Digital Commons Network^™

"Azat, Ankakh, Artsakh": Music, Memory, And The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, Sasha Linn Arteaga

Music ETDs

In this thesis, I examine a selection of music videos, from those created in 2015 at the centenary of the Armenian Genocide, to those created in response to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, considered by Armenians to be a continuation of the Armenian Genocide. To the Armenian people, Nagorno-Karabakh is part of their ethnic homeland and has maintained a majority-Armenian population and separatist government backed by the Republic of Armenia since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. I apply a music-as-text approach in this thesis, examining these music videos through examination of the visual, musical, and lyrical elements. I then analyze these videos …

Ecological Impacts Of Invasive Crayfish In A Naïve Riparian System, Gregor L. Hamilton

Biology ETDs

Aquatic and riparian food webs are inextricably linked. In deserts, they provide critical energy subsidies to surrounding terrestrial food webs, but these vital subsidies are not guaranteed; streams in arid lands are especially sensitive to perturbations. In this dissertation, I investigated the role of an oft-cited threat to stream communities in the lower Colorado River basin: non-native crayfish. I contributed to methodologies in passive integrated transponder use and length-weight relationships in crayfish to aid future research. I leveraged stable isotope analysis of δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C, and δ²H to understand crayfish role in the food webs. …

Trait Sadism In Bdsm Practitioners And Non-Practitioners, Marley Russell

Psychology ETDs

Sadism is an elusive construct within psychology. Multiple types are studied without clear psychometric or theoretical distinctions, and operationalizations of these respective sub-constructs lack validity. This study explores the empirical distinction between two sadism types: consensual sexual sadism (i.e. in the context of BDSM) and trait sadism. Trait sadism is widely synonymized with “everyday sadism”, but here conceptualized as a higher-order construct encompassing both everyday and a novel “prosocial sadism”. I develop and pilot the BDSM Identities and Behaviors (BIB) checklist in a sample of BDSM practitioners. I then compare those practitioners to non-practitioners on trait sadism and dark triad …

Ontogeny Of Sleeping Behaviour In Four Solitary Species Of Anolis Lizards, Joseph C. Barnett, Steven Poe

Biology ETDs

Despite the nearly ubiquitous nature of sleep in the animal kingdom, behavioural research on sleep has focused on a few model organisms and widespread behaviours studied in artificial laboratory settings. In this study, we examine the ontogeny of sleeping perch selection in four closely related species of arboreal lizard in situ. The study species each occupy similar habitats and share "solitary" ecology wherein potential lizard competitors are absent, thus providing four partially independent replicates with which to test hypotheses. We find that structural niche, analysed as perch height, varies by age and sex. Males sleep higher than females and adults …

Folsom Activity, Mobility, And Flaked Stone Technological Organization At The Rio Rancho Folsom Site, New Mexico Locus 4147 And As-2, William A. Skidmore-Farren

Anthropology Graduate Student Publications

What are the similarities and differences within locus 4147/AS-2 technological organization? Determining the function of the site may reveal new adaptive strategies used by Paleoindian groups and perhaps tell us more about their social and technological organization. By measuring, identifying, analyzing, and comparing the lithic components of the locus 4147/AS-2, I hope to further our understanding of the Rio Rancho site’s function and technological organization. A study of the spatial distribution of various artifact types within the locus will also help determine the function. Chemical (XRF) and physical analysis of the variety of lithic materials from the sites will also …

The Effects Of Unsupervised Bodyweight Interval Training In Adults With Obesity, Gabriella Bellissimo, Fabiano Amorim, Christine Mermier, Ann Gibson, Len Kravitz, Jonathan Little, Flávio De Castro Magalhães, Zachary A. Mang, Quint Berkemeier, Alyssa Bailly, Jonathan Specht, Jessica Smith, Matthew J. Stork, Shandy Simpson, Natalie Robson, Jeremy Ducharme, Kelsey C. Bourbeau, Yu Yu Hsiao

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Objective: Bodyweight interval training (BW-IT) using a social media platform may appeal to those who do not wish to exercise in public or do not have access to specialized exercise equipment. We investigated the ability of a 6-week BW-IT program to improve cardiovascular and metabolic markers. Methods: Fourteen adults (30.7 ± 10.3 yrs.) with obesity (body mass index 35.5 ± 5.4 kg/m²) participated. Bi-weekly program progression was applied by increasing the duration of the work intervals to 60s with 60s active recovery. Peak oxygen consumption (V̇O₂peak), isometric muscular strength, body composition, blood pressure (BP), and metabolic …

The Rise Of Agenda Diversity In America: Its Cause And Consequences, John K. Wagner

Political Science ETDs

More than ever, Americans disagree on what issues are important. This diversity in the public agenda has received scant attention in recent years. Consequently, our understanding of why agenda diversity developed relies on a single analysis method, and we know next to nothing about the consequences for the American polity. Using a novel approach to measuring agenda diversity and an advanced experimental design, this dissertation demonstrates the causal connection between issue-based selective exposure to news and higher agenda diversity. Concerning its consequences, this work investigates congressional responsiveness. Results from a complex analysis of constituency public opinion, Congress bill sponsorship, and …

Genomic Disorders In Ckd Across The Lifespan, Miguel Verbitsky, Sarathbabu Krishnamurthy, Priya Krithivasan, Daniel Hughes, Atlas Khan, Maddalena Marasà, Natalie Vena, Pavan Khosla, Junying Zhang, Tze Y. Lim, Joseph T. Glessner, Chunhua Weng, Ning Shang, Yufeng Shen, George Hripcsak, Hakon Hakonarson, Iuliana Ionita-Laza, Brynn Levy, Eimear E. Kenny, Ruth J F Loos, Krzysztof Kiryluk, Simone Sanna-Cherchi, David R. Crosslin, Susan Furth, Bradley A. Warady, Robert P. Igo, Sudha K. Iyengar, Craig S. Wong, Afshin Parsa, Harold I. Feldman, Ali G. Gharavi

Pediatrics Research and Scholarship

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pathogenic structural genetic variants, also known as genomic disorders, have been associated with pediatric CKD. This study extends those results across the lifespan, with genomic disorders enriched in both pediatric and adult patients compared with controls. In the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study, genomic disorders were also associated with lower serum Mg, lower educational performance, and a higher risk of death. A phenome-wide association study confirmed the link between kidney disease and genomic disorders in an unbiased way. Systematic detection of genomic disorders can provide a molecular diagnosis and refine prediction of risk and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Genomic disorders …

Transferrin Receptor-Mediated Iron Uptake Promotes Colon Tumorigenesis, Hyeoncheol Kim, Luke B. Villareal, Zhaoli Liu, Mohammad Haneef, Daniel M. Falcon, David R. Martin, Ho-Joon Lee, Michael K. Dame, Durga Attili, Ying Chen, James Varani, Jason R. Spence, Olga Kovbasnjuk, Justin A. Colacino, Costas A. Lyssiotis, Henry C. Lin, Yatrik M. Shah, Xiang Xue

Pathology Research and Scholarship

Transferrin receptor (TFRC) is the major mediator for iron entry into a cell. Under excessive iron conditions, TFRC is expected to be reduced to lower iron uptake and toxicity. However, the mechanism whereby TFRC expression is maintained at high levels in iron-enriched cancer cells and the contribution of TFRC to cancer development are enigmatic. Here the work shows TFRC is induced by adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene loss-driven β-catenin activation in colorectal cancer, whereas TFRC-mediated intratumoral iron accumulation potentiates β-catenin signaling by directly enhancing the activity of tankyrase. Disruption of TFRC leads to a reduction of colonic iron levels and …

Evaluation Of Fluvial Package Amalgamation In Medial Dfs Deposits, Angel Peak Area, Nacimineto Formation, Sarah R. Rysanek

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Fluvial packages are the hypothetical groupings of facies that make up the fluvial succession consisting of channel belt sandstones and associated levee, floodplain, and avulsion deposits. This study attempted to describe a single fluvial package laterally using the new technologies of UAV imaging and 3D photogrammetry; however, amalgamation of channel belts and erosion from this amalgamation made long-distance lateral correlation difficult. This analysis of medial deposits in the Nacimiento Formation in the Angel Peak Area, Northwestern New Mexico evaluates the degree of amalgamation of fluvial packages across the study area while identifying facies associated with the hypothetical fluvial package. This …

The Zanjeras Of Ilocos In The Northern Philippines: A Legacy Of Sustainable Resource Management, José A. Rivera Ph.D

Faculty Publications

Zanjeras are farmer-managed irrigation systems that have endured for centuries in the Ilocos region of northern Luzon in the Philippines. These cooperative irrigation societies emerged during the Spanish regime when Augustinians were deployed to congregate indigenous populations into pueblos, convert them to Christianity, and raise tributes for the Crown. Zanjeras evolved from a blending of two traditions: the Iberian model of irrigation and indigenized practices of water-for-land exchanges with landowners and atar-holdings to distribute shares among the members. Like other community-based irrigation systems in Southeast Asia and globally, zanjeras are self-governed, long-enduring, and serve as exemplary models of …

A Bacteriophage Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Against Heroin Generates Protective Antibody Responses, Isabella G. Romano, Brandi Johnson-Weaver, Herman Staats, Bryce Chackerian, Kathryn M. Frietze

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid overdose are urgent public health crises, with opioid overdose rates tripling within the last decade in the United States. Current treatments have limited efficacy, and challenges associated with implementation. Vaccines against opioids have recently been proposed as novel treatments, with some vaccine strategies showing promising pre-clinical data. Here, we report our efforts to engineer a vaccine against heroin that elicits high-titer and long-lasting antibodies with protective functionality. We utilized bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles (VLPs) to display drug targets in a highly immunogenic and multivalent format. The active metabolites of heroin, morphine and 6-aceyl-morphine, were …

The Effects Of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On Navigation In A Delayed Non-Match-To-Place Spatial Alternation Task By Adult Male And Female Rats, Gabriela Acosta, Suzy Davies, Daniel D. Savage, Benjamin J. Clark

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) has been found to result in structural alterations to regions of the brain involved in spatial memory, including the thalamus and hippocampus. Previous studies have shown that spatial memory is impaired after moderate PAE (mPAE; ~60-80 mg/dL) and damage to the limbic thalamus and hippocampus. Recent work has shown that visual-spatial discrimination memory is impaired after mPAE in a sex-specific manner such that female mice exhibit greater deficits after 15sec retention intervals. It is unclear whether similar-sex specific deficits would be observed in tests of spatial memory or in a rat model of mPAE. Thus, the …

Health Literacy Is Linked To Executive Functioning In Older American Indians, Alexis Burks, Anastacia Romero, Macaiah Shendo, Steven P. Verney

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Objective: Health literacy (HL), the ability to understand healthcare information and navigate the healthcare system, is strongly associated with both educational achievement and executive functioning. Many American Indians (AIs) experienced traumatic early education, such as harsh boarding schools, which may impact their educational achievement, and subsequently, HL. Further, AIs disproportionately experience many chronic diseases. This study investigates the relationship between HL and executive functioning in older AIs.

Participants and Methods: Participants were recruited from a southwestern urban area who self-identified as AIs aged 55 to 80 (N=43). Participants were asked to complete questionnaires, interviews, and neuropsychological tests over two sessions. …

Quality Of Education & Level Of Education In Association With Executive Functioning In Older American Indians, Eunice Kim, Alexis Burks, Katherine Edwards, Maria Mccready, Emily Kuehn, Jezreel Romero, Steven P. Verney

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Objective: Level of educational achievement is often associated with executive functioning (EF) and overall health. However, education level does not account for the quality of education, which may be a better educational index for older American Indians (AIs). Many older AIs have suffered traumatic educational experiences, such as forced boarding schools and relocation focused on cultural assimilation rather than subject knowledge. This study investigated the relationship between EF and quality of education in older AIs.

Participants and Methods: Participants were recruited from a southwestern urban area who self-identified as AI aged 55 to 80 years (N=42). Participants completed questionnaires, interviews, …

Moderate Pae-Induced Deficits In Ltp And Glutamate Levels In The Dentate Gyrus: Enhancement In Ltp With The Histamine H3 Receptor Inverse Agonist Sar153954, Monica Goncalves-Garcia, Gabriela Acosta, Suzy Davies, Daniel D. Savage, D A. Hamilton

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

The hippocampus is susceptible to the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) which can result in persistent cognitive impairments.

The hippocampus is susceptible to the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) which can result in persistent cognitive impairments. Although there have been many investigations, deficits in synaptic plasticity remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) in the perforant pathway(PP) to dentate gyrus synapses as a robust consequence of PAE. Currently, there are no known, clinically effective pharmacotherapeutic interventions for these deficits. This study sought to investigate the effects of PAE on the pre-synaptic mechanisms involved …

Long-Term Effects Of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On Gabaergic System In Posterior Parietal Cortex, V Licheri, B J. Jacquez, D Sainz, C F. Valenzuela, J L. Brigman

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) are a group of neurobehavioral deficits including physical, cognitive, learning and behavioral disabilities that persist throughout the lifespan. Our recent investigation showed that moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during first and second-trimesters equivalent impairs cognitive control on a touchscreen continuous performance task accompanied by frontal and cortical power alterations. The literature to date had extensively investigated the molecular abnormalities underlying the PAE impairments in cognitive functions mediated by cortical areas, but there are no studies exploring the long-term effects of PAE in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The PPC represents one of the major cortical …

Mechanisms Contributing To Aberrant Vascular Development In The Brain Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Through Elevation Of Mir-150-5p, Marissa Westenskow, Roxana Gutierrez, Gabriela Perales, Amy S. Gardiner

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are conditions impacting development in children exposed to alcohol in utero. Among other associated anatomical defects, the organization of the brain microvasculature is altered in severe forms of FASD. Other vascular anomalies such as defective angiogenesis, permeability, vessel reactivity, and blood flow are found in animal models of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). The underlying mechanisms of these vascular defects are not fully understood. We previously found miR-150-5p to be upregulated in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) isolated from embryonic mouse cortices following moderate PAE. We identified targets of miR-150-5p in BMVECs and demonstrated that …

The Rpl/Rps Gene Signature Of Melanoma Ctcs Associates With Brain Metastasis, Tetiana Bowley, I Lagutina, C Francis, S Sivakumar, R Solwyn, E Taylor, Yan Guo, Bridget N. Fahy, Bernard Tawfik, Dario Marchetti

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) is linked to poor prognosis and low overall survival. We hypothesized that melanoma circulating tumor cells (CTCs) possess a gene signature significantly expressed and associated with MBM. Employing a multi-pronged approach, we provide first-time evidence identifying a common CTC gene signature for ribosomal protein large/small subunits (RPL/RPS) which associate with MBM onset and progression. Experimental strategies involved capturing, transcriptional profiling and interrogating CTCs, either directly isolated from blood of melanoma patients at distinct stages of MBM progression or from CTC-driven MBM in experimental animals. Second, we developed the first Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) CTC-derived MBM xenograft …

Effects Of Ethanol Exposure On Oligodendrocyte Development In The Brain, Estrella Villicana, Luis E. Paez-Beltran, Bianca L. Myers, Milindu Liyanapathirana, Fernando Valenzuela, Tou Yia Vue

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Background: Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) occurs when an expecting mother consumes alcohol. PAE will lead to children to develop fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), which are a group of conditions that can include a wide range of physical deformities and/or intellectual disabilities. Glial cells such as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are responsible for generating oligodendrocytes to myelinate neuronal axons, which is essential for proper conduction of action potentials. Studies in both humans and animal models showed that decrease myelination in the brain are prominent features of PAE. In this project, we propose that pups exposed to ethanol at the third …

A Peptide Mimetic Of Tyrosine Phosphatase Step: A Potential Therapeutic Agent For Treatment Of Stroke Under Hypertensive Condition, Seong Won Choi, Sathyanarayanan Rajagopal, Prabu Paramasivam, Ranjana Poddar, Surojit Paul

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Background: Hypertension is a complex multifactorial disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although hypertension can develop at any age, the prevalence of hypertension is particularly evident in the aging population. It is also the most common comorbid condition in ischemic stroke patients and accounts for ~54% of all strokes. Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of stroke, current pharmacologic therapies are still limited to rapid reperfusion using thrombolytic agents, and neuroprotective approaches that can reduce the consequences of ischemic and reperfusion injury are still not available. To bridge this gap, we have evaluated the long-term efficacy …

Rodent Models Of Subconcussive Brain Injury, Colin M. Wilson, Russell Morton, Afshin A. Divani, Kimberly Byrnes, Reed Selwyn

Brain & Behavioral Health Research Day

Subconcussion has been defined as a cranial impact or rapid acceleration-deceleration that does not result in clinically observable neurological signs or symptoms that would typically indicate a diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion.¹ Low-level subconcussive impacts due to soccer ball heading have been reported to cause an acute, transient dysfunction in vestibular processing, which returns to baseline levels within 24 hours.² Although one or even several subconcussive impacts may have no lasting effects, there is increasing evidence that repeated subconcussive exposure over an extended period has the potential to cause significant neurological deficits. Among former …

Request For Modification No. 23-024 To Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (Rcra) Facility Operating Permit, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, Environmental Protection Agency Identification Number Nm5890110518, March 2023, Sandia National Laboratories/Nm

Facility RCRA Permit

The Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) and National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia (NTESS) have requested modifications to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Facility Operating Permit (Permit) for Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico. The requested modifications consist of revisions to the Mixed Waste Landfill (MWL) Long-Term Monitoring and Maintenance Plan (LTMMP), which is incorporated by reference into Permit Attachment M, "Long-Term Monitoring and Maintenance Plan for Solid Waste Management Units and Areas of Concern Granted Corrective Action Complete with Controls." The MWL is also known as Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 76.

Groundwater monitoring at SWMU 76 …

Request For Modification No. 23-024 To Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (Rcra) Facility Operating Permit, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, Environmental Protection Agency Identification Number Nm5890110518, March 2023, Sandia National Laboratories/Nm

Facilities-Units

The Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) and National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia (NTESS) have requested modifications to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Facility Operating Permit (Permit) for Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico. The requested modifications consist of revisions to the Mixed Waste Landfill (MWL) Long-Term Monitoring and Maintenance Plan (LTMMP), which is incorporated by reference into Permit Attachment M, "Long-Term Monitoring and Maintenance Plan for Solid Waste Management Units and Areas of Concern Granted Corrective Action Complete with Controls." The MWL is also known as Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 76.

Groundwater monitoring at SWMU 76 …

Saved Babies, Dead Doctors: Settler Colonial Anxiety And Strategic Rhetorics Of/In The Anti-Abortion Cultural Narrative, Cassidy Ellis

Communication ETDs

In this dissertation I identify and analyze the rhetoric that creates the anti-abortion cultural narrative and locate its toxic secrets by exposing the logics and ideologies the secrets obscure and sustain, and finally, ascertaining the strategic rhetorics that enable the narrative’s power and centrality. There are two primary arguments proposed in this dissertation. First, I argue that settler colonialism is the primary toxic secret nestled just beneath the surface of the anti-abortion cultural narrative. It is the secret that animates and sustains the narrative in service of maintaining settler colonial social order via control and maintenance of the population. Second, …

Concepts In Climate Change & Public Health Preparedness Ipep 305/Ipep 505, Heidi H. Rogers, Alexis Ellsworth-Kopkowski, Mary Pat Couig, Megan Tucker

InterProfessional Education Faculty Resources

No abstract provided.

Chamisa Volume 2 Full Pdf

Chamisa: A Journal of Literary, Performance, and Visual Arts of New Mexico and the Greater Southwest

No abstract provided.

The Onset Of Rare Earth Metallosis Begins With Renal Gadolinium-Rich Nanoparticles From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent Exposure, Joshua Deaguero, Tamara Howard, Donna Kusewitt, Adrian Brearley, Abdul-Mehdi Ali, James H. Degnan, Stephen Jett, John Watt, G Patricia Escobar, Karol Dokladny, Brent Wagner

Pathology Research and Scholarship

The leitmotifs of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent-induced complications range from acute kidney injury, symptoms associated with gadolinium exposure (SAGE)/gadolinium deposition disease, potentially fatal gadolinium encephalopathy, and irreversible systemic fibrosis. Gadolinium is the active ingredient of these contrast agents, a non-physiologic lanthanide metal. The mechanisms of MRI contrast agent-induced diseases are unknown. Mice were treated with a MRI contrast agent. Human kidney tissues from contrast-naïve and MRI contrast agent-treated patients were obtained and analyzed. Kidneys (human and mouse) were assessed with transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. MRI contrast agent treatment resulted in …

Humanized Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Of Disseminated Ovarian Cancer Recapitulate Key Aspects Of The Tumor Immune Environment Within The Peritoneal Cavity, Mara P. Steinkamp, Irina Lagutina, Kathryn J. Brayer, Fred Schultz, Danielle Burke, Vernon S. Pankratz, Sarah F. Adams, Laurie G. Hudson, Scott A. Ness, Angela Wandinger-Ness

Pathology Research and Scholarship

UNLABELLED: The importance of the immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and response to therapies has become increasingly clear, especially with the new emphasis on immunotherapies. To leverage the power of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models within a humanized immune microenvironment, three ovarian cancer PDXs were grown in humanized NBSGW (huNBSGW) mice engrafted with human CD34

SIGNIFICANCE: huPDX models are ideal preclinical models for testing novel therapies. They reflect the genetic heterogeneity of the patient population, enhance human myeloid differentiation, and recruit immune cells to the tumor microenvironment.

Humanized Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Of Disseminated Ovarian Cancer Recapitulate Key Aspects Of The Tumor Immune Environment Within The Peritoneal Cavity, Mara P. Steinkamp, Irina Lagutina, Kathryn J. Brayer, Fred Schultz, Danielle Burke, Vernon S. Pankratz, Sarah F. Adams, Laurie G. Hudson, Scott A. Ness, Angela Wandinger-Ness

Pathology Research and Scholarship

UNLABELLED: The importance of the immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and response to therapies has become increasingly clear, especially with the new emphasis on immunotherapies. To leverage the power of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models within a humanized immune microenvironment, three ovarian cancer PDXs were grown in humanized NBSGW (huNBSGW) mice engrafted with human CD34

SIGNIFICANCE: huPDX models are ideal preclinical models for testing novel therapies. They reflect the genetic heterogeneity of the patient population, enhance human myeloid differentiation, and recruit immune cells to the tumor microenvironment.