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Articles 30931 - 30960 of 40092

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Science Literacy And The Undergraduate Science Curriculum: Is It Time To Try Something Different?, Dail Mullins Apr 2001

Science Literacy And The Undergraduate Science Curriculum: Is It Time To Try Something Different?, Dail Mullins

Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council Online Archive

I had a very disturbing experience a few months ago---Dne might almost call it a crisis of faith-while leafing through the financial pages of my daily newspaper. Confronted with column after column of virtually indecipherable NASDAQ, NYSE and AMEX stock quotations-and even more nonplussed by articles which made reference to such things as "put" and "call" options, small cap growth funds, and companies taking "poison pills" to avoid a hostile takeover-I realized in a flash of depressing insight that I was one of this nation's economic illiterates.

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The First Phase Of Destruction Killing The Southern Plains Buffalo, 1790-1840, Pekka Hamalainen Apr 2001

The First Phase Of Destruction Killing The Southern Plains Buffalo, 1790-1840, Pekka Hamalainen

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

The eradication of the vast bison herds from the North American Great Plains is one of the oldest topics in western history and, recently, also one of the most popular. Drawing ideas and methodologies from ecology and zoology, historians have revealed in the 1990s an entirely new anatomy of the destruction. According to the new interpretation, the great slaughter of the 1870s merely delivered a clinching blow to herds that had already been weakened in a number of ways. Concentrating on the Southern Plains, Dan Flores has concluded that large-scale dying may have begun as early as 1840, when a …

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Essay: Bison Restoration In The Great Plains And The Challenge Of Their Management, Judith L. Mcdonald Apr 2001

Essay: Bison Restoration In The Great Plains And The Challenge Of Their Management, Judith L. Mcdonald

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

Efforts to save remnant wild bison from extermination have resulted in the establishment of herds on private, public, and tribal lands. Ironically, their successful restoration has evolved into a profitable agricultural industry and a practical alternative to raising domestic cattle. Bison restoration actively managed by humans raises ecological, ethical, and evolutionary questions about whether we are compromising their native ability to function in a grasslands ecosystem. In this essay I examine current bison management practices, conflicting human values about land-use practices, and emerging land-use initiatives focusing on wild bison and ecosystem restoration in the northern Great Plains.

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Review Of Texas Bug Book: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly By C. Malcolm Beck And John Howard Garrett, W. Eugene Hall Apr 2001

Review Of Texas Bug Book: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly By C. Malcolm Beck And John Howard Garrett, W. Eugene Hall

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

Seeing the title of this book prior to reading it, I was a bit concerned about its content and possible negative outlook towards insects. Having worked as an entomologist the past sixteen years and possessing a lifelong appreciation for insects and other arthropods, I tend to think of all insects as "good," very few if any of them "bad," and none of them "ugly." Like it or not, every species of insect serves a positive or beneficial purpose in the great scheme of things within the natural world. Insects ruled this planet long before humankind became established, continue to dominate …

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Review Of The Ecological Indian: Myth And History By Shepard Krech Iii, John C. Mohawk Apr 2001

Review Of The Ecological Indian: Myth And History By Shepard Krech Iii, John C. Mohawk

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

In The Ecological Indian: Myth and History, anthropologist Shepard Krech III sets out to prove that the image of the indigenous peoples and cultures of the Americas so regularly invoked to demonstrate humanity's capacity to live harmoniously with nature is a misleading one, more the product of image building by modern ecologists than a reality of history. That image of the American Indian as ecologist was epitomized in a 1971 Keep America Beautiful, Inc. campaign against litter depicting actor Iron Eyes Cody as a Native American who shed tears over thoughtless acts of littering and pollution. It was an …

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Review Of The Smithsonian Book Of North American Mammals Edited By Don E. Wilson And Sue Ruff, Jerry Choate Apr 2001

Review Of The Smithsonian Book Of North American Mammals Edited By Don E. Wilson And Sue Ruff, Jerry Choate

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

In his 1982 Journal of Mammalogy review of E. Raymond Hall's epic tome The Mammals of North America (1981), J. Knox Jones Jr. opined, "It is unlikely that any other American mammalogist would have undertaken, or will undertake again, such a gigantic task." That statement remains valid only because Hall produced useful maps.

The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals is, in many respects, a companion volume to Wilson and Reeder's Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (1993). That book, like the present one, was a collaborative effort with the American Society of Mammalogists and the …

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Review Of The American Robin By Roland H. Wauer, Laura Erickson Apr 2001

Review Of The American Robin By Roland H. Wauer, Laura Erickson

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

Bookstore shelves bulge with bird books: field guides, feeding and birdhouse books, guides to hot spots, and books about individual families and species. One gaping hole in the body of bird literature has been a book about one of our most common and beloved songbirds, the American Robin. Robins nest in backyards and on buildings throughout much of the US and Canada and are one of the most familiar birds on the continent. A good book about them could fill an important niche.

Roland H. Wauer's lean volume is a start. Chapters include an overview of the robin's popularity, robin …

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What The Past Can Provide: Contribution Of Prehistoric Bison Studies To Modern Bison Management, Kenneth Cannon Apr 2001

What The Past Can Provide: Contribution Of Prehistoric Bison Studies To Modern Bison Management, Kenneth Cannon

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

For over 100 years, bison in the Greater Yellowstone Area have been managed intensely. Even during the years of "natural regulation," bison herds have been heavily managed by culling. One of the fundamental goals of the plan for the Greater Yellowstone Area is to maintain the ecosystem's integrity using sound science. In order to reach this goal, it must be recognized that it is a dynamic system, continually undergoing change. However, our knowledge of such changes is extremely limited. In the case of bison, our knowledge is based on nonsystematically collected historic records and modern studies of small, isolated populations. …

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Court Review: Volume 38, Issue 1 - Complete Issue Apr 2001

Court Review: Volume 38, Issue 1 - Complete Issue

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

No abstract provided.

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Court Review: Volume 38, Issue 1 - Courting Justice With The Heart: Emotional Intelligence In The Courtroom, Nancy Perry Lubiani, Patricia H. Murrell Apr 2001

Court Review: Volume 38, Issue 1 - Courting Justice With The Heart: Emotional Intelligence In The Courtroom, Nancy Perry Lubiani, Patricia H. Murrell

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

American culture certainly has a word for sadness. In fact, we have several words, depression, dejection, sorrow, melancholy, despondency, and even a few colloquial phrases: “the blues,” “down in the dumps.” Sadness is probably one of the mildest emotions that judges see in their courtroom. On any given day they might also see anger, frustration, fear, impatience, apathy, boredom, awe, respect, intimidation, perhaps even some of the more welcome emotions, such as happiness, relief, or even joy, and that is just when the judge is on the bench. The list could go on and on. Other aspects of judicial work …

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Fish & Wildlife News: April/May/June 2001 Apr 2001

Fish & Wildlife News: April/May/June 2001

Fish and Wildlife News

Contents:
Proposal Brings Whoopers Back to East 2
Calling All Photographers! 5
Convictions, Fines in Caviar Case 6
Recarpeting a Bay 7
Students Become Refuge Biologists 8
Special Section: Native Americans 10
Apaches Join in Wolf Recovery Efforts 16
Mythical Condors Returning to West 16
The Day of the “Duck In” 20
Cooking Up Conservation 23
Spontaneity at Government Meeting 27
Fish and Wildlife...In Brief 35

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American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 23, No. 1, January 2001, Scott Lyell Gardner Apr 2001

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 23, No. 1, January 2001, Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

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Scwds Briefs: Volume 17, Number 1 (April 2001) Apr 2001

Scwds Briefs: Volume 17, Number 1 (April 2001)

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications


• Concern for FMD Increases: As of April 30, 2001, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks had occurred in the United Kingdom (UK), The Netherlands, France, Republic of Ireland, Colombia, Argentina, and other countries. FMD also is present in South America and in some areas of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
• Keep FMD out of America!
• APHIS Policies for Wildlife in an FMD Emergency
• What if FMD Hits?
• Georgia’s Ossabaw Island has the distinction of being the only confirmed enzoootic focus of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-NJ) in the United States, and the …

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Nebline, April 2001 Apr 2001

Nebline, April 2001

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Human Diseases and Wildlife: Implications for Nebraska
Plant a Tree
Mom’s Day Garden
Annual Vines in the Landscape
What day is Arbor Day?
Summer Patch of Turfgrass
Horticulture information center
Termite Workshop on May 22
Household Hazardous Waste Collections for 2001
Safely Clean up After Rodents
Cans for Books
Test Soils for Nitrates; Adjust Application Rate Accordingly
Reduce Nitrogen and Maintain Yields; Multi-plot Research Results Show the Thresholds
Graze Conservatively Following Drought Year
Farm Labor
Diazinon Phase-Out Beginning
Lincoln Iris Society
Aerate Lawn to Improve Air Flow
How to Drive a Staple
Composting Workshops and Demonstrations for 2001
Anderson’s Post …

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Foreign-Language Comedy Production In The Third Reich, William Grange Apr 2001

Foreign-Language Comedy Production In The Third Reich, William Grange

Johnny Carson School of Theatre and Film: Faculty Publications and Creative Activity

The two most frequently performed non-German comic playwrights on German-language stages from 1933 to 1944 were Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793) and Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), whose plays served the purposes of cultural transmission both by the theatre establishment and the political regime in power at the time. Goethe had seen Goldoni productions in Venice during his "Italian Journeys" between 1786 and 1788, and he reported that never in his life had he heard such "laughter and bellowing at a theatre." It remains unclear whether he meant laughing and bellowing on the part of audiences or the actors, but since his other remarks …

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Water Current, Volume 33, No. 2. April 2001 Apr 2001

Water Current, Volume 33, No. 2. April 2001

Water Current Newsletter

• Simple Sampler Assesses Buffer Strip Effectiveness by Steve Ress

• From the Director

• Meet the Faculty

• CLEAR Offers Help Restoring Community Lakes by Steve Ress

• UNL Water Lab Participates in NRD Water Programs Conference

• Summer Water and Natural Resources Tour Looks at Urban Water Quality and Quantity Concerns by Steve Ress

• 30th Annual Water Conference Held at Grand Island’s I-80 Holiday Inn by Steve Ress

• On the Subject of Lawns

• Irrigation, by the Numbers

• Water News Briefs

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Drc-1339 (Starlicide) Apr 2001

Drc-1339 (Starlicide)

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methyl benzenamine HCI, Chemical Abstract Service Reg. No. 7745-89-3) is a slow-acting avicide that is registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the control of several species of pest birds, including blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, ravens, magpies, and gulls. Technical DRC-1339 (Starlicide Technical, EPA Reg. No. 602-134) contains 97 percent DRC-1339. Starlicide products and DRC- 1339 were developed jointly by Ralston Purina, Inc., Purina Mills, Inc., and the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Registrations are maintained by PM Resources, Inc., Earth City Resources, and APHIS.

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Disease Emergence In Birds: Challenges For The Twenty-First Century, Milton Friend, Robert G. Mclean, F. Joshua Dein Apr 2001

Disease Emergence In Birds: Challenges For The Twenty-First Century, Milton Friend, Robert G. Mclean, F. Joshua Dein

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) conjunctivitis is an example of the rapid geographic spread that can result from disease emergence in naive populations. That event was neither novel nor transient relative to its occurrence or effects. Disease emergence and reemergence are hallmarks of the latter part of the twentieth century (Center for Disease Control 1994, Levins et al. 1994, DaSilva and Laccarino 1999, Gratz 1999). Current examples involving domestic animals include the problems in Europe with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or ‘‘mad cow disease’’) (Brown 2001) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (Kitching 1999). Human health has been affected by diseases caused …

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First Report Of Columbia Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Chitwoodi) In Potato In Texas, A. L. Szalanski, P. G. Mullin, T. S. Harris, T. O. Powers Apr 2001

First Report Of Columbia Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Chitwoodi) In Potato In Texas, A. L. Szalanski, P. G. Mullin, T. S. Harris, T. O. Powers

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al. (1) was identified from potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., collected from Dallam County, Texas in October 2000. Seed potatoes are the most likely source for this introduction. This nematode is currently found infecting potatoes grown in California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Some countries prohibit import of both seed and table stock potatoes originating in states known to harbor M. chitwoodi. Lesions on the potatoes had discrete brown coloration with white central spots in the outer 1 cm of the tuber flesh. Female nematode densities averaged 3 per square …

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Region Of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Sufficient For Wild-Type Spontaneous Reactivation Promotes Cell Survival In Tissue Culture, Melissa Inman, Guey-Chuen Perng, Gail A. Henderson, Homayon Ghiasi, Anthony B. Nesburn, Steven L. Wechsler, Clinton J. Jones Apr 2001

Region Of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Sufficient For Wild-Type Spontaneous Reactivation Promotes Cell Survival In Tissue Culture, Melissa Inman, Guey-Chuen Perng, Gail A. Henderson, Homayon Ghiasi, Anthony B. Nesburn, Steven L. Wechsler, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The latency-associated transcript (LAT) is the only abundant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transcript expressed during latency. In the rabbit eye model, LAT null mutants do not reactivate efficiently from latency. We recently demonstrated that the LAT null mutant dLAT2903 induces increased levels of apoptosis in trigeminal ganglia of infected rabbits compared to LAT+ strains (G.-C. Perng, C. Jones, J. Ciacci-Zarella, M. Stone, G. Henderson, A. Yokht, S. M. Slanina, F. M. Hoffman, H. Ghiasi, A. B. Nesburn, and C. S. Wechsler, Science 287:1500–1503, 2000).The same study also demonstrated that a plasmid expressing LAT nucleotides 301 to …

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Molecular Phylogenetics Of Western North American Frogs Of The Rana Boylii Species Group, J. Robert Macey, Jared L. Strasburg, Jennifer A. Brisson, Vance T. Vredenburg, Mark Jennings, Allan Larson Apr 2001

Molecular Phylogenetics Of Western North American Frogs Of The Rana Boylii Species Group, J. Robert Macey, Jared L. Strasburg, Jennifer A. Brisson, Vance T. Vredenburg, Mark Jennings, Allan Larson

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Phylogenetic relationships among frogs of the genus Rana from western North America are investigated using 2013 aligned bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNAIle, tRNAGln, tRNAMet, ND2, tRNATrp, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNACys, tRNATyr, and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase), plus the origin for light-strand replication (OL) between the tRNAAsn and tRNACys genes. The aligned sequences contain 401 phylogenetically informative characters. A well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis in which the Rana boylii species group ( …

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Solution Structure Of B. Subtilis Acyl Carrier Protein, Guang-Yi Xu, Amy Tam, Laura Lin, Jeffrey Hixon, Christian C. Fritz, Robert Powers Apr 2001

Solution Structure Of B. Subtilis Acyl Carrier Protein, Guang-Yi Xu, Amy Tam, Laura Lin, Jeffrey Hixon, Christian C. Fritz, Robert Powers

Robert Powers Publications

Background: Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a fundamental component of fatty acid biosynthesis in which the fatty acid chain is elongated by the fatty acid synthetase system while attached to the 4’-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group (4’- PP) of ACP. Activation of ACP is mediated by holo-acyl carrier protein synthase (ACPS) when ACPS transfers the 4’-PP moiety from coenzyme A (CoA) to Ser36 of apo-ACP. Both ACP and ACPS have been identified as essential for E. coli viability and potential targets for development of antibiotics.

Results: The solution structure of B. subtilis ACP (9 kDa) has been determined using two-dimensional and three-dimensional …

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Movements And Mortality Of American White Pelicans Banded At Marsh Lake, Minnesota, D. Tommy King Apr 2001

Movements And Mortality Of American White Pelicans Banded At Marsh Lake, Minnesota, D. Tommy King

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We analyzed 687 recovery records for American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) banded as nestlings at Marsh Lake, Minnesota, between 1972 and 1998 to determine mortality, migration, and dispersal patterns. About 84% of the recoveries were in the United States, 12% in Mexico, 3% in Canada, and 1% in Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Recoveries included 404 bands from birds reported as found dead or shot and 283 bands from birds due to other miscellaneous causes. Median age at recovery was 1.0 year. The mean distance from the banding site to a recovery location was 1240 km. Pelicans from …

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Impacts Of Supplemental Feeding On The Nutritional Ecology Of Black Bears, Steven T. Partridge, Dale L. Nolte, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Charles T. Robbins Apr 2001

Impacts Of Supplemental Feeding On The Nutritional Ecology Of Black Bears, Steven T. Partridge, Dale L. Nolte, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Charles T. Robbins

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Black bear (Ursus americanus) damage to managed conifer stands during the spring in the U.S. Pacific Northwest is a continuing management concern. Because bear damage to managed conifers may reflect the limited availability of nutritious foods, supplemental feeding has been used to decrease damage. Highly palatable, pelleted feed is provided ad libitum from April until late June when berries ripen and such damage stops. We examined black bear use of supplemental feed during the spring and summer of 1998 and 1999 in western Washington. Bears were captured in areas where supplemental feed was provided and in control areas …

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Compound Drc- 1339 Concentrate-Staging Areas (Epa Reg. No. 56228-30) Apr 2001

Compound Drc- 1339 Concentrate-Staging Areas (Epa Reg. No. 56228-30)

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methyl benzenamine HCI, Chemical Abstract Service Reg. No. 7745-89-3) is a slow- acting avicide that is registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the control of several species of pest birds including blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, ravens, magpies, and gulls. Technical DRC-1339 (Starlicide Technical, EPA Reg. No. 602-1 34) contains 97 percent DRC-1339. DRC-1339 was developed jointly by Ralston Purina, Inc., Purina Mills, Inc., and the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Wildlife Service's (WS) program.

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Do Species And Functional Groups Differ In Acquisition And Use Of C, N And Water Under Varying Atmospheric Co2 And N Availability Regimes? A Field Test With 16 Grassland Species, Peter B. Reich, David Tilman, Joseph Craine, David Ellsworth, Mark G. Tjoelker, Johannes M. H. Knops, David A. Wedin, Shahid Naeem, Dan Bahauddin, Jenny Goth, Wendy Bengtson, Tali D. Lee Mar 2001

Do Species And Functional Groups Differ In Acquisition And Use Of C, N And Water Under Varying Atmospheric Co2 And N Availability Regimes? A Field Test With 16 Grassland Species, Peter B. Reich, David Tilman, Joseph Craine, David Ellsworth, Mark G. Tjoelker, Johannes M. H. Knops, David A. Wedin, Shahid Naeem, Dan Bahauddin, Jenny Goth, Wendy Bengtson, Tali D. Lee

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Summary:

• To evaluate whether functional groups have a similar response to global change, the responses to CO2 concentration and N availability of grassland species from several functional groups are reported here.
• Sixteen perennial grassland species from four trait-based functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses, non-leguminous forbs, legumes) were grown in field mono-cultures under ambient or elevated (560 μmol mol-1) CO2using free-air CO2enrichment (FACE), in low N (unamended field soil) or high N (field soil + 4 g N m-2 years-1) treatments.
• There were no CO …

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Modeling A Spring Wheat Crop Under Elevated Co2 And Drought, S. Grossman-Clarke, P. J. Pinter Jr., T. Kartschall, B. A. Kimball, D. J. Hunsaker, G. W. Wall, R. L. Garcia, R. L. Lamorte Mar 2001

Modeling A Spring Wheat Crop Under Elevated Co2 And Drought, S. Grossman-Clarke, P. J. Pinter Jr., T. Kartschall, B. A. Kimball, D. J. Hunsaker, G. W. Wall, R. L. Garcia, R. L. Lamorte

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

• The simulation model DEMETER was used here to investigate which mechanisms led to a larger CO2 effect on biomass production and yield of a spring wheat crop under drought compared with unlimited water supply.

• Field data of the free-air CO2enrichment (FACE) wheat experiments in Arizona (1993–94) were used to test the model. The influence of a particular mechanism leading to a higher CO2effect under drought was investigated by eliminating the influence of the other causes on the simulation results on selected days during the growing seasons.

• A larger CO2effect under …

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Using Iophenoxic Acid Injections Of Prey To Identify Mammals That Feed On Them, Frederick F. Knowlton, Stanley R. Olmstead Mar 2001

Using Iophenoxic Acid Injections Of Prey To Identify Mammals That Feed On Them, Frederick F. Knowlton, Stanley R. Olmstead

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Identifying species or individuals that feed upon other species of animals is an important aspect of some predation studies. We evaluated the effectiveness with which the biomark associated with iophenoxic acid (IA) injections was transferred from domestic goats to coyotes (Canis latrans) that fed on them. We injected doses of 100, 300, or 1,000 mg of IA into goats to raise serum iodine levels, fed meat from the injected goats to coyotes, and monitored serum iodine levels in both species for about I20 days. Within 3 days, mean serum iodine levels in goats increased from 5.33 mcg/I 00 ml to …

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Pulp Cavity-Tooth Width Ratios From Known-Age And Wild-Caught Coyotes Determined By Radiography, Frederick F. Knowlton, Susan L. Whittemore Mar 2001

Pulp Cavity-Tooth Width Ratios From Known-Age And Wild-Caught Coyotes Determined By Radiography, Frederick F. Knowlton, Susan L. Whittemore

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Although the relative sizes of pulp cavities in teeth are used frequently to identify various age classes of carnivores, validation of the technique has received little attention. We measured the pulp cavities and tooth widths based on radiographs of canine and premolar teeth from a large sample of known-age, pen-reared coyotes (Canis latrans) and from samples of wild-caught coyotes of unknown age. The ratio of pulp cavity to tooth width decreased rapidly through the first year of life. Although canine tooth ratios of juvenile, yearling, and adult coyotes differed, variations within yearling and adult groups precluded accurate assignment …

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Comparison Of Primary And Secondary Repellents For Aversive Conditioning Of European Starlings, Roger W. Sayre, Larry Clark Mar 2001

Comparison Of Primary And Secondary Repellents For Aversive Conditioning Of European Starlings, Roger W. Sayre, Larry Clark

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Secondary repellents have been demonstrated to effectively reduce avian crop depredation. However, these compounds frequently are toxins and there are concerns about environmental safety. Many primary repellents are toxicologically and environmentally safer, but these chemicals are not as effective when traditional delivery methods are used. We set out to determine whether the difference in efficacy of primary vs. secondary repellents was due to differences in potency of the chemical classes or site of action within the animal. We hypothesized that the efficacy of primary repellents could be enhanced if they could be delivered directly to the gastrointestinal system, thus by-passing …

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