Digital Commons Network^™

Upscaling Fluxes From Towers To Regions, Continents And Global Scales Using Datadriven Approaches, Jingfeng Xiao, Kenneth J. Davis, Nathan M. Urban, Klaus Keller, Nicanor Z. Saliendra

All Materials

Quantifying the current carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems requires that we translate spatially sparse measurements into consistent, gridded flux estimates at the regional scale. This is particularly challenging in heterogeneous regions such as the northern forests of the United States. We use a network of 17 eddy covariance flux towers deployed across the Upper Midwest region of northern Wisconsin and Michigan and upscale flux observations from towers to the regional scale. This region is densely instrumented and provides a unique test bed for regional upscaling. We develop a simple Diagnostic Carbon Flux Model (DCFM) and use flux observations and a …

Upscaling Carbon Fluxes From Towers To The Regional Scale: Influence Of Parameter Variability And Land Cover Representation On Regional Flux Estimates, Jingfeng Xiao, Kenneth J. Davis, Nathan M. Urban, Klaus Keller, Nicanor Z. Saliendra

All Materials

Quantifying the current carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems requires that we translate spatially sparse measurements into consistent, gridded flux estimates at the regional scale. This is particularly challenging in heterogeneous regions such as the northern forests of the United States. We use a network of 17 eddy covariance flux towers deployed across the Upper Midwest region of northern Wisconsin and Michigan and upscale flux observations from towers to the regional scale. This region is densely instrumented and provides a unique test bed for regional upscaling. We develop a simple Diagnostic Carbon Flux Model (DCFM) and use flux observations and a …

Sex And Sexuality In The United States: A Brief History Of Culture Wars, Olivia Marcus

Spectrum

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has entered its thirtieth year; sex trafficking persists as an $8 billion industry (May 2006); unwanted pregnancies and transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continuously occur due to a lack of simple knowledge. Despite these exigencies, we find our politicians, parents, and teachers still merely quibbling about standards of modesty considered to be essential for maintaining a distorted concept of virtue. There are many questions concerning sexual education in the United States that beg unified answers. Should we increase the depth of sexual education and access to birth control? Or should we emphasize the role of abstinence …

The Changing Understanding Of North American Archaeology And Native American Heritage, Ashley Bourgault

Spectrum

This article explores the evolving ways in which anthropologists, archaeologists, and the United States government have viewed Native American cultural heritage, especially in terms of burials and grave goods. I begin with a historical view of the looting and racism that plagued the disciplines since their inception, and move into the present, while examining how NAGPRA has enabled indigenous communities to have a voice concerning what happens to their heritage, thus transforming archaeology in beneficial and productive ways that were previously not thought possible.

Development Of Guidelines For Using Bioextraction Technologies To Manage Nutrients In New Hampshire's Estuarine Waters, Raymond E. Grizzle

PREP Reports & Publications

There is growing literature on bioextraction approaches to managing nutrients in coastal waters, and it includes studies using a variety of species. Bivalve mollusks and macroalgae have received the most attention for several reasons, but perhaps foremost because of their aquaculture potential. A December 2009 workshop at the University of Connecticut, which included speakers from several countries, indicated overall that although bioextraction approaches hold substantial potential there are still many unanswered questions. The present review takes a “what we know/what we need to know” perspective, and focuses on aquaculture. For some taxa (e.g., eastern oyster), wild populations occur in New …

Separation Of River Network–Scale Nitrogen Removal Among The Main Channel And Two Transient Storage Compartments, Robert J. Stewart, Wilfred M. Wollheim, Michael N. Gooseff, Martin A. Briggs, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Bruce J. Peterson, Charles S. Hopkinson

Faculty Publications

Transient storage (TS) zones are important areas of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) processing in rivers. We assessed sensitivities regarding the relative impact that the main channel (MC), surface TS (STS), and hyporheic TS (HTS) have on network denitrification using a model applied to the Ipswich River in Massachusetts, United States. STS and HTS connectivity and size were parameterized using the results of in situ solute tracer studies in first‐ through fifth‐order reaches. DIN removal was simulated in all compartments for every river grid cell using reactivity derived from Lotic Intersite Nitrogen Experiment (LINX2) studies, hydraulic characteristics, and simulated discharge. Model …

Racial Differences In Tumor Necrosis Factor-Α-Induced Endothelial Microparticles And Interleukin-6 Production, Michael D. Brown, Deborah L. Feairheller, Sunny R. Thakkar, Praveen Veerabhadrappa, Joon-Young Park

Faculty Publications

African Americans (AA) tend to have heightened systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial microparticles (EMP) are released from activated/apoptotic endothelial cells (EC) when stimulated by inflammation. The purpose of our study was to assess EMP responses to inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, SOD) conditions in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) obtained from AA and Caucasians. EMPs were measured under four conditions: control (basal), TNF-α, SOD, and TNF-α + SOD. Culture supernatant was collected for EMP analysis by flow cytometry and IL-6 assay by ELISA. IL-6 protein expression was assessed by Western blot. AA HUVECs had greater EMP levels …

Mercury Deposition In Southern New Hampshire, 2006–2009, M. A. S. Lombard, J. G. Bryce, Huiting Mao, R. Talbot

Earth Sciences

The atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) occurs via several mechanisms including wet, dry, and occult processes. In an effort to understand the atmospheric cycling and seasonal depositional characteristics of Hg, event-based wet deposition samples and reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) measurements were collected for approximately 3 years at Thompson Farm (TF), a near-coastal rural site in Durham, NH, part of the University of New Hampshire AIRMAP Observing Network. Total aqueous mercury exhibited seasonal patterns in Hg wet deposition at TF. The lowest Hg wet deposition was measured in the winter with an average total seasonal deposition of 1.56 μg m^{−2 …}

Vulnerability Of High-Latitude Soil Organic Carbon In North America To Disturbance, G Grosse, Jennifer Harden, Merritt R. Turetsky, A D. Mcguire, Philip Camill, Charles Tarnocai, Steve Frolking, Edward A.G. Schuur, Torre Jorgenson, S Marchenko, Vladimir Romanovsky, Kimberley P. Wickland, Nancy French, Mark Waldrop, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Robert G. Striegl

Earth Sciences

This synthesis addresses the vulnerability of the North American high-latitude soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to climate change. Disturbances caused by climate warming in arctic, subarctic, and boreal environments can result in significant redistribution of C among major reservoirs with potential global impacts. We divide the current northern high-latitude SOC pools into (1) near-surface soils where SOC is affected by seasonal freeze-thaw processes and changes in moisture status, and (2) deeper permafrost and peatland strata down to several tens of meters depth where SOC is usually not affected by short-term changes. We address key factors (permafrost, vegetation, hydrology, paleoenvironmental history) …

No-Net-Loss Not Met For Nutrient Function In Freshwater Marshes: Recommendations For Wetland Mitigation Policies, Katie Hossler, Virginie Bouchard, M. Siobhan Fennessy, Serita D. Frey, Evelyn Anemaet, Ellen Herbert

Faculty Publications

Wetlands provide many important services throughout the world, with an estimated economic value that, in comparison to other ecosystems, far exceeds their relatively small global extent. In recognition of their importance, both national and international regulations exist to protect the world's remaining wetlands. Of growing interest is the “no-net-loss” policy which permits unavoidable destruction of wetlands if compensated by restoration of degraded wetlands or creation of new wetlands. The fundamental assumption of no-net-loss is that wetlands can be created which function equivalently to natural wetlands. One integral function that wetlands perform is cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Here we …

H.S. Students In Unh Project Smart To Launch "Satellite" July 18, David Sims

Media Relations

No abstract provided.

Evidence That Potential Fish Predators Elicit The Production Of Carapace Vibrations By The American Lobster, Winsor H. Watson Iii, Francoise Morison, Elizabeth Morrissey, Kyle Jenks

Jackson Estuarine Laboratory

American lobsters (Homarus americanus) will on rare occasions produce sounds by vibrating their dorsal carapace. Although this behavior can be elicited in the laboratory by handling lobsters, the stimulus that triggers the production of sounds in the lobster's natural habitat is not known. We investigated the influence of two fish that are known to prey on lobsters, cod (Gadus morhua) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis), on the production of sounds by American lobsters. In addition, we examined the response of the same fish to the sounds the lobsters produced. Although solitary lobsters spontaneously produced sounds at a low rate of …

Racial Differences In The Responses To Shear Stress In Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Deborah L. Feairheller, Joon-Young Park, Victor Rizzo, Boa Kim, Michael D. Brown

Faculty Publications

African American ethnicity is an independent risk factor for exaggerated oxidative stress, which is related to inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, we reported that in vitro oxidative stress and inflammation levels differ between African American and Caucasian human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), African American HUVECs having higher levels of both. However, it remains to be shown whether the cells would respond differently to external stimuli.

4th Graders Write Their First Lab Report - Phun Week Poster Session Eb 2011, Patricia A. Halpin

Life Sciences Faculty Scholarship

This poster describes a Physiology Understanding (PhUn) Week activity performed in a 4th grade classroom testing the hypothesis that heart rate and respiration rate increase with exercise. This poster was presented at the PhUn Week Poster Session, Experimental Biology 2011, by Patricia A. Halpin, PhD, University of New Hampshire Manchester.

Granite State College 2011-2012 Catalog, Granite State College

Granite State College Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Characteristics Of Multiple‐Year Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Conventional Vegetable Fields In Southeastern China, Baoling Mei, Xunhua Zheng, Baohua Xie, Haibo Dong, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, Zaixing Zhou, Rui Wang, Jia Deng, Jianguo Zhu

Faculty Publications

The annual and interannual characteristics of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from conventional vegetable fields are poorly understood. We carried out 4 year measurements of N2O fluxes from a conventional vegetable cultivation area in the Yangtze River delta. Under fertilized conditions subject to farming practices, approximately 86% of the annual total N2O release occurred following fertilization events. The direct emission factors (EFd) of the 12 individual vegetable seasons investigated ranged from 0.06 to 14.20%, with a mean of 3.09% and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 142%. The annual EFd varied from 0.59 to 4.98%, with a mean of 2.88% and …

Soil Temperature Response To 21st Century Global Warming: The Role Of And Some Implications For Peat Carbon In Thawing Permafrost Soils In North America, Dominik Wisser, S Marchenko, Julie Talbot, C C. Treat, Steve Frolking

Earth Sciences

Northern peatlands contain a large terrestrial carbon pool that plays an important role in the Earth’s carbon cycle. A considerable fraction of this carbon pool is currently in permafrost and is biogeochemically relatively inert; this will change with increasing soil temperatures as a result of climate warming in the 21st century. We use a geospatially explicit representation of peat areas and peat depth from a recently-compiled database and a geothermal model to estimate northern North America soil temperature responses to predicted changes in air temperature. We find that, despite a widespread decline in the areas classified as permafrost, soil temperatures …

Thermal Adaptation Of Net Ecosystem Exchange, W. Yuan, Y. Luo, S. Liang, G. Yu, S. Niu, P. Stoy, J. Chen, A. R. Desai, A. Lindroth, C. M. Gough, R. Ceulemans, A. Arain, C. Bernhofer, B. Cook, D. R. Cook, D. Dragoni, B. Gielen, I. A. Janssens, B. Longdoz, H. Liu, M. Lund, G. Matteucci, E. Moors, Ruth K. Varner

Faculty Publications

Thermal adaptation of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration has been well documented over broad thermal gradients. However, no study has examined their interaction as a function of temperature, i.e. the thermal responses of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE). In this study, we constructed temperature response curves of NEE against temperature using 380 site-years of eddy covariance data at 72 forest, grassland and shrubland ecosystems located at latitudes ranging from ~29° N to 64° N. The response curves were used to define two critical temperatures: transition temperature (Tb) at which ecosystem transfer from carbon source to sink and optimal …

Determining The Effectiveness Of The Clean Air Act And Amendments On The Recovery Of Surface Waters In The Northeastern Us, 2010, William H. Mcdowell, Steve Kahl, Sarah J. Nelson

NH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Remote Characterization Of Seafloor Adjacent To Shipwrecks Using Mosaicking And Analysis Of Backscatter Response, Giuseppe Masetti, Roberto Sacile, Andrea Trucco

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The paper’s aim is to evaluate mosaicking and analysis of backscatter angular responses as adequate techniques to quickly characterize the seafloor adjacent to shipwrecks, extending the results of a limited number of grabs. Both techniques have been applied to the casestudy of the VLCC Haven shipwreck site, applying the approach known as Geocoder among the available methods. From these results, the development of the research activities will attempt to improve techniques and to generalize a methodological approach for the analysis of backscatter coming from an area of seafloor with the presence of one or more anthropic objects.

Effects Of Development On Nutrient Loading Final Report, Jeffrey Schloss

NH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Water Resources Research Center Annual Technical Report Fy 2010, New Hampshire Water Resources Research Center (Nh Wrrc)

NH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Upscaling Key Ecosystem Functions Across The Conterminous United States By A Water-Centric Ecosystem Model, Ge Sun, Peter Caldwell, Asko Noormets, Steven G. Mcnulty, Erika Cohen, Jennifer Moore Myers, Jean-Christophe Domec, Emrys Treasure, Qiaozhen Mu, Jingfeng Xiao, Ranjeet John, Jiquan Chen

All Materials

We developed a water-centric monthly scale simulation model (WaSSI-C) by integrating empirical water and carbon flux measurements from the FLUXNET network and an existing water supply and demand accounting model (WaSSI). The WaSSI-C model was evaluated with basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) estimates by multiple independent methods across 2103 eight-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watersheds in the conterminous United States from 2001 to 2006. Our results indicate that WaSSI-C captured the spatial and temporal variability and the effects of large droughts on key ecosystem fluxes. Our modeled mean (±standard deviation in space) ET (556 …

Residence Time Distributions In Surface Transient Storage Zones In Streams: Estimation Via Signal Deconvolution, Michael N. Gooseff, David A. Benson, Martin A. Biggs, Mitchell Weaver, Wilfred M. Wollheim, Bruce J. Peterson, Charles S. Hopkinson

Faculty Publications

Little is known about the impact of surface transient storage (STS) zones on reach‐scale transport and the fate of dissolved nutrients in streams. Exchange with these locations may influence the rates of nutrient cycling often observed in whole‐stream tracer experiments, particularly because they are sites of organic matter collection and lower flow velocities than those observed in the thalweg. We performed a conservative stream tracer experiment (slug of dissolved NaCl) in the Ipswich River in northeastern Massachusetts and collected solute tracer data both in the thalweg and adjacent STS zones at three locations in a fifth‐order reach. Tracer time series …

The New Hampshire, Vol. 100 [101], No. 51 (May 6, 2011), The New Hampshire

The New Hampshire Print Edition

An independent student produced newspaper from the University of New Hampshire. This volume was printed as 100, but it is the 101st volume in the series. This was corrected in pencil.

Height-Diameter Allometry Of Tropical Forest Trees, T. R. Feldpausch, L. Banin, O. L. Phillips, T. R. Baker, S. L. Lewis, C. A. Quesada, K. Affum-Baffoe, E. J. M. M. Arets, N. J. Berry, M. Bird, E. S. Brondizio, P. De Camargo, J. Chave, G. Djagbletey, T. F. Domingues, M. Drescher, P. M. Fearnside, M. B. Franca, N. M. Fyllas, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, A. Hladik, N. Higuchi, M. O. Hunter, Michael W. Palace

Faculty Publications

Tropical tree height-diameter (H:D) relationships may vary by forest type and region making large-scale estimates of above-ground biomass subject to bias if they ignore these differences in stem allometry. We have therefore developed a new global tropical forest database consisting of 39 955 concurrent H and D measurements encompassing 283 sites in 22 tropical countries. Utilising this database, our objectives were:

1. to determine if H:D relationships differ by geographic region and forest type (wet to dry forests, including zones of tension where forest and savanna overlap).

2. to ascertain if the H:D relationship is modulated by climate and/or forest …

An Ecological Risk Model For Early Childhood Anxiety: The Importance Of Early Child Symptoms And Temperament, Nicholas D. Mian, Laurel Wainwright, Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan, Alice S. Carter

Life Sciences Faculty Scholarship

Childhood anxiety is impairing and associated with later emotional disorders. Studying risk factors for child anxiety may allow earlier identification of at-risk children for prevention efforts. This study applied an ecological risk model to address how early childhood anxiety symptoms, child temperament, maternal anxiety and depression symptoms, violence exposure, and sociodemographic risk factors predict school-aged anxiety symptoms. This longitudinal, prospective study was conducted in a representative birth cohort (n=1109). Structural equation modeling was used to examine hypothesized associations between risk factors measured in toddlerhood/preschool (age=3.0 years) and anxiety symptoms measured in kindergarten (age=6.0 years) and second grade (age= 8.0 years). …

Functional Divergence Of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors, Mihael Freamat, Stacia A. Sower

New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Publications

Two lamprey glycroprotein hormone receptors (lGpH-R I and II) highly similar with gnathostome GpH-Rs were cloned from sea lamprey testes and thyroid, respectively. Vertebrate glycoprotein protein receptors have a large extracellular domain (ED) containing a leu rich domain (LRD) linked to a rhodopsin-like transmembrane domain (TMD) through a highly divergent linker region (signal specificity domain, SSD or 'hinge' region) and a third major segment, the intracellular domain. To determine the potential roles of the different domains in the activation of the receptor following ligand-receptor binding, functional assays were performed on lGpH-R I/rat luteinizing hormone (LH)-R domain swapped chimeric receptors. These …

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Suspended Solids Concentrations In Tributaries To The Great Bay Estuary Watershed In 2010, New Hampshire Department Of Environmental Services, Matthew A. Wood, Philip Trowbridge

PREP Reports & Publications

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads to the Great Bay Estuary are a growing concern. The Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership ( PREP) calculates the nitrogen load from tributaries to the Great Bay Estuary for its State of the Estuaries reports. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to collect representative data on nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment concentrations in tributaries to the Great Bay Estuary in 2010. The study design followed the tributary sampling design which was implemented by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services between 2001 and 2007 and by the University of New Hampshire in 2008 and 2009, …

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Suspended Solids Concentrations In Tributaries To The Great Bay Estuary Watershed In 2010, New Hampshire Department Of Environmental Services, Matthew A. Wood, Philip Trowbridge

PREP Reports & Publications

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads to the Great Bay Estuary are a growing concern. The Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership (PREP) calculates the nitrogen load from tributaries to the Great Bay Estuary for its State of the Estuaries reports. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to collect representative data on nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment concentrations in tributaries to the Great Bay Estuary in 2010. The study design followed the tributary sampling design which was implemented by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services between 2001 and 2007 and by the University of New Hampshire in 2008 and 2009, so …