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Computational Investigation Of The Interactions Between Bioactive Compounds And Biological Assemblies, Tye D. Martin Nov 2018

Computational Investigation Of The Interactions Between Bioactive Compounds And Biological Assemblies, Tye D. Martin

Shared Knowledge Conference

Design of small molecules is an ongoing focus for developing agents against pathogenic viruses and bacteria that are threats to worldwide health. Viruses such as Zika feature assemblies of repeat peptide subunits or capsid proteins which are potential targets for antiviral compounds. Other protein assemblies are implicated in pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and additional neurodegenerative diseases characterized by large assemblies of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau. Recent studies on a class of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with phenylene ethynylene moieties and charged functional groups have shown potential both as bioactive antimicrobials and theragnostic sensing agents for tracking …

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Evaluation Of A Novel Tool To Diagnose And Treat Alzheimer’S Disease, Adeline Marianne Fanni Nov 2018

Evaluation Of A Novel Tool To Diagnose And Treat Alzheimer’S Disease, Adeline Marianne Fanni

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More than 5 million Americans are currently suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, an incurable form of dementia characterized by cell brain death. Symptoms are memory loss, behavior changes as well as speech impediment which interfere with daily life. To this date, no efficient diagnostic or therapeutic tools have been successfully developed. Indeed, accurate detection is still challenging with up to 20% misdiagnoses of Alzheimer’s cases. Additionally, the lack of efficient treatment causes one of the highest cost of patient care in the United States ($259 billion for dementia care in 2017). This information highlights the urgent need to develop diagnostic and …

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Hydroelectric Management On The Rio Chama: Balancing Competing Ecological Priorities, Suzanne Stradling Nov 2018

Hydroelectric Management On The Rio Chama: Balancing Competing Ecological Priorities, Suzanne Stradling

Shared Knowledge Conference

Management of dammed river systems is a complex problem. Spatial and temporal impacts result in complex system trade-offs, and shareholders have competing objectives. Dynamic modeling can provide improved information as decision-makers attempt to optimize the value of river flows. This research models the direct and indirect economic impacts of a small reservoir-dam-river system and applies this framework to an existing Bureau of Reclamation dam and generator in the upper Rio Grande basin. Over past decades, concerns for river habitat preservation have reduced the production of peak-demand energy from hydroelectric plants. Over the same period, as U.S. power markets incorporate solar …

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Improving The Palatability Of Colonoscopy Preparations, Phuong Anh Hoang Nguyen, Darnell Leon Cuylear, Heather Elizabeth Canavan Nov 2018

Improving The Palatability Of Colonoscopy Preparations, Phuong Anh Hoang Nguyen, Darnell Leon Cuylear, Heather Elizabeth Canavan

Shared Knowledge Conference

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The most reliable screening method of CRC is a colonoscopy which requires a 4-Liter polymer with electrolytes preparation. Two in five patients are non-compliant to their colonoscopy schedules, with many patients who abstain reporting refusal due to significant discomfort associated with this preparation. Furthermore, there are distinct gender differences in the tolerance of colonoscopy preparations in male and female populations. We hypothesize the differences in clinic are a result of toxic effects of the drug associated with poor mixing by individual patients. PEG, the drug, …

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An Engineer’S Take On The Bone-Ligament Interface: Utilizing Novel Technology To Improve Clinical Outcomes, Emma Garcia Nov 2018

An Engineer’S Take On The Bone-Ligament Interface: Utilizing Novel Technology To Improve Clinical Outcomes, Emma Garcia

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Ligament repair is a common surgical practice with a significant lack of viable replacements. The current gold standard for repair is the use of tendon grafts from cadavers or from another place in the patient’s body; however, these often cause more problems than they solve including immune responses or a lack of mobility in another place in the body. Synthetic replacements are of growing interest, though the ability to mimic the complex structure of the ligament and how it connects to the bone remains an obstacle. Our lab built a 3D bioprinter combined with an electrospinner to address this complicated …

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Rethinking Memory, Violence And Environment In Literature, Andressa Maia Nov 2018

Rethinking Memory, Violence And Environment In Literature, Andressa Maia

Shared Knowledge Conference

My research analyzes literature and cultural production as sites of memory where environmental discourses that have been silenced by official historiography materialize. Through two contemporary literature Brazilian novels: De mim de já nem se lembra (2016), from Luiz Ruffato and Ainda estou aqui[1](2016), from Marcelo Rubens Paiva, I examine the enactment of forgotten narratives that have been suppressed in institutional discourses and the physical and symbolical spaces from which they have been excluded in Brazilian history. My goal is to elucidate how the performativity of oral narratives interwoven in literary texts opens space for the representation of silenced voices and …

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The Sponge Theory: Introducing A New Interpersonal Communication Theory, Ben Brandley Nov 2018

The Sponge Theory: Introducing A New Interpersonal Communication Theory, Ben Brandley

Shared Knowledge Conference

Abstract Law enforcement is an extremely stressful career. In exploration of the influence of career stress on law enforcement officers’ relationships, data was collected from eighteen in-depth interviews and ninety hours of participant observation with American peace officers. The results of this research found that while all of the officers admitted to the omnipresent nature of their career stress, the majority of them repeatedly devalued the impact of present or potential detriments caused by that stress. For example, they often invalidated emotions through jadedness and dark humor, challenged the stance that their organizational culture is harmful (e.g. many officers undermined …

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Targeted Exercise Therapy To Enhance Neural Activation, Terence Moriarty, Kelsey Bourbeau, Bryanne Bellovary, Micah Zuhl Nov 2018

Targeted Exercise Therapy To Enhance Neural Activation, Terence Moriarty, Kelsey Bourbeau, Bryanne Bellovary, Micah Zuhl

Shared Knowledge Conference

Various types of exercise therapies, have been implemented into treatment for those suffering from psychological disorders and traumatic brain injury. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), which houses key cognitive constructs is responsive to exercise, and is commonly measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Evidence suggests that exercise mediates neural adaptation through increased blood flow and neurogenesis, which enhances neural activation leading to improved cognitive performance. However, the intensity of exercise that has the most robust impact on brain blood flow is currently unknown. Purpose. Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to compare PFC activation during cognitive tasks performed …

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Vecinidad And Hispanidad: Using Consumer Relationships To Understand Local And Regional Hispanic Identity In Nineteenth Century Territorial New Mexico, Erin N. Hegberg Nov 2018

Vecinidad And Hispanidad: Using Consumer Relationships To Understand Local And Regional Hispanic Identity In Nineteenth Century Territorial New Mexico, Erin N. Hegberg

Shared Knowledge Conference

The years 1821–1912 were politically tumultuous and may have been especially important in the development of modern Hispanic identity in New Mexico. After New Mexico was annexed by the United States, one significant impact of incoming American racial discourses was a shift in the perception of Hispanic identity from a localized community identity, to a racial or ethnic identity at a regional or national scale. However, we have little understanding of what this meant in the lives of typical rural New Mexicans. This research addresses this problem through the study the material goods that historic New Mexicans consumed on a …

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Social Interventions For Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review Of Research, Lauren E. Weiss Nov 2018

Social Interventions For Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review Of Research, Lauren E. Weiss

Shared Knowledge Conference

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face a variety of barriers in social, communicative, and behavioral functioning. In particular, children with ASD have deficits in social behavior that decrease opportunities to socialize and develop peer relationships (Kroeger, Schultz, & Newsom, 2006). A child’s early development of social skills has been linked to successful school adjustment and academic achievement while preschoolers with poor social behavior experience peer rejection, low academic achievement, and behavior problems (McClelland & Morrison, 2003). I conducted a systematic review of research on interventions that provided positive social outcomes for young children with ASD. Results from this study …

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Gender Differences In First Authors, Peer Reviewers, And Grand Rounds Presenters In Medicine, Parisa Mortaji Nov 2018

Gender Differences In First Authors, Peer Reviewers, And Grand Rounds Presenters In Medicine, Parisa Mortaji

Shared Knowledge Conference

Women are underrepresented in senior academic positions that depend on accomplishments like presentations and publications, and gender bias has shown to be a factor. We studied whether gender differences existed in multiple internal medicine venues: first authorship in a national trainee poster competition; first authorship in a national specialty-specific poster competition; peer reviewer-ship in three prestigious medical journals; and in presentations at UNM grand rounds. We found some progress in gender parity overall, but not yet enough. We first studied gender differences in authorship among residents in a 2015 national internal medicine resident poster competition; we found more authors were …

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The Paradoxical Giant Hummingbird: Comparison Of Andean And Coastal Subspecies With Respect To Blood, Migration, And Genes, Jessie L. Williamson Nov 2018

The Paradoxical Giant Hummingbird: Comparison Of Andean And Coastal Subspecies With Respect To Blood, Migration, And Genes, Jessie L. Williamson

Shared Knowledge Conference

The Giant Hummingbird (Patagona gigas) is twice as large as the next largest hummingbird species and has long been considered paradoxical with respect to flight biomechanics. It is also an extreme outlier in other respects. For example, it is the only hummingbird species that breeds above 4,000 m elevation and also along the beaches of the Pacific Ocean. The high Andean populations of Giant Hummingbird (P. g. peruviana) that we have studied previously have a beta-hemoglobin genotype (serine at beta-hemoglobin A positions 13 and 83) that is characterized by high O2-affinity and is only shared with four unrelated hummingbird taxa …

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High-Resolution Digital Surface Characterization Of The Rio Chama In New Mexico, Rowan L. Converse Nov 2018

High-Resolution Digital Surface Characterization Of The Rio Chama In New Mexico, Rowan L. Converse

Shared Knowledge Conference

Over the past eighty years, the Rio Chama, a major tributary of the Rio Grande in New Mexico, has been subject to significant disruption of historic hydrological flow regimes due to water use demands. In recent years, a multiagency management effort has been initiated to restore some measure of historic flow regimes in the 39.6 km congressionally designated Wild and Scenic stretch through the Rio Chama Canyon Wilderness. We collaborated with managers at the US Army Corps of Engineers to collect approximately 15,870 frames of 10cm resolution multispectral imagery of the 82 km stretch of the river between El Vado …

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Effectiveness Of Therapy Interventions For Heterotopic Ossification About The Elbow: A Systematic Review, Cole Burns Nov 2018

Effectiveness Of Therapy Interventions For Heterotopic Ossification About The Elbow: A Systematic Review, Cole Burns

Shared Knowledge Conference

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the presence of bone where bone normally does not exist. HO forms frequently at the elbow from various conditions including: Fracture, orthopedic surgery, certain genetic disorders, neurological injuries, amputation, and brain injury. A diagnosis of HO at the elbow can lead to decreases in range of motion which effects the person’s functional independence. Surgical excision to remove the bone can be done to improve functional outcomes, but is typically not performed until a year has passed from the time of injury. Even then, there have been instances where people have experienced recurrent HO post-surgery. Because of …

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Controlled Nanomorphology Of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Multi-Component Composites Through Cooperative Non-Covalent Interactions, Lingyao Meng Nov 2018

Controlled Nanomorphology Of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Multi-Component Composites Through Cooperative Non-Covalent Interactions, Lingyao Meng

Shared Knowledge Conference

Hybrid organic–inorganic nanocomposite polymers, with inorganic nanoparticles embedded in organic matrix have emerged as a special category of multifunctional materials. With rational materials design, these hybrids can show the synergistic effect of the properties from both phases. Homogenous dispersion and orderly arrangement of the organic and inorganic components are key in their functionalities. By controlling the interface and corresponding interfacial interactions between the organic and inorganic entities, we have developed a logical approach to form stable and controlled hybrid nanofiber structures. We demonstrate the formation of hybrid polymer/quantum dots (or iron oxide nanoparticles) nanocomposites through non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, ionic …

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Autonomous Vehicle Traffic Impact Scenario Analysis: Central New Mexico Case Study, Razieh Nadafianshahamabadi Nov 2018

Autonomous Vehicle Traffic Impact Scenario Analysis: Central New Mexico Case Study, Razieh Nadafianshahamabadi

Shared Knowledge Conference

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are on their way to becoming a significant part of our transportation systems and cities. Previous studies have mainly focused on how much AVs could improve traffic flow and reduce congestion or improve safety. Reducing congestion and the cost of travel time is also expected to increase travel demand, but by how much is not well understood. This study, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, uses an integrated travel demand and land-use modeling system to evaluate how AVs may affect congestion, travel demand and land use. Our modeling system considers how traffic patterns, travel demand and land use …

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Trying To Cover The Sun With Your Thumb: A Critical Ethnography Of Maternity Care Provision In Rural Northern New Mexico, Abigail Reese Nov 2018

Trying To Cover The Sun With Your Thumb: A Critical Ethnography Of Maternity Care Provision In Rural Northern New Mexico, Abigail Reese

Shared Knowledge Conference

Access to maternity care is disappearing for women across rural America. In New Mexico, women often travel long distances in order to access hospitals and providers that offer childbirth services, as these resources are primarily concentrated in metropolitan areas. Although data on provider distribution is available, very few studies have explored the maternity care access crisis from the perspectives of the midwives and physicians who work in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to explore barriers and facilitators to the provision of childbirth services from providers’ perspectives with the intent of informing policy debates around the maintenance of …

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Lotus: The Subversive In Flamenco And African American Performance, Justice Moriah Miles Nov 2018

Lotus: The Subversive In Flamenco And African American Performance, Justice Moriah Miles

Shared Knowledge Conference

A central element to my dissertation research and the MFA performance Ink on Cottonwas ultimately subversive performance, how does one maintain agency when performing for oppressive classes. How does one grow like a lotus flower in a negative oppressive world? Key themes that I will explore are excess, performing the self, simultaneous opposition and fluidity of time. All of this will be discussed in the context of African American and Flamenco performance. Key scholars I will be in dialogue with are Rebecca Kowal, Roland Barthes, Brenda Dixon Gottschild, Meira Goldberg, Brooke Baldwin, Elizabeth de Martelly and more. Therefore, this project's …

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3d Bioprinting And Near-Field Electrospinning Composite Scaffolds For The Bone-Ligament Interface, Emma Garcia, Christina Salas, Matthew N. Rush, Christopher Buksa, Marissa Perez, Ava Mauser, Steven Nery, Fermin Prieto, Darielys Morales Nov 2018

3d Bioprinting And Near-Field Electrospinning Composite Scaffolds For The Bone-Ligament Interface, Emma Garcia, Christina Salas, Matthew N. Rush, Christopher Buksa, Marissa Perez, Ava Mauser, Steven Nery, Fermin Prieto, Darielys Morales

Shared Knowledge Conference

3D bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that can utilize a range of bioactive materials to construct specific architectures that mimic native tissue. Near-field electrospinning (NFE) offers precise alignment control to create non-woven mats with high tensile strengths. We built a custom E-spin printer that enables layer-by-layer alternating deposition between 3D bioprinting and NFE to create composite scaffolds for the bone-ligament interface. This complex region is difficult to simulate due to its functionally graded mechanical and biochemical properties. We created NFE poly(caprolactone) highly aligned micro-fibers which formed collagen fibril-like bundles. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate with decellularized bone was encased in the …

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Radiation Transport In Stochastic Media, Corey Skinner Nov 2018

Radiation Transport In Stochastic Media, Corey Skinner

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The need to investigate numerical methods for the transport of radiation (thermal photons, light, neutrons, gammas) in random mixtures of immiscible materials arises in numerous applications, including inertial confinement fusion, turbid media (e.g., skin tissue), stellar atmospheres, clouds, and pebble bed nuclear reactors. Stochastic geometry techniques enable rendering of realizations of such random media and deterministic finite difference/finite element as well as Monte Carlo techniques are used to numerically simulate radiation transport on a large ensemble of realizations. The results are then averaged to obtain statistical moments of the radiation intensity, in particular the mean and variance, to assess the …

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Associations Among Impulsivity, Adverse Childhood Experiences, And Desirability Of First Sexual Experience On Substance Use And Sexual Risk Taking In Justice-Involved Male Adolescents, Ryan S. Ross, Elizabeth A. Yeater, Gabriela Lopez, Kristen N. Vitek, Angela D. Bryan Nov 2018

Associations Among Impulsivity, Adverse Childhood Experiences, And Desirability Of First Sexual Experience On Substance Use And Sexual Risk Taking In Justice-Involved Male Adolescents, Ryan S. Ross, Elizabeth A. Yeater, Gabriela Lopez, Kristen N. Vitek, Angela D. Bryan

Shared Knowledge Conference

Adolescent substance use is a serious public health problem (Johnston et al., 2016). Notably in adolescents, adverse childhood experiences including unwanted sexual experiences (Wills et al., 2001; Negriff, Schneiderman, & Trickett, 2015) and impulsive sensation seeking (impulsivity) (Donohew et al., 2000; Fernández-Artamendi et al., 2016) are linked to adolescent substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors. Research also suggests delinquent youths are particularly vulnerable to substance use disorders and sexually risky behaviors (Pinto et al., 2015). Given the health consequences of both prolonged substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors, identifying additional risk factors is critical to help inform interventions for high-risk …

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Are The Oxygen Isotope Values Of The Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway Different From The Open Ocean?, Camille H. Dwyer, Corinne Myers, Viorel Atudorei Nov 2018

Are The Oxygen Isotope Values Of The Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway Different From The Open Ocean?, Camille H. Dwyer, Corinne Myers, Viorel Atudorei

Shared Knowledge Conference

The Western Interior Seaway (WIS) was a North American epicontinental sea that was connected to the open ocean through the passage of the northern Boreal Sea and the southern Tethys Sea from the early Albian (~113 million years ago) to the early Paleogene (~65 million years ago). The WIS began to recced and lost its connection to the southern Tethys Sea in the late Campanian (~72 million years ago). In the early Paleogene, the WIS dried up completely. The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of benthic bivalves was measured from the upper Campanian and lower Maastrichtian (75 million years ago to …

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Sustainable And Equitable Financing For Pedestrian Infrastructure Maintenance, Alexis Corning Padilla Nov 2018

Sustainable And Equitable Financing For Pedestrian Infrastructure Maintenance, Alexis Corning Padilla

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In many communities, pedestrian infrastructure is discontinuous, inaccessible to those with physical disabilities, and poorly maintained. Correcting these problems would be a first step in providing infrastructure to achieve the active travel and related transportation goals of many communities. One nearly universal challenge to maintaining sidewalks in a state of good repair and addressing environmental justice concerns is an adequate, sustainable and equitable source of funding. Municipal governments across the country maintain and repair their streets and roadways; however, most require residents to maintain and repair public sidewalks adjacent to their property. These policies are difficult to enforce and may …

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Assessing Water Policy Implications Of The Changing Agriculture In New Mexico, Trevor A. Birt Nov 2018

Assessing Water Policy Implications Of The Changing Agriculture In New Mexico, Trevor A. Birt

Shared Knowledge Conference

Agriculture is the dominant water sector in New Mexico, responsible for more than 80% of water withdrawals in 2015 (USGS 2018). Water policy needs to be extremely adaptive and informed to meet the needs of not only farmers, but cities, industry and riparian uses. Since 1840, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has conducted census surveys assessing all levels of agriculture. These data are physically published at the county, state, and national level on a 5-year cycle, detailing various material counts such as acreage, yields, and water usage, as well as socioeconomic estimates of farm costs, revenues, and hired workers. …

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Plasmon-Enhanced Quadrupolar Transitions With Nanostructured Graphene, Stephen Sanders Nov 2018

Plasmon-Enhanced Quadrupolar Transitions With Nanostructured Graphene, Stephen Sanders

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Many important molecules have quadrupolar excitations which occur at much slower rates than the competing dipolar transitions and hence are termed forbidden. In this work, we propose a new approach to enhance quadrupolar transitions using graphene nanostructures. We provide a detailed investigation of the enhanced transition rate in the vicinity of graphene nanoislands and use rigorous computational methods to analyze how this quantity changes with the geometrical and material parameters of the nanoisland. To support these calculations we also provide a semi-analytic approach. Finally, we investigate the performance of arrays of graphene nanoribbons, which constitutes a suitable platform for the …

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Early Interventions Providers’ Knowledge Of Evidence-Based Practices For Working With Children With Autism, Mariah Groll Nov 2018

Early Interventions Providers’ Knowledge Of Evidence-Based Practices For Working With Children With Autism, Mariah Groll

Shared Knowledge Conference

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is developmental disability that is associated with social communication deficits and repetitive or restrictive behaviors. Research has systematically identified evidence-based strategies for working with individuals with ASD. It has demonstrated the importance of early intervention. There is, however, limited research on early intervention providers’ (e.g., speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and developmental specialists (DS)) knowledge of evidence-based strategies for working with individuals with ASD. To further explore this issue, we conducted an online survey that examined the ASD knowledge of early intervention DSs and SLPs in the state of NM. The survey included a demographics section, a section …

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Demand Response Management In Smart Grid Networks: A Two-Stage Game-Theoretic Learning-Based Approach, Pavlos Athanasios Apostolopoulos Nov 2018

Demand Response Management In Smart Grid Networks: A Two-Stage Game-Theoretic Learning-Based Approach, Pavlos Athanasios Apostolopoulos

Shared Knowledge Conference

In this paper, the combined problem of power company selection and demand response management (DRM) in a smart grid network consisting of multiple power companies and multiple customers is studied via adopting a reinforcement learning and game-theoretic technique. Each power company is characterized by its reputation and competitiveness. The customers, acting as learning automata select the most appropriate power company to be served, in terms of price and electricity needs’ fulfillment, via a reinforcement learning based mechanism. Given customers’ power company selection, the DRM problem is formulated as a two-stage game theoretic optimization framework. At the first stage the optimal …

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Rainfall Changes Alter Plant Communities In Chihuahuan Desert Grasslands, Timothy Ohlert Nov 2018

Rainfall Changes Alter Plant Communities In Chihuahuan Desert Grasslands, Timothy Ohlert

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Variations in New Mexico’s climate have been detected over the past century and are expected to continue into the future. Some of these climatic changes result in more frequent instances of extreme drought events and alterations of monsoon seasonality, with monsoons being pushed later into the fall. Such changes could make our Chihuahuan Desert plant communities less productive, shift the abundance of the plant species, or have other destabilizing impacts. Our experiment manipulated precipitation in two desert grassland communities at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge near Socorro, NM. Some plots were subjected to an extreme drought event, receiving only 33% …

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Engage A Voice, Repress Fatigue; The Coincident Evolution Of Hominin Vocalization And A Metabolic Threshold, Galen A. Morton 9935238, Martin L. Morton Nov 2018

Engage A Voice, Repress Fatigue; The Coincident Evolution Of Hominin Vocalization And A Metabolic Threshold, Galen A. Morton 9935238, Martin L. Morton

Shared Knowledge Conference

Physiologically self-protective mechanisms borne from hominin evolutionary history that increase survivability are not unknown to science. In reviewing exercise science literature regarding testing and assessment measures of subjects talking while exercising, a logical question has materialized: To what degree has evolution facilitated synchronization of comfortable oral communication with sustainable exercise intensity? An individual able to engage a voice, represses fatigue. The Talk Test, is a practical strategy whereby a subject deliberately speaks during an exercise protocol. It is a common tool in both kinesiology and clinical fields because it inherently identifies a pivotal metabolic threshold. The coincidence of comfortable ability …

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Genetic Algorithm Design Of Photonic Crystals For Energy-Efficient Ultrafast Laser Transmitters, Troy A. Hutchins-Delgado Nov 2018

Genetic Algorithm Design Of Photonic Crystals For Energy-Efficient Ultrafast Laser Transmitters, Troy A. Hutchins-Delgado

Shared Knowledge Conference

Photonic crystals allow light to be controlled and manipulated such that novel photonic devices can be created. We are interested in using photonic crystals to increase the energy efficiency of our semiconductor whistle-geometry ring lasers. A photonic crystal will enable us to reduce the ring size, while maintaining confinement, thereby reducing its operating power. Photonic crystals can also exhibit slow light that will increase the interaction with the material. This will increase the gain, and therefore, lower the threshold for lasing to occur. Designing a photonic crystal for a particular application can be a challenge due to its number of …

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