRI therapy on depression. Results show a significant change in gut microbiota with short term change to a Mediterranean diet (MD) compared to a Western diet (WD). This change in gut …

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A Comparison Of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies And Standard Migraine Prophylaxis In Those With Episodic Migraines, Alexie Harms Apr 2023

A Comparison Of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies And Standard Migraine Prophylaxis In Those With Episodic Migraines, Alexie Harms

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Migraines are debilitating and a frequent reason for primary care visits. Migraines interfere with an individual’s work, school, and daily life. Standard of care treatment options for migraine prophylaxis include Propranolol, Amitriptyline, and Topiramate which were all developed for other medical conditions. These conventional medications can lead to unwanted side effects decreasing treatment adherence. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) have been under study for the treatment and prevention of migraines. The purpose of this research project is to explore the effectiveness and tolerability of CGRP mAbs in reducing the number of migraine days in comparison to conventional migraine …

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy Versus Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy In Adults With Anxiety Or Depression, Heather Greenwood Apr 2023

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Versus Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy In Adults With Anxiety Or Depression, Heather Greenwood

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

According to the American Psychiatric Association, the prevalence of anxiety and depression in adults in their lifetime are nearly 30% and 16.6% respectively. The combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy interventions (including talk therapy or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)) are considered best practice, but in recent years there has been an increase in the popularity of applications and web-based services categorized as “internet cognitive behavior therapy”, or ICBT. The question proposed is, are these services as good for patient outcomes as traditional in-person CBT? A literature review was performed using electronic medical database PubMed with key word searches for cognitive behavior …

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Food Intolerance In Patients With Depression, Victoria Gingrey Apr 2023

Food Intolerance In Patients With Depression, Victoria Gingrey

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Medication is commonly prescribed for the treatment of depression, but some patients have difficulty finding a medication that is both effective and tolerable while others prefer to avoid medications all together. It has been suggested that dietary modification may reduce the depressive symptoms. As lifestyle changes may be difficult to maintain long term, determining specific foods to avoid for individual patients may improve adherence. A meta-analysis of 10 articles was performed. Articles were found using the electronic search databases PubMed and PsychInfo. Many studies found correlations between biomarkers and the prediction, diagnosis, or treatment of depression, though no study suggested …

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Ketamine For Active-Duty Military And Veterans With Ptsd, Kristopher Flynt Apr 2023

Ketamine For Active-Duty Military And Veterans With Ptsd, Kristopher Flynt

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

The purpose of this research and systematic literature review is to compare the drug ketamine’s efficacy at treating post-traumatic stress disorder for veterans and active-duty military compared to approved Food and Drug Administration (FDA) options and combination medication/psychotherapy. In this review, three databases were searched including Pubmed, ClinicalKey, and PsycInfo from October 3 to January 9, 2023. Additionally, the Veterans Affairs (VA)/Department of Defense (DOD) Clinical Practice Guidelines was utilized. A variety of key and mesh terms were utilized when database searching. Chosen works for review included randomized control trials, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and retro-perspective studies. Sources that were excluded …

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Is Natural Family Planning An Effective Alternative To Hormonal Contraception, Melanie Loehrer Apr 2023

Is Natural Family Planning An Effective Alternative To Hormonal Contraception, Melanie Loehrer

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Natural family planning methods provide women with an opportunity to use natural methods to plan pregnancy. This is done through daily monitoring of symptoms and biomarker fluctuation in accordance with hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle to identify the fertile window. Through the identification of the fertile window and ovulation, one can determine appropriate days for sexual intercourse. This format allows participants to develop a greater understanding and in-depth knowledge of reproductive health to avoid or achieve pregnancy. The use of natural family planning has greatly increased over the last two decades, growing the demand for clinical practice in applicability …

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Benzimidazole Adjuvant Therapy: A Review Of Efficacy And Safety In Patients With Cancer, Jared Mouw Apr 2023

Benzimidazole Adjuvant Therapy: A Review Of Efficacy And Safety In Patients With Cancer, Jared Mouw

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

• The safety and toxicity profile of benzimidazoles will be assessed within a population of patients currently diagnosed with various types of cancer to determine if this class of medications could be implemented along with current cancer treatment regimens to increase efficacy and tolerance. • Databases of CINAHL, ClinicalKey, and PubMed were searched with the keywords mentioned below. Studies include those after the year 2000, and those focusing on the use of benzimidazoles on human cancer cells and tissue, case studies, or all phases of clinical trials. Excluded were those using non-human study subjects, those before the year 2000, and …

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Blood-Based Versus Stool-Based Biomarker Accuracy In Detection Of Colorectal Cancer And Impact Of Non-Invasive Tests On Patient Participation, Allison Obritsch Apr 2023

Blood-Based Versus Stool-Based Biomarker Accuracy In Detection Of Colorectal Cancer And Impact Of Non-Invasive Tests On Patient Participation, Allison Obritsch

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Colorectal cancer is a very treatable cancer when detected early, therefore patient adherence and colorectal cancer screening is key to decrease mortality. The purpose of this research and systematic literature review was to determine how the accuracy of blood-based and stool-based biomarkers compared in the detection of colorectal cancer and how noninvasive testing modalities influence patient participation in colorectal cancer screening. PubMed and Clinical Key were used as search engines. In terms of patient compliance and adherence, the studies comprehensively agree that non-invasive testing modality availability can increase patient participation in screening for colorectal cancer. While there was not significant …

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Corticosteroid Injection Vs Therapy Vs Combination For Rotator Cuff Injuries, Rodney Guy Palmer Jr. Apr 2023

Corticosteroid Injection Vs Therapy Vs Combination For Rotator Cuff Injuries, Rodney Guy Palmer Jr.

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Rotator cuff pathologies seen in a primary care setting ranks third for musculoskeletal complaints seen by primary care providers. Rotator cuff pathologies can cause significant dysfunction in activities of daily living (ADLs), work tasks, and daily life. Some current treatment recommendations are intra-articular steroid injections, therapy only rehabilitation, or the combination of the two. This literature review researched articles comparing the effectiveness of steroid only treatments, therapy only and the combination of the two. There was conflicting evidence regarding which treatment was the most effective. Significant side effects for steroid injections were discovered which included rotator cuff rupture. Therapy demonstrated …

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Effectiveness Of Knee Joint Injury Treatments In The Prevention Of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis, Jenna Zaeske Apr 2023

Effectiveness Of Knee Joint Injury Treatments In The Prevention Of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis, Jenna Zaeske

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

The purpose of this research and systematic literature review is to determine the effectiveness of conservative versus surgical intervention following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or meniscus injuries. Short and long term studies were evaluated to compare the prevalence and progression of osteoarthritis after joint injury. Sources included for review had research on ACL or meniscus injuries specifically. Other knee injuries, non-knee injuries and non-human subjects were excluded. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were implemented, 11 articles remained. Patients with ACL and meniscus injuries have a high prevalence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Studies have shown that trialing physical therapy, specifically neuromuscular …

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Platelet-Rich Plasma Vs Corticosteroids In Oa, Joshua Zetocha Apr 2023

Platelet-Rich Plasma Vs Corticosteroids In Oa, Joshua Zetocha

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

- Millions of people around the world suffer from degenerative joint changes due to osteoarthritis (OA). - Traditional treatment includes corticosteroid intra-articular injections. - Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an alternative option for OA. - In all studies evaluated, PRP had no major side effects. - Patients saw a reduction in pain and improvement of functionality with both PRP and Corticosteroids. - PRP patients reported improvement that lasted longer than corticosteroid therapy. - More studies are needed on specific concentrations of PRP. - Results may vary depending on the joint being treated. - Price is a barrier for many as insurance …

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Weight Loss For Bariatric Patients: Arterial Embolization Versus Gastric Bypass, Morgan Bernhardt Apr 2023

Weight Loss For Bariatric Patients: Arterial Embolization Versus Gastric Bypass, Morgan Bernhardt

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The primary aim of this systematic literature review is to determine the safety and efficacy of left gastric artery embolization (LGAE) in comparison to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for bariatric patients. A total of four prospective studies focusing on left gastric artery embolization were selected and reviewed. A total of five studies were selected that discussed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. All studies used have a publication date of 10 years or less. The research shows evidence that RYGB, an invasive surgical operation, has been proven to result in long-term efficacy of weight loss but can be associated with a higher risk …

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Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compressions In Adult Cardiac Arrest, Brittany Ann Almquist Apr 2023

Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compressions In Adult Cardiac Arrest, Brittany Ann Almquist

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The purpose of this literature review is to compare the use of manual versus mechanical chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the treatment of adult cardiac arrest patients. A literature review was performed using the databases CINAHL, Embase, and PubMed. Studies chosen were peer reviewed randomized controlled trials, respective reviews, a cross-over controlled trial, and an experimental trial. Only articles from the last seven years were included in this review. After exclusion criteria were applied, ten articles were relevant and utilized. Four themes were identified in the literature review specific to studies of cardiac arrest with utilization of CPR …

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A Comparison Of Pharmacotherapy Versus Complementary Medicine In The Treatment Of Migraines, Samantha Braaten Apr 2023

A Comparison Of Pharmacotherapy Versus Complementary Medicine In The Treatment Of Migraines, Samantha Braaten

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Migraine headache is a common, universal neurological disorder that can be complicated to treat. Despite the wide availability of treatments used as prophylactic agents against migraines, outcomes have been inconsistent, and a number of patients do not respond to prophylactic medications. Therefore, it is important to investigate new non-pharmacological modalities accompanied with less adverse effects and maximal efficacy. To determine if complementary medicine modalities such as acupuncture, botulinum toxin-A, or cognitive behavioral therapy can be as effective as traditional pharmacotherapy for the treatment of migraines, a literature review was completed using meta-analyses and clinical trial reviews. Despite the fact there …

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Alternative Treatment Modalities For Plantar Fasciitis, Chelsey Clark Apr 2023

Alternative Treatment Modalities For Plantar Fasciitis, Chelsey Clark

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Plantar Fasciitis is a common and frequent condition in adult patients. The purpose of this literature review is to determine whether evidence exists for alternative treatments in the regimen of plantar fasciitis that has not been resolved with the standard treatment. The review was done using Pubmed, CINAHL and SportDiscus. Research was included on the following alternative treatments of PF: corticosteroid injections, extracorporeal shockwave, dry needling, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Autologous Blood Injection (ABI), cupping, custom insoles, and ultrasound therapy. A total of 12 research articles were included in this review. The alternative treatments considered within this literature review had some …

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Efficacy Of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Vs. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptides In The Application Of Migraine Prophylaxis, Matthew Davis Apr 2023

Efficacy Of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Vs. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptides In The Application Of Migraine Prophylaxis, Matthew Davis

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Worldwide migraines affect millions of people everyday causing significant impact on patient’s lives. Oftentimes, these patients have failed several first-line therapies for migraine prophylaxis causing pharmaceutical companies to develop newer therapies. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) devices versus calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) antagonists in the application of migraine prophylaxis. PubMed and ClinicalKey were searched with key terms, 17 sources were selected that were published after 2016. Sources included meta-analysis, literature review, and randomized control trials. The data showed that TENS devices as well as …

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Evaluating And Comparing The Safety And Efficacy Of Rimegepant Versus Lasmiditan In Aborting Acute Migraine Headaches In The Adult Migraineur, Anthony Douthit Apr 2023

Evaluating And Comparing The Safety And Efficacy Of Rimegepant Versus Lasmiditan In Aborting Acute Migraine Headaches In The Adult Migraineur, Anthony Douthit

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Migraine headaches are one of the most common causes of primary headaches. Worldwide, migraines are one of the leading causes of disability and while the mechanism of migraines are not entirely understood, they result in significant disability for those who experience them. Dihydroergotamine was introduced for migraine treatment in the 1920s and in the 1990s triptans were introduced and have been the mainstay of acute migraine treatment since their introduction. In recent years, there have been several developments in the acute treatment and prophylaxis of migraine headaches. Some of the more widely studied and recently developed interventions include calcitonin gene …

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A Comparison Of Common Treatment Modalities For Veterans Diagnosed With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Versus Low-Dose Ketamine Therapy, Kristopher Flynt Apr 2023

A Comparison Of Common Treatment Modalities For Veterans Diagnosed With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Versus Low-Dose Ketamine Therapy, Kristopher Flynt

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The purpose of this research and systematic literature review is to compare the drug ketamine’s efficacy at treating post-traumatic stress disorder for veterans and active-duty military compared to approved Food and Drug Administration (FDA) options and combination medication/psychotherapy. In this review, three databases were searched including Pubmed, ClinicalKey, and PsycInfo from October 3 to January 9, 2023. Additionally, the Veterans Affairs (VA)/Department of Defense (DOD) Clinical Practice Guidelines was utilized. A variety of key and mesh terms were utilized when database searching. Chosen works for review included randomized control trials, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and retro-perspective studies. Sources that were excluded …

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Associations Between Screen Use And Depression In The Youth Population, David Franta Apr 2023

Associations Between Screen Use And Depression In The Youth Population, David Franta

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The association between depression in the youth population and screen use has remained largely unclear. Depression is a common finding in children and adolescents, and as mobile phones, computers, and television are becoming more readily available to young populations, evaluation of the relationship between the two could likely be very important. Unfortunately, little concrete evidence has been established regarding the direct effects of screen time and the presence or development of depression. A literature review comprised of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies was performed to evaluate the current literature regarding screen use and depression in the youth population, including differences …

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Home-Based Cardiac Rehab Vs. Center-Based Cardiac Rehab In Rural Areas, Timothy Fresonke Apr 2023

Home-Based Cardiac Rehab Vs. Center-Based Cardiac Rehab In Rural Areas, Timothy Fresonke

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Cardiac rehabilitation in rural areas can present unique challenges. The main challenge is the locations patients must travel to receive such care. Some patients are expected to travel more then an hour away, on multiple occasions during the week, to undergo therapy. This can be an issue for many patients and something that has been studied and is starting to be addressed in various countries. A literature review was done to see if there was a safe and effective alternative to the traditional center-based cardiac rehabilitation. The electronic search databases PubMed, Embase and CINAHL Complete were utilized to search for …

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Food Intolerance In Patients With Depression, Victoria Gingrey Apr 2023

Food Intolerance In Patients With Depression, Victoria Gingrey

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Depression is a multifactorial condition affecting people worldwide. Medication is commonly prescribed for the treatment of depression, but some patients have difficulty finding a medication that is both effective and tolerable while others prefer to avoid medications all together. It has been suggested that dietary modification may reduce the depressive symptoms. As lifestyle changes may be difficult to maintain long term, determining specific foods to avoid for individual patients may improve adherence. A meta-analysis of 10 articles was performed. Articles were found using the electronic search databases PubMed and PsychInfo. Serology differences were appreciated between patients with depression and healthy …

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy Versus Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy In Adults With Anxiety Or Depression, Heather Greenwood Apr 2023

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Versus Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy In Adults With Anxiety Or Depression, Heather Greenwood

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

According to the American Psychiatric Association, the prevalence of anxiety and depression in adults in their lifetime are nearly 30% and 16.6% respectively. The combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy interventions (including talk therapy or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)) are considered best practice, but in recent years there has been an increase in the popularity of applications and web-based services categorized as “internet cognitive behavior therapy”, or ICBT. The question proposed is, are these services as good for patient outcomes as traditional in-person CBT? A literature review was performed using electronic medical database PubMed with key word searches for cognitive behavior …

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Proning Versus Respiratory Pharmacotherapeutics In Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients, Sasha Marie Hopfauf Apr 2023

Proning Versus Respiratory Pharmacotherapeutics In Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients, Sasha Marie Hopfauf

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The purpose of this research and literature review is to compare the use of prone positioning and respiratory pharmacotherapeutics within hospitalized COVID-19 patients and the outcomes associated with each. A literature review was performed using the databases PubMed, Clinical Key, DynaMed, and CINAHL. A variety of key terms were used when searching. Studies chosen were retrospective reviews, a cross sectional study, an interventional study, and a pilot study. Articles within the last three years were utilized after exclusion criteria was applied. A total of thirteen articles were included within this project. The research shows that pulmonary vasodilators such as inhaled …

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Gabapentin As An Effective Treatment Option For Alcohol Use Disorder, Monica Hurst Apr 2023

Gabapentin As An Effective Treatment Option For Alcohol Use Disorder, Monica Hurst

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The purpose of this literature review is to determine whether gabapentin is an effective treatment option for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Utilizing data sourced primarily from published clinical trials, gabapentin’s effect on heavy drinking, abstinence, withdrawal symptoms and alcohol cravings will be explored. This review will also compare gabapentin’s efficacy against currently approved AUD treatment options, along with what dosages are most efficacious while contributing the fewest adverse effects. The data presented in this literature review undeniably demonstrates a positive effect of gabapentin on alcohol use disorder; Specifically, the data shows that gabapentin at multiple dosages helps to decrease heavy …

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The Effectiveness Of The Gut-Brain-Axis Versus Ssri For Treatment And Management Of Depression, Jenni Hetletved Apr 2023

The Effectiveness Of The Gut-Brain-Axis Versus Ssri For Treatment And Management Of Depression, Jenni Hetletved

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a crippling condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the staple treatment adjunct to psychotherapy. Recently, the connection between gut health, specifically the gut brain axis, has been researched to look at the connection between gut microbiota and it’s effect on depressive symptoms. A literature review was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed, PsychINFO, and embase. This meta-analysis evaluates the connection between gut microbiota and depression as well as the effectiveness of SSRI therapy on depression. Results show a significant change in gut microbiota with short term change to …

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A Comparison Of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies And Standard Migraine Prophylaxis In Those With Episodic Migraines, Alexie Harms Apr 2023

A Comparison Of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies And Standard Migraine Prophylaxis In Those With Episodic Migraines, Alexie Harms

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

The purpose of this research study is to determine if anti-calcitonin gene related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) more effective and tolerable in reducing the number of migraine days in comparison to conventional migraine prophylactic use of Propranolol, Amitriptyline, and Topiramate. Migraines are debilitating and a frequent reason for primary care visits interfering with an individual’s work, school, and daily life. Standard of care treatment options for migraine prophylaxis are drugs initially developed for other diseases and can lead to unnecessary and unwanted side effects decreasing treatment adherence in the prevention of migraines. In this literature review, electronic search databases …

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Active Toxoplasmosis Infection: Efficacy And Safety Of Treatment Options, Daniele Krouse Apr 2023

Active Toxoplasmosis Infection: Efficacy And Safety Of Treatment Options, Daniele Krouse

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

This literature review intends to investigate the safety and efficacy of two different drug treatment regimens, pyrimethamine versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, for active toxoplasmosis infections. Affecting nearly 11% of the United States population and up to 80% of the populations of tropical countries, Toxoplasmosis infection is the second leading cause of death from food borne illness. Current classic management of active infection with pyrimethamine is correlated with numerous undesirable side effects, high cost and need for complex use of adjunctive medications. It is necessary to identify alternative treatment options with fewer side effects, less complex regimens, lower cost, and easier access for …

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