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Quality Of Life, Sanctity Of Creation: Palliative Or Apotheosis?, George P. Smith Ii Jan 1984

Quality Of Life, Sanctity Of Creation: Palliative Or Apotheosis?, George P. Smith Ii

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. The Federal "Baby Doe" Regulations ... A. The March 7, 1983 Version ... 1. Background ... 2. Challenge in American Academy of Pediatrics v. H eckler ... B. July Reissuance ... C. The Final Rules

III. Baby Jane Doe ... A. Action against the Parents ... B. The Federal Response to Baby Jane Doe

IV. Searching for a Workable Standard ... A. Technical/Medical Criteria ... B. The Role of Parents in Decisionmaking ... C. Quality of Life and Extraordinary Care ... D. The Role of the Federal Government

V. Conclusion


Effects Of Excess Arginine With And Without Supplemental Lysine On Performance, Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations And Nitrogen Balance Of Young Swine, L. C. Anderson, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., J. D. Crenshaw, Win Butler Jan 1984

Effects Of Excess Arginine With And Without Supplemental Lysine On Performance, Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations And Nitrogen Balance Of Young Swine, L. C. Anderson, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr., J. D. Crenshaw, Win Butler

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of excess arginine on performance, plasma amino acid levels and N balance of young pigs (initial weights 6.9, 7.0 and 10.3 kg, respectively). In a 28-d growth trial, various amounts of arginine (0 to 1.6%) were added to a conventional starter diet.


Relationship Of Lactation Energy Intake And Occurence Of Postweaning Estrus To Body And Back Fat Composition In Sows, D. E. Reese, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis Jan 1984

Relationship Of Lactation Energy Intake And Occurence Of Postweaning Estrus To Body And Back Fat Composition In Sows, D. E. Reese, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Forty-five crossbred primiparous sows were used to determine the relationship of lactation energy intake and the occurrence of post-weaning estrus to (1) body fat (percentage), (2) lean body mass (LBM) and (3) qualitative and quantitative characteristics of adipose tissue. Sows received 8 (Lo) or 16 (Hi) Meal of metabolizable energy (ME)/d during lactation and 5.4 Meal of ME/d post-weaning.


Block And Bridle Annual, 1984 Jan 1984

Block And Bridle Annual, 1984

Block and Bridle Annual (1933–2021)

Table of Contents:

Staff Comments
Emblem and Purpose
Animal Science Dept. Chairman Address
Block and Bridle Presidents' Address
Block and Bridle Advisors
Animal Science Faculty
Animal Science Graduate Students
Animal Science Secretaries
Liaison Committee
Animal Science Completion Project
Block and Bridle Members
Block and Bridle Initiates
Block and Bridle Officers
Block and Bridle Executive Committee
Block and Bridle Seniors
Meeting Calender
Activities Calender Committee Chairmen
Treasurer's Report
Activities and Guest Speakers
Regional Meetings
National Meetings
Honors Banquet
Junior Scholarship Award
Outstanding Senior Award
Block and Bridle 1983 Honoree
Visit with Honoree
State Fair Awards
Fall Steak Fry
Little Ak-Sar-Ben
Queen …


G84-730 Financing Social Services In Nebraska (Revised December 1992), A.L. (Roy) Frederick Jan 1984

G84-730 Financing Social Services In Nebraska (Revised December 1992), A.L. (Roy) Frederick

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This is one of a series of NebGuides on financing state and local government. This publication focuses on social services.

Social services programs in Nebraska provide public assistance to individuals who, for reasons beyond their control, are unable to support themselves. Public assistance programs are of two broad types. The first type provides cash assistance directly to those who qualify. All other programs involve payments to vendors (providers) who, in turn, provide needed services.


G84-702 Root And Soil Analayses For Nematodes In Corn, David S. Wysong, Eric D. Kerr Jan 1984

G84-702 Root And Soil Analayses For Nematodes In Corn, David S. Wysong, Eric D. Kerr

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide describes how to interpret laboratory results of samples submitted for nematode analysis and discusses ten species that are potentially damaging to corn.

Several kinds of plant parasitic nematodes (small, soil-inhabiting roundworms) are associated with root injury, poor plant color, stunted growth, and reduced grain yields in field corn. Symptoms caused by these pests are often confused with root rot diseases, nutritional deficiencies or climatic stresses. Special laboratory analyses are, therefore, necessary to determine if nematodes are the primary cause of reduced corn performance. Since corn growers may be unfamiliar with nematode diseases, the following discussion of laboratory reports …


G84-711 Managing The Home Goose Breeder Flock, Earl W. Gleaves Jan 1984

G84-711 Managing The Home Goose Breeder Flock, Earl W. Gleaves

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide provides basic information on breed selection, sexing, housing and equipment needed, feeding, breeding, egg care and incubation for the home goose flock.

The goose has been almost completely ignored in the rapid technical developments that have occurred in other parts of the poultry industry in the past 25 years. Experimental work with the domestic goose has been very limited. This means that management recommendations that are pertinent today may not be in the future.


G84-738 Management To Minimize Hay Waste, Bruce Anderson, Terry L. Mader Jan 1984

G84-738 Management To Minimize Hay Waste, Bruce Anderson, Terry L. Mader

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses harvest factors that affect hay yield and quality as well as ways to reduce losses during harvest, storage, and feeding.

Hay is harvested, stored, and fed under a wide variety of conditions that influence both its yield and feed value. High quality hay is needed by animals that require high nutrient concentrations to reach desired levels of production. These include dairy cows, finishing beef cattle, fattening lambs, and race horses. Excellent hay management is required to produce the hay needed by these livestock. High quality hay is also used as a supplement to lower quality forages, such …


G84-696 Small Grains For Silage Or Hay, Paul Q. Guyer, Terry L. Mader Jan 1984

G84-696 Small Grains For Silage Or Hay, Paul Q. Guyer, Terry L. Mader

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using small grains for silage or hay, including handling, storage, feeding, animal performance, and nitrate toxicity potential.

Small grain crops are potentially important sources of high quality forage. Harvesting small grains for hay or silage rather than as grain may mean increased dollar returns per acre. Small grain silage or hay represents more total nutrient production per acre than harvest as grain and, when fed to ruminants, results in increased animal production.


G84-694 New Protein Values For Ingredients Used In Growing Cattle Rations, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader, Terry Klopfenstein Jan 1984

G84-694 New Protein Values For Ingredients Used In Growing Cattle Rations, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader, Terry Klopfenstein

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide assigns new protein values to feeds and describes two new systems for evaluating supplemental protein sources. Information about protein sources has changed greatly in the last 10 years. Words like "bypass," "escape," or "slowly degraded" have been used to describe some proteins. These terms have the same meaning and refer to a protein source's ability to escape breakdown in the rumen. Ingredient tables usually only list the crude protein content of feeds. Although this has been a useful system, it does not adequately evaluate supplemental protein sources. Digestible protein values have helped describe some forages, but can be …


G84-693 Protein Levels For Growing And Finishing Cattle, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader, Terry Klopfenstein Jan 1984

G84-693 Protein Levels For Growing And Finishing Cattle, Rick Stock, Terry L. Mader, Terry Klopfenstein

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide describes the use of nonprotein nitrogen and bypass protein sources to fulfill the protein requirements of growing and finishing steers, heifers and bulls. Protein supplementation can be an expensive feed cost for cattle producers. Through the use of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and bypass protein sources, however, these costs can be reduced. Bypass protein is the protein that escapes breakdown in the rumen and passes "as is" into the small intestine where it is digested and absorbed. Because NPN sources are usually the most economical sources of supplemental nitrogen, NPN should be used whenever possible. The potential for using …


Ec84-879 The Future Of Farm Price And Income-Support Programs, A. L. Frederick, R. G. F. Spitze Jan 1984

Ec84-879 The Future Of Farm Price And Income-Support Programs, A. L. Frederick, R. G. F. Spitze

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Extension Circular 84-879: The Future of Farm Price and Income-Support Programs; introduction, nature of the problem, evolution of policies and programs, evaluation of the programs, and price-income policy issue in the future.


Effect Of Suckling And Ovariectomy On The Control Of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion During The Postpartum Period In Beef Cows, M. Garcia-Winder, K. Imakawa, M. L. Day, D. D. Zalesky, Roger J. Kittok, J. E. Kinder Jan 1984

Effect Of Suckling And Ovariectomy On The Control Of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion During The Postpartum Period In Beef Cows, M. Garcia-Winder, K. Imakawa, M. L. Day, D. D. Zalesky, Roger J. Kittok, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Twenty-two mature pluriparous beef cows were randomly assigned to one of six treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment in order to study the role of suckling and ovarian factors on control of the tonic and episodic release of luteinizing hormone (LH). Twelve cows remained intact (INT) and 10 were ovariectomized (OVX) within 4 days following the day of parturition (Day 0). The suckling intensities were nonsuckled (0), suckled once daily for 30 mm (1) and suckled ad libitum by two calves (2). Blood samples were collected at 1 5-mm intervals for 6 h weekly, from Days 6 to …


The Nutritional Value Of High Moisture And Reconstituted Sorghum Grain For Swine, J. D. Crenshaw, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis, B. D. Moser, T. D. Crenshaw Jan 1984

The Nutritional Value Of High Moisture And Reconstituted Sorghum Grain For Swine, J. D. Crenshaw, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis, B. D. Moser, T. D. Crenshaw

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A growing-finishing experiment involving 150 crossbred swine (replicated by time) and two metabolism experiments involving 36 crossbred barrows were conducted to determine the nutritional value of harvested high moisture (HMSG), reconstituted (RCSG) and dry sorghum grain (DSG) for swine. In Exp. 1, pigs fed HMSG diets gained the same, consumed similar amounts of feed, but less (P<.05) crude protein (equivalent dry matter basis) and had better (P<.05) feed conversion than pigs fed DSG diets.


I.V. Withdrawal: The Severance Of Medicine's Or Society's Umbilical Cord? Barber V. Superior Court Of Los Angeles County, 137 Cal. App. 3d 1006, 195 Cal. Rptr. 484 (1983), J. P. Chrisman Jan 1984

I.V. Withdrawal: The Severance Of Medicine's Or Society's Umbilical Cord? Barber V. Superior Court Of Los Angeles County, 137 Cal. App. 3d 1006, 195 Cal. Rptr. 484 (1983), J. P. Chrisman

Nebraska Law Review

This article addresses the propriety of the Barber v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County decision and its ramifications. The purposes of the article are twofold. First, I argue in Part II that, contrary to the Barber court's reasoning, intravenous feeding and hydration are not treatments but rather sustenance; therefore, they cannot be discontinued simply because a patient is incurably comatose. The second, and major, purpose (in Part III) is to recommend methods for dealing with the problems inherently associated with the care of incurably comatose patients.

I. Introduction

II. The Consequences of Withdrawing the I.V. ... A. The Line …


Enteric Redmouth Disease Of Salmonids, G. L. Bullock Jan 1984

Enteric Redmouth Disease Of Salmonids, G. L. Bullock

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is a systemic bacterial infection of fishes, but is principally known for its occurrence in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. The disease was first reported in the 1950's by Rucker (1966), and in recognition of that fact, the causal organism was named Yersinia ruckeri by Ewing et al. (1978). Although Wagner and Perkins (1952) described a bacterial disease that produced a red-mouth condition in rainbow trout in California and Colorado, it was caused by a different bacterium; they isolated Pseudomonas hydrophila rather than Y. ruckeri.


Seedcorn Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Reproductive Biology And Techniques For Examining Ovarian Dynamics, L. G. Higley, L. P. Pedigo Jan 1984

Seedcorn Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Reproductive Biology And Techniques For Examining Ovarian Dynamics, L. G. Higley, L. P. Pedigo

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

We developed techniques for examining ovarian dynamics of the seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen), and delineated detailed procedures for ovarian dissections and classifications.A three-class ovarian rating system was devised and physiological ages for each class were determined. The preovipositional period was 36 degree-days (DD) in the field and 100 DD in the laboratory. No ovarian development was observed unlessfemales had been given a protein food source. All females with ovarian development had mated.


Effects Of Weather On Habitat Selection And Behavior Of Mallards Wintering In Nebraska, Dennis Jorde, Gary Krapu, Richard Crawford, Miriam Hay Jan 1984

Effects Of Weather On Habitat Selection And Behavior Of Mallards Wintering In Nebraska, Dennis Jorde, Gary Krapu, Richard Crawford, Miriam Hay

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Sex and age ratios, habitat selection, spatial characteristics, and time budgets of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) wintering on the Platte River in south central Nebraska were studied from mid-December to early April 197% 1980. The proportion of females and subadults in the population increased substantially from a cold to a mild winter. Radio-tagged Mallards shifted from riverine to canal roost sites during the coldest periods of the winter, seemingly because of more favorable microclimatic conditions there. Subadults ranged over larger areas during winter than did adults. Activity patterns varied with weather conditions, time of day, and habitat type. During …


Fuel Ethanol From Raw Corn, Curtis Weller, M. P. Steinberg, E. D. Rodda Jan 1984

Fuel Ethanol From Raw Corn, Curtis Weller, M. P. Steinberg, E. D. Rodda

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Crude amylase preparations were produced by growing Aspergillus awamori and A. niger on raw, ground, whole corn. These Koji preparations were used to hydrolyze the starch of raw, ground whole corn to sugars during simultaneous fermentation of the sugars to ethanol by distillers active dry yeast. Ethanol concentrations of the fermentation beers were determined with gas-chromatography. These fermentations yielded an average of 89.6% theoretical ethanol compared to control, conventional, fermentations that had an average of 89.9%. Carbon dioxide evolutions were determined with use of Alwood valves. The initial fermentation rate was greater for the conventional fermentation than the Koji fermentation. …


Catabolite Repression Of Chloroplast Development In Euglena, Antonio F. Monroy, Steven D. Scheartzbach Jan 1984

Catabolite Repression Of Chloroplast Development In Euglena, Antonio F. Monroy, Steven D. Scheartzbach

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved total cellular protein from Euglena gracifis Klebs var. bacillaris Cori into 640 polypeptides detectable by silver staining. The addition of 84 mM ethanol to dark-grown resting carbon- starved cells increased the relative amounts of 6 polypeptides and decreased the relative amounts of 3 polypeptides. The addition of 84 mM malate to resting cells increased the relative amounts of 3 of the ethanol-induced polypeptides, suggesting that the induction of these polypeptides represents a generalized response to the provision of a utilizable carbon source, a nutritional shift up, rather than a specific response to ethanol addition. Exposure of …


Herbivore Effect On Stature, Fruiting, And Leaf Dynamics Of A Native Crucifer, Svata M. Louda Jan 1984

Herbivore Effect On Stature, Fruiting, And Leaf Dynamics Of A Native Crucifer, Svata M. Louda

Svata M. Louda Publications

The impact of a native, leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetle (Phaedon sp. nr. oviformis) on bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia: Cruciferae), was evaluated in an exclusion experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant increase in plant performance in the rotenone exclusion compared to performance in the paired control treatment. Plant response to the reduction of herbivory was a complicated, interrelated syndrome of changes. When insects were excluded, the amount of missing leaf area decreased significantly (3.6-fold; 3.2-0.9 cm2 per plant), and the total leaf area increased 5.7-fold (12.9-73.4 cm2 per plant). Plant height (5.7-20.3 cm) and fruit production …


Effects Of Water Flow Restriction And Environmental Factors On Performance Of Nursery-Age Pigs, John A. Neinaber, G. Leroy Hahn Jan 1984

Effects Of Water Flow Restriction And Environmental Factors On Performance Of Nursery-Age Pigs, John A. Neinaber, G. Leroy Hahn

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A series of three feeding trials was conducted to determine if nipple waterer flow rate affects the performance of nursery-age pigs and if there are any interaction effects with environmental factors. In the first trial, 42 barrows, 10 wk of age, were fed during a period of 4 wk at 5 or 35 C and given water ad libitum with flow rates of 100, 600 and 1,100 ml/min and a control treatment of 20 C and 600 ml/min.


Manipulation Of Endogenous And Exogenous Hormones For Red Meat Production, Bruce D. Schanbacher Jan 1984

Manipulation Of Endogenous And Exogenous Hormones For Red Meat Production, Bruce D. Schanbacher

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Growth and development of domestic livestock for red meat production are often discussed in the context of environmental factors, nutritional requirements, genetic potential and the anabolic agents affecting production efficiency. In this minireview, the effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones on animal growth are reviewed. The pituitary, pancreatic and gonadal hormones known to affect growth and(or) carcass composition are cited to illustrate and place into perspective the important contributions that the endocrine system makes to animal production. Manipulation of endogenous hormones through 1) administration of synthetic releasing and inhibiting peptides and 2) immunoneutralization techniques, will likely provide the livestock producer …


Proceedings Of Perdix Iii: Gray Partridge And Ring-Necked Pheasant Workshop, Robert T. Dumke, Richard B. Stiehl, Richard B. Kahl Jan 1984

Proceedings Of Perdix Iii: Gray Partridge And Ring-Necked Pheasant Workshop, Robert T. Dumke, Richard B. Stiehl, Richard B. Kahl

Galliformes Specialist Group and Affiliated Societies: Conference Proceedings

Foreword

Opening remarks: How far we have come, Robert A. McCabe

Gray Partridge Ecology and Management

Grey partridge population dynamics: Comparisons between Britain and North America, G. Richard Potts

Changes in the composition of the autumn food of the partridge in western Finland over 20 years, Erkki Pulliainen

Body condition of gray partridge during fall and winter in Saskatchewan, Ross W. Melinchuk and John P. Ryder

Nesting biology of gray partridge in east-central Wisonsin, Kevin E. Church

Procedures for introducing gray partridge into unoccupied range in New York, Kevin E, Church, William F. Porter, and David E. Austin

Landowner and …


A Decade Of Usda-Ars Predator Research, 1972-1982, Jeffrey S. Green Dec 1983

A Decade Of Usda-Ars Predator Research, 1972-1982, Jeffrey S. Green

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Federal government restrictions in 1972 on several widely-used forms of predator control stimulated research on alternative methods of reducing depredation on livestock. In the same year, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began predator research through the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and designed the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station CUSSES, near Dubois in southeastern Idaho as the principle location for the investigations. At the outset, the objective of ARS research was to examine non-lethal methods for reducing depredation, primarily by coyotes (Cants), on sheep. During the first several years, while predator research facilities were constructed at the USSES, ARS funds were primarily …


Agricultural Experiment Station News December 1983 Dec 1983

Agricultural Experiment Station News December 1983

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:
ASSOCIATE DEAN AND ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR
INDIRECT COST RECOVERY
FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR FY 1984 WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
FIELD LAB TASK FORCE ACTIVITY
1984 FOUNDATION GRANT CYCLE
PROJECT REVIEW ACCOMPLISHMENTS
FY 1984 FEDERAL BUDGET
NEW OR REVISED PROJECTS
TOO MANY MEETINGS
USDA COMPETITIVE RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAM
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
RETIREMENT RECEPTION AND DINNER
SEASON'S BEST WISHES


Whole Issue Nebraska Bird Review (December 1983) 51(4) Dec 1983

Whole Issue Nebraska Bird Review (December 1983) 51(4)

Nebraska Bird Review

A New Nesting Species for Nebraska ... 86
Book Reviews ... 87
A Second Black-shouldered Kite in Nebraska,
with Notes on Its Food Habits ... 88
Pine Siskin Nests at Wayne State College ... 89
1983 Fall Field Day ... 89
A Mississippi Kite in Hall County, Nebraska ... 90
Notes ... 91
Index of Volume ... 97


"Book Reviews" From Nebraska Bird Review (December 1983) 51(4), Rusty Cortelyou Dec 1983

"Book Reviews" From Nebraska Bird Review (December 1983) 51(4), Rusty Cortelyou

Nebraska Bird Review

Book Reviews

Bird Conservation: No.1, Stanley A. Temple, Editor, 148 pp. 6 x 9, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis. No index, paper. $12.95

The Care and Breeding of Seed-eating Birds, Finches and Allied Species - Doves, Quail and Hemipodes. Jeffery Trollope, 336 pp. 5¾ x8¾, Blandford Press, England, Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., New York, bibliography, indexed, hardbound, $17.95.

Birds of North America, Expanded, Revised Edition Robbins, Bruun, and Zim, illustrated by Singer. 4½ x 7½, 360 pp. Golden Press, New York. $7.95 softcover, $10.95 hardcover.


The Prairie Naturalist Volume 15, No. 4. December 1983 Dec 1983

The Prairie Naturalist Volume 15, No. 4. December 1983

The Prairie Naturalist

Paul B. Kannowski, Editor

Nikki R. Seabloom, Assistant Editor

Douglas H. Johnson, Book Review Editor

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ASPECTS OF THE NESTING ECOLOGY OF LEAST TERNS AND PIPING PLOVERS IN CENTRAL NEBRASKA ▪ C. A. Faanes

LEAD SHOT INCIDENCE IN SANDHILL CRANES COLLECTED FROM ALASKA, CANADA, AND TEXAS ▪ B. M. Wallace, R. J. Warren and G. D. Gaines

LEAD SHOT INCIDENCE IN WATERFOWL COLLECTED FROM THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS ▪ B. M. Wallace, R. J. Warren and R. J. Whyte

SMALL MAMMALS OF WINTER WHEAT AND GRAIN SORGHUM CROPLANDS IN WEST-CENTRAL KANSAS ▪ K. W. Navo and E. D. …


A Profile Of Nebraska Extension Agents Related To Their Awareness, Self-Perceived Confidence Levels, Attitudes And Present Practices In Selected Areas Of Mass Media Communications, Susan Louise Register Dec 1983

A Profile Of Nebraska Extension Agents Related To Their Awareness, Self-Perceived Confidence Levels, Attitudes And Present Practices In Selected Areas Of Mass Media Communications, Susan Louise Register

Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communication: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Purpose. It was the purpose of this study to construct a profile of Nebraska Extension Agents related to their awareness, self-perceived confidence levels, attitudes and present practices in selected areas of mass media communications. Method. A questionnaire, developed by the author, was mailed to 100 percent of the Nebraska Extension Agents. The questionnaire used a Likert scale to measure self-perceived confidence levels and educational effectiveness in regard to selected mass media tasks. A five point Likert scale was used to measure how often selected source materials were used in creating media releases. Personal media habits were revealed as well as …