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Chemical Signals And Repellency: Problems And Prognosis, Gary K. Beauchamp

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

The chemical senses (olfaction, gustation, and chemical irritation or pain) were likely the first to evolve. Their functions are among the most basic-to attract and to repel. Attracting compounds often signal food or sex; repelling compounds presumably signal danger. Among the chemical senses, only olfaction appears to have several functional roles, two of which are modulation of social behaviors and identification of food. Whether an odor attracts or repels often depends to a large degree on learning. Consequently, dissociated olfactory stimuli may be relatively poor candidates for repellents since, after repeated exposure, pest animals are likely to ignore them. Taste, …

Behavioral Principles Governing Conditioned Food Aversions Based On Deception, Michael R. Conover

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

We often are unable to reduce wildlife damage because of our inability to apply a repellent directly to the plant, animal, or item that needs protection. Conditioned food aversions based on deception (CFABD) is one method that can be used to extend protection to these items (hereafter called models). In CFABD, the model is not treated; instead mimics of the model are created and then treated with a chemical that will sicken, but not kill, the animal consuming them. This approach is a reverse form of Batesian mimicry; normally the models are poisonous and the mimics are innocuous. Yet, the …

Effectiveness Of Capsaicin As A Repellent To Birdseed Consumption By Gray Squirrels, Christopher S. Fitzgerald, Paul D. Curtis, Milo E. Richmond, Joseph A. Dunn

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin as an aversive agent to captive and free-ranging gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinenssi). Capsaicin appeared more aversive in lipid-based formulations. Sunflower hearts treated with capsaicin oleoresins at 100,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU's) demonstrated near-complete aversiveness to captive squirrels. These treatments were sampled by food-deprived captive squirrels, but were not consumed due to their extreme pungency. Additionally, capsaicin-treated suet was very effective at lower concentrations than was observed with seeds (24,000 SHU-suet versus 100,000 SHU-seed). Three ground-pepper treatments (A = 8,250 SHU's, B = 27,500 SHU's, and C = 82,500 SHU's) offered simultaneously with …

Dilution And Detoxication Costs: Relevance To Avian Herbivore Food Selection, Walter J. Jakubas, Christopher G. Gulgielmo, William H. Karasov

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Toxicity and digestive inhibition are commonly thought of as the primary postingestive consequences by which plant secondary metabolites (PSM's) limit herbivore food selection. However, food selection may also be modified by nutritional costs imposed by detoxication processes and nutrient dilution. Few studies have determined the magnitude of these costs for vertebrate herbivores and their ecological significance. Research clarifying the mechanisms by which PSM's repel animals may give new insights into the development of repellents for nuisance wildlife and improve our ability to predict ecological interactions involving herbivores. Using captive ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), we tested whether PSM ingestion …

The Role Of Analytical Chemistry In Repellent Research, Bruce A. Kimball, Dale L. Nolte, Kevin L. Kelly, John J. Johnston

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Development of effective repellents requires in depth investigation of the interaction of animals with their chemical environment. This multidisciplinary field, chemical ecology, has received much attention in the area of plant/invertebrate herbivore interactions. At the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC), we have benefited by the close collaboration of chemists and biologists when studying the interactions of vertebrates with natural products. Typically, this combines chemical assays that provide information on the characteristics of chemical cues with bioassays that generate information on the mechanisms that drive animal behavior. The chemistry role in this research can be either supportive or interactive. Two recent …

Avian Repellents: Options, Modes Of Action, And Economic Considerations, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

The present manuscript considers visual, auditory, tactile, chemosensory, and physiologic repellents currently available for use in the United States. Discussion of tactile, chemosensory, and physiologic repellents is emphasized for three reasons. First, these products are preferred by users. Second, application of these substances is regulated by state and federal agencies. Third, only four active ingredients are legally available at the present time. This lack reflects difficulties in obtaining regulatory approval and limited market size.

Origins Of Food Preference In Herbivores, Frederick D. Provenza

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Food preference is best understood as the interaction between taste and postingestive feedback, determined by an animal's physiological condition and to a food's chemical characteristics. Taste (as well as smell and sight) enables animals to discriminate among foods and provides hedonic sensations associated with eating. Postingestive feedback calibrates taste in accord with a food's homeostatic utility: preference increases when foods are adequate in nutrients; conversely, preference decreases when foods are deficient in nutrients, when they contain excesses of toxins, and when they are too high in rapidly digestible nutrients. Preference also decreases when familiar foods are eaten too frequently or …

The Chemistry Of Plant/Animal Interactions, Paul B. Reichardt

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Chemical approaches to studying plant/animal interactions have led to an appreciation that plant chemistry strongly influences patterns of herbivory. Although this chemistry is often rather complex, two basic factors have emerged: plant chemistry influences herbivores in both positive and negative ways by determining dietary quality of plants and by providing feeding cues. Examination of the results from numerous studies addressing these issues has led to the development of three working hypotheses: (1) there is a molecular basis for chemical cues; (2) the molecular diversity of chemical signals implies specific mechanisms for plant-initiated attraction or repellence of herbivores; and (3) there …

The Role Of Sensory Cues And Feeding Context In The Mediation Of Pine-Needle Oil's Repellency In Prairie Voles, Shirley A. Wager-Page, J. Russell Mason, Eugeny Aronov, Gisela Epple

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Pine-needle oil inhibits feeding in vertebrate species through sensory cues. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) significantly decreased their ingestion of raw apple pieces when pineneedle oil (10% vol/vol) was applied as a repellent coating. During single-choice tests, voles selected similar amounts of sunflower seeds from pine-needle oil-scented jars and vegetable oil-treated jars. However, when jars containing both stimuli were presented simultaneously, voles retrieved significantly more food from the vegetable oil-treated jars than the pine-needle oil-treated jars. Neonatal administration of capsaicin chronically depletes neurotransmitters in C- and A-a fibers greatly diminishing or abolishing pain transmission in the affected neurons (i.e., …

Ard News August 1995

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:

COMMENTS FROM THE DEAN
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING COURSE
THE CULTURE OF CREDIT
PLANTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
IANR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER RESEARCH AND EDUCATION BUILDING SYMPOSIUM/DEDICATION
WIDAMAN TRUST DISTINGUISHED GRADUATE ASSISTANT AWARD
HARDIN DISTINGUISHED GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP FOR 1995-1996
NOMINATIONS SOUGHT FOR JUNIOR FACULTY EXCELLENCE IN RESEARCH AWARD
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS RECEIVED JUNE AND JULY, 1995
NEBRASKA ENVIRONMENTAL TRUST NEWS
PROPOSALS SUBMITTED FOR FEDERAL GRANTS
NEW OR REVISED PROJECTS

Annual Index - Volume 5, Number 2, Fall 1995

Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013)

Annual index

Nebline, August 1995

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

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1995 Lancaster County Fair Edition

Sucrose As A Feeding Deterrent For Fruit-Eating Birds, Carlos Martinez Del Rio, Michael L. Avery, Kristin E. Brugger

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Economic losses due to bird damage to small fruits such as blueberries, grapes, and cherries can be very high and are expected to increase in the future. The primary sugars in these fruits are glucose and fructose. Sucrose is present in very low concentrations only. Our research has unveiled a physiological trait common to many fruit-eating species in the phylogenetically related families Muscicapidae, Mirnidae, and Sturnidae. These birds are unable to digest sucrose because they lack the intestinal enzyme sucrase which hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose prior to absorption. In cage tests these birds prefer glucose and fructose to …

Repellent Trials To Reduce Reforestation Damage By Pocket Gophers, Deer, And Elk, Gary W. Witmer, Rodney D. Sayler, Michael J. Pipas

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

We tested selected, potential repellents in pen and field trials to determine their ability to reduce consumption of palatable foods by pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides), deer (Odocoileus spp.), and elk (Cervus elaphus). Only sulfur-based compounds (predator urines and Deer Away®) deterred feeding by captive gophers. Chemically hot, bitter, and noxious compounds and plants did not deter gopher feeding. Rapid reinvasion of available habitat by pocket gophers in a field trial occurred despite the presence of encapsulated, sulfur-based semiochemicals of stoat (Mustela erminea) on trial plots. Coyote urine and Deer Away deterred browsing by …

Red Imported Fire Ant Impacts On Northern Bobwhite Populations, Craig R. Allen, R. Scott Lutz, Stephen Demarais

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The stability of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations in Texas, where high density polygyne red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) account for >50% of all (S. invicta) colonies, has been cited as a reason to repudiate impacts by this exotic species on Northern Bobwhite. We used two approaches to investigate the relationship between red imported fire ants and Northern Bobwhite. In the first approach, we used correlation analysis to compare Northern Bobwhite abundance trends, determined from Christmas Bird Count data in 15 Texas counties, before and after fire ant infestation. Before red imported fire …

Nebline, July 1995

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

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Nebraska Association for Family and Community Education News

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Grasslands: An Introduction, Kathleen H. Keeler

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

"Grasslands" was the subject of the seventeenth annual symposium of the Center for Great Plains Studies, held at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, in April 1994. Grasslands are so basic to the Great Plains experience as to be invisible. If you stand here in eastern Nebraska, it is so far in any direction across grasslands to any other landscape (a cornfield is a planted grassland, after all) that the role of grasslands in our lives does not seem worth considering. Local variation is much more visible. You can't see the prairie for the grasses, to adapt the idiom. And yet, grasslands …

Agricultural Research Division 109th Annual Report 1995

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

It is a pleasure to provide the 109th Annual Report of the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Division (ARD). This report contains lists of current faculty, visiting scientists, and research associates; active research projects; refereed journal articles, books, and book chapters published; theses and dissertations written; germplasm/cultivars released; and awards received by faculty and graduate students. Also included are brief descriptions of accomplishments from selected research projects, information about the programmatic distribution of resources, and the financial report for the period July 1, 1994, to June 30, 1995. This report was compiled in compliance with the intent of the law …

Instrumentalist Policymaking: Policy Criteria In A Transactional Context, F. Gregory Hayden

Department of Economics: Faculty Publications

As an extension of my recent policymaking chapter, Institutionalist Policymaking [Hayden 1993, 283-331], this paper deals with policy criteria in an instrumentalist or pragmatist framework. The works of Charles Peirce and Thorstein Veblen emphasized criteria-Peirce with explicit discussion of their character and Veblen with active application in his evaluations of various economies and institutions. Few scholars have continued in their tradition; Seymour Melman [1983], with his excellent Veblenian application of criteria in industrial policy studies, is a notable exception. Interest in the subject of criteria, except by individualist philosophers, has been scarce in the twentieth century until recently. Thirty years …

Nebline, June 1995

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

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Ard News June 1995

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:
COMMENTS FROM THE DEAN
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS RECEIVED APRIL AND MAY, 1995
PROPOSALS SUBMITTED FOR FEDERAL GRANTS
ARD ADVISORY COUNCIL ELECTION RESULTS
DR. CHRIS R. CALKINS SELECTED FOR LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COURSE
NEW NU FOUNDATION ENDOWMENTS MANAGED BY ARD
IANR STRATEGIC PLAN
LICENSING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
THE EXCELLENCE IMPERATIVE: LEADERSHIP IN THE LAND GRANT SYSTEM

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter, Volume 3-2, Spring/Summer 1995

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre: Newsletters and Publications

Budget Cuts and the Wildlife Health Centre Avian Botulism Workshop Some Common Diseases of Fresh-Water Fish Mortality of common terns in Kouchibouguac National Park Salt poisoning in White-Winged Crossbills Prevalence of Raccoon Roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) in Québec Massive Amphibian and Fish mortality in Mauricie after a Sulphuric Acid spill Intentional Poisoning of Snow Buntings by Carbofuran Conjunctivitis in house finches Collisions of migrating birds with office towersRaccoons Pesticide poisonings in eagles Tularemia in muskrats and beaver Lead poisoning in eagles

Center For Sustainable Agricultural Systems Newsletter, May/June 1995

Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Newsletter (1993–2000)

Contents:

What You'll See on the Sustainable Ag Tour

Clinton Administration Farm Policy

In the Seminar Spotlight: The Bioregenerative Landscape

Biopower from Agriculture

Managing Weeds in Farming Systems

Sustainable Families -- Sustainable Economies -- Sustainable Environments

Nebraska Governor Signs Alternative Energy Bill

Organic Research Grant Proposals Due July 31

Minnesota Offers Sustainable Ag Minor

Cast Conference on Sustainable Ag and the Farm Bill

Cropwatch No. 95-6, April 21, 1995, Lisa Brown Jasa

Crop Watch (1994–2005)

Inside

Moss in stock tanks ........ 38

Corn planting dates ........ 39

Soil moisture ................... 39

Treating nightshade ........ 40

Late herbicides ................ 41

Kansas wheat .................. 41

Soil temperatures ............ 42

Nebline, April 1995

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Horticulture

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Ard News April 1995

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:

COMMENTS FROM THE DEAN
PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING PROPOSALS
NEW OR REVISED PROJECTS
PROPOSALS SUBMITTED FOR FEDERAL GRANTS
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RELEVANCY ANALYSIS
URBAN EMPHASIS WITHIN ARD PROGRAMS
RESEARCH PROGRAM COMPARISON: ARD vs OTHER SAESs
ESCOP/CSREES RESEARCH INITIATIVES -1995
FY 1996 FEDERAL RESEARCH BUDGET
SIZE OF NORTH CENTRAL REGION SAES PROGRAMS
SOURCES OF SAES FUNDING IN NC REGION
FACULTY RECOGNITION

Three New Eimerians In Capybara (Hydrochaeris Hydrochaeris) Populations From Eastern Bolivia And Southern Venezuela, M. C. Casas, Donald W. Duszynski, L. M. Zalles

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

From June to August 1993, fecal samples were collected from the intestinal tract of 13 juvenile, 4 pre-adult, and 25 adult capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris L.) from 10 localities in eastern Bolivia; additionally, 19 fresh fecal samples were collected in 1994 from capybara herds at 2 localities in south central Venezuela. Oocysts of 3 eimerians were recovered from the capybara populations in both countries and, after study, are described here as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria trinidadensis n. sp. are subspheroidal, 20.9 x 18.1 (18-23 x 16.5-21) μm with sporocysts ovoidal, 9.8 x 6.1 (8-12 x 5-8) μm. Micropyle …

Bibliography On Hydrellia Griseola Fallen (Diptera: Ephydridae) And Review Of Its Biology And Pest Status, Louis S. Hesler

Insecta Mundi

A bibliography is presented on Hydrellia griseola (FallBn), a cosmopolitan species of shore fly that is an agricultural pest throughout much of its range. The literature review includes 195 references and spans 180 years: from 1813, when H. griseola was first described (as Notophila griseola), to 1993. My review updates and extends by 110 years a previous review of this species. The host plant associations, bionomics, distribution, pest status, and control of this species are reviewed. The known host plants of larval H.griseola are listed. My survey of the literature supports the hypothesis that H. griseola is increasing its …

Nebline, March 1995

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Horticulture

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Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)

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Addition Of Cellulolytic Clostridia To The Bovine Rumen And Pig Intestinal Tract, Vincent H. Varel, J.T. Yen, Kelly K. Kreikmeier

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Studies were conducted to determine whether intestinal cellulolytic bacteria could be introduced into the bovine rumen or pig large intestine. In the first study, the ruminal fluid of three cows was evacuated and replaced with 20 liters of buffer and 6 liters of the ruminal or swine cellulolytic organism Clostridium longisporum or Clostridium herbivorans, respectively. The introduced organisms were the predominant cellulolytic bacterium in the fluid (>107 cells ml21) at 0 h. C. longisporum was still the predominant cellulolytic organism after 5 h, at 0.55 3 107 cells ml21; however, after 24 h the count of C. longisporum …