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Evaluation Of Feather Meal As A Source Of Sulfur Amino Acids For Growing Steers, M. J. Klemesurd, Terry Klopfenstein, Austin Lewis

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

In situ and digestion studies were conducted to evaluate feather meal (FTH), blood meal (BM), and meat and bone meal (MBM) for escape protein content, amino acid composition of the escape protein, true protein digestibility, and digestibility of the individual amino acids. Following 12 h of ruminal incubation, escape protein values were 73.5, 92.4, and 60.8% of CP for FTH, BM, and MBM, respectively. Blood meal and MBM were poor sources of sulfur amino acids (SAA), whereas FTH was a good source. Most of the SAA of FTH, however, was Cys, with very little Met. True protein digestibilities were not …

Metabolizable Methionine And Lysine Requirements Of Growing Cattle, M. J. Klemesrud, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Austin Lewis

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Two growth studies were conducted to determine the Met and Lys requirements of growing cattle. In each 84-d trial, steer calves were fed individually diets containing 44% sorghum silage, 44% corn cobs, and 12% supplement (DM basis) at an equal percentage of BW. In Trial 1, 95 crossbred steers (251 kg) were supplemented with urea or meat and bone meal (MBM). Incremental amounts of rumen-protected Met were added to MBM to provide 0, .45, .9, 1.35, 3, and 6 g/d metabolizable Met. In Trial 2, 60 steers (210 kg) were supplemented with urea or corn gluten meal (CGM). Incremental amounts …

Interactions Between Forage And Wet Corn Gluten Feed As Sources Of Fiber In Diets For Lactating Dairy Cows, D. M. Allen, R. J. Grant

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Twelve early lactation Holstein cows (4 fistulated) were used in replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares with 4-wk periods to determine the effective neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of wet corn gluten feed and to measure the effect of forage particle size on ruminal mat consistency and passage rate of wet corn gluten feed. Diets were 1) 23.3% NDF (17.4 percentage units of NDF from alfalfa silage), 2) diet 1 plus 11.1 additional percentage units of NDF from alfalfa silage, 3) diet 1 plus 10.7 percentage units of NDF from wet corn gluten feed, and 4) 8.6 percentage units of …

Fitness Costs Of Resistance To Bacillus Thuringiensis In The Indianmeal Moth, Plodia Interpunctella, Brenda Oppert, Richard Hammel, James E. Throne, Karl J. Kramer

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Genetic changes in insects that result in insecticide resistance can also affect their fitness. Here, we report measurements of development time and survival of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), to compare the relative fitness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-susceptible and -resistant colonies. Measurements of larval development time and survival indicated that a fitness cost was associated with resistance to Bt in some Bt-resistant colonies but not others. Comparisons of geographically different populations revealed inherent differences in development time and survival. In most cases, Bt-resistant moths suffered no disadvantage when feeding on a Bt-treated diet. In many cases, the development of …

Genetic Progress From 50 Years Of Smooth Bromegrass Breeding, M. D. Casler, Kenneth P. Vogel, J. A. Balasko, J. D. Berdahl, D. A. Miller, J. L. Hansen, J. O. Fritz

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Since its introduction from Eurasia, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) has become an important cool-season forage grass in North America. The objective of this study was to document breeding progress in smooth bromegrass between 1942 and 1995 in North America. Thirty cultivars or experimental populations were tested at up to seven sites in the eastern and central USA, with a range of soil types and climates. There have been small genetic changes in forage yield, brown leafspot resistance [caused by Pyrenophora bromi (Died) Drechs.], in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration. Brown leafspot resistance …

In Vivo Study On Combined Toxicity Of Metarhizium Anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) Strain Esc-1 With Sublethal Doses Of Chlorpyrifos, Propetamphos, And Cyfluthrin Against German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), Pari Pachamuthu, Shripat T. Kamble

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain ESC-1 alone and in combination with sublethal doses of commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos and cyfluthrin on mortality of CSMA strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was determined by conducting in vivo studies that included 3 bioassays. Spores of M. anisopliae cultured on SDAY media had germination of >90%. Based on bioassay 1, doses ranging from 0.5 to 300 ppm of chlorpyrifos and propetamphos, and 0.05 to 40 ppm of cyfluthrin were selected for bioassays 2 and 3. Cockroach mortality ranged from 5 to 20% for insecticides alone and 48 to …

Conservation In A Highly Fragmented Landscape: The Central Tallgrass Prairie Ecoregional Conservation Plan, The Central Tallgrass Prairie Ecoregion Planning Team

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission: White Papers, Conference Presentations, and Manuscripts

With the adoption of Conservation by Design in 1995, The Nature Conservancy recognized the importance of working at larger scales to achieve our mission which is: the long-term survival of all viable native species and community types through the design and conservation of portfolios of sites within ecoregions. The Conservancy set forth to design conservation plans on an ecoregional basis by working closely with various conservation partners. These plans are intended to provide a framework within which the Conservancy and our partners, such as the Natural Heritage Programs, can make decisions regarding conservation actions to be taken at the …

Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2000 Annual Report

Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery: Annual Reports

Gray wolf populations (Canis lupus) were extirpated from the western U.S. by the 1930s. Subsequently, wolves from Canada occasionally dispersed south into Montana and Idaho but failed to survive long enough to reproduce. Public attitudes toward predators changed and wolves received legal protection with the passage of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973. Wolves began to successfully recolonize northwest Montana in the early 1980s. By 1995, 6 packs lived entirely in northwestern Montana. In 1995 and 1996, 66 wolves from southwestern Canada were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park (YNP) (31 wolves) and central Idaho (35 wolves).

The …

2000 Nebraska Swine Report

Nebraska Swine Reports

Articles:

Pubertal Response in Gilts to Type and Frequency of Boar Exposure and as Influenced by Genetic Line and Age at Initiation of Boar Contact
Candidate Reproductive Genes Do Not Explain Responses in Lines Selected for Ovulation Rate and Litter Size
The Effect of Oxytocin at the Time of Insemination on Reproductive Performance — A Review
Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal for Pigs
The Effects of Dietary Feather Meal Concentration and Space Allocation on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Barrows
A Review of the Ammonia Issue and Pork Production
Nitrogen Balance and Growth Trials With Pigs Fed Low-Crude Protein, Amino Acid-Supplemented Diets …

The Use Of Plasma Urea As An Indicator Of Protein Status In Growing-Finishing Pigs, Robert Fischer, Phillip S. Miller, Austin J. Lewis

Nebraska Swine Reports

An experiment is being conducted on commercial swine operations to determine if plasma urea concentration can be used as an indicator of protein status in growing-finishing pigs. Swine producers in Eastern Nebraska are being selected to participate in this on-farm study. The experiment includes the completion of a 30-question survey and an on-farm visit for the collection of blood and feed samples. The survey includes questions about genetics, nutrition, housing and health. Preliminary results suggest that crude protein is overfed in most finishing diets. Gilts consistently have lower plasma urea concentrations than barrows when gilts and barrows are fed the …

Antipredator Vigilance Of Juvenile And Adult Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels And The Role Of Nutritional Need, Cody Arenz, Daniel Leger

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Juvenile thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, are less vigilant (i.e. they spend less time visually scanning the environment) than adults. To determine whether nutritional need was a potential cause of this difference, we supplemented two groups of free-ranging juveniles during the predispersal stage, while juveniles were still near and around the natal burrows. The high-energy food group (HEF: 11 squirrels) received peanut butter and oats while the low-energy food group (LEF: seven squirrels) received lettuce. Adults (14 squirrels) were also supplemented, but due to their greater home range sizes, it was not feasible to classify them as either HEF …

Effect Of Increasing Dietary Corn Silage On Performance, Digestibility And Nitrogen Mass Balance In The Feedlot, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Todd Milton, Ryan Mass

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Three dietary corn silage levels (15, 30, and 45% of diet DM) were evaluated in corn finishing diets fed to calves through the winter/spring and yearlings during the summer to determine effects on performance and nitrogen mass balance in feedlot. Yearling gains decreased quadratically with increasing corn silage; however, N and OM removed in manure was greatest for the 30% silage treatment. Calf gains decreased linearly as silage increased; however, N and OM removed in manure was greatest for the 45% silage treatment. Increasing dietary corn silage resulted in decreased gains but did influence manure N with no effect on …

Supplementing Metabolizable Protein To Yearling Heifers Grazing Winter Range, Trey Patterson, Don C. Adams, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Jacqueline A. Musgrave, Andy Applegarth

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two experiments were conducted with pregnant yearling heifers grazing Sandhills winter range to evaluate response of supplementing to meet the metabolizable protein requirement of the heifers versus conventional supplementation based on crude protein. Supplements were fed from October to February (pre-calving) both years. Intake was measured in November, January and February of the first year. Supplementing to meet metabolizable protein requirement improved the heifers’ ability to maintain weight in year one, but not in year two. Heifer intakes ranged from 2.2% of BW in November to 1.5% in February. Feeding hay reduced body weight loss compared to no hay feeding …

Evaluation Of The 1996 Beef Cattle Nrc Model Predictions Of Intake And Gain For Calves Fed Low Or Medium Energy Density Diets, Trey Patterson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Todd Milton, Dennis R. Brink

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Data from feeding 54 diets in seven previous beef cattle growing studies were used to evaluate the 1996 NRC model for the accuracy of intake and gain predictions. Calf weights and diets were inputs into the model, and actual intakes were used to calculate predicted gain and actual gains were used to calculate predicted intakes. The model over-predicted calf intakes on low quality diets and under-predicted intakes on high quality diets. The model over-predicted gains on high quality diets and under-predicted gains on low quality diets. The NRC model did not accurately predict performance of cattle on low quality roughage …

Transgenic Avidin Maize Is Resistant To Storage Insect Pests, Karl J. Kramer, Thomas D. Morgan, James E. Throne, Floyd E. Dowell, Michele Bailey, John A. Howard

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Avidin is a glycoprotein found in chicken egg white, that sequesters the vitamin biotin. Here we show that when present in maize at levels of ≥100 p.p.m., avidin is toxic to and prevents development of insects that damage grains during storage. Insect toxicity is caused by a biotin deficiency, as shown by prevention of toxicity with biotin supplementation. The avidin maize is not, however, toxic to mice when administered as the sole component of their diet for 21 days. These data suggest that avidin expression in food or feed grain crops can be used as a biopesticide against a spectrum …

Feeding Fitness And Quality Of Domesticated And Feral Predators: Effects Of Long-Term Rearing On Artificial Diet, Allen Carson Cohen

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Predatory geocorids, Geocoris punctipes Say (Geocoridae: Hemiptera), that had been reared (domesticated) for over 6 years (60 continuous generations) on an artificial diet were compared with feral (F1) counterparts to determine possible domestication-associated losses in predatory capabilities. Using adult female predators provided with either tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis uirescens F., or pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, as prey, I measured predator weights, handling time with a single prey, amount extracted, consumption rate, and feeding (gut) capacity. Domesticated females were significantly smaller than ferals, weighing 4.53 mg versus 5.09 mg, respectively. Domestication did not significantly influence handling times, which averaged 131 …

Kernel Morphology Variation In A Population Derived From A Soft By Hard Wheat Cross And Associations With End-Use Quality Traits, Christine J. Bergman, Daisy G. Gualberto, Kimberly A. Garland-Campbell, Mark E. Sorrells, Patrick L. Finney

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Physical attributes, including kernel morphology, are used to grade wheat, and indicate wheat milling and baking quality (MBQ). Using a recombinant inbred population derived from a soft by hard wheat cross, this study quantified kernel traits' sources of variation, studied their heritability, and relationships between morphological and MBQ traits. Transgressive segregation occurred for all traits. Thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and kernel texture (NIR-T) were primarily influenced by genotype and test weight (TW) mainly by year. NIR-T had the highest heritability. Low genetic correlation (GCOR) between kernel length (LEN) and width WID) suggest independent inheritance. NIR-T and LEN, or WID, showed low …

Low Potassium Enhances Sodium Uptake In Red-Beet Under Moderate Saline Conditions, G. V. Subbarao, R. M. Wheeler, G. W. Stutte, L. H. Levine

United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Publications

Due to the discrepancy in metabolic sodium (Na) requirements between plants and animals, cycling of Na between humans and plants is limited and critical to the proper functioning of bio-regenerative life support systems, being considered for long-term human habitats in space (e.g., Martian bases). This study was conducted to determine the effects of limited potassium (K) on growth, Na uptake, photosynthesis, ionic partitioning, and water relations of red-beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) under moderate Na-saline conditions. Two cultivars, Klein Bol, and Ruby Queen were grown for 42 days in a growth chamber using a re-circulating nutrient film …

Hydrolase And Oxido-Reductase Activities In Diuraphis Noxia And Rhopalosiphum Padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Xinzhi Ni, Sharron S. Quisenberry, Saowaluck Pornkulwat, James Lester Figarola, Steven R. Skoda, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Four hydrolases and five oxido-reductases were examined using native stacking polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Homogenate of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), "Arapahoe" (aphid-susceptible) and "Halt" (aphid-resistant) wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and powdery mildew-infected Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal, Arapahoe wheat leaves were assayed for enzyme activities. Pectinesterase, polygalacturonase (or pectinase), cellulase, and amylase activities were examined in the hydrolase group. Catalase, peroxidase, catechol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate oxidase activities were examined in the group of oxido-reductases. The two aphid species had the same hydrolases but different oxido-reductases. Although …

Salinity And Shade Preferences Result In Ovipositional Differences Between Sympatric Tiger Beetle Species, W. Wyatt Hoback, Douglas A. Golick, Tina Marie Svatos, Stephen M. Spomer, Leon G. Higley

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

1. Adult tiger beetles of the genus Cicindela often co-occur within a habitat but larvae do not. Larvae are sedentary and form usually permanent burrows at the site of oviposition where they require 1-3 years for development.

2. To test niche partitioning based on ovipositional preference, the behavior of two sympatric salt marsh tiger beetles, Cicindela circumpicta and C. togata (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), were examined.

3. In laboratory studies, female C. circumpicta and C. togata distinguished between experimental salinities, with the former preferring 4 parts per thousand (ppt) and the latter preferring 12 ppt. In the field, C. circumpicta larvae were …

Prolonged Winter Undernutrition And The Interpretation Of Urinary Allantoin:Creatinine Ratios In White-Tailed Deer, Glenn D. Delgiudice, Ken D. Kerr, L. David Mech, Ulysses S. Seal

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

The urinary allantoin:creatinine (A:C) ratio (expressed in micromoles of allantoin to micromoles of creatinine) has shown potential as an index of recent winter energy intake in preliminary controlled studies of elk (Cervus elaphus) involving mild condition deterioration (up to 11% loss of body mass). To ensure reliable nutritional assessments of free-ranging cervids by measuring A:C ratios of urine in snow, it is essential to extend this work. We assessed the effect of moderate and severe winter nutritional restriction on urinary A:C ratios of captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) that lost up to 32% body mass and …

Temporal Flexibility Of Reproduction In Temperate-Breeding Dabbling Ducks, Gary Krapu

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

I compared nesting intervals during three consecutive years in five species of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks (Mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Northern Pintail [Anas acuta], Northern Shoveler [Anas clypeata], Blue-winged Teal [Anas discors], Gadwall [Anas strepera]) and assessed whether differences existed in timing of refractoriness. Most nesting by females of all five species ended by the summer solstice. Nesting ended earliest for Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails and latest for Gadwalls. Some Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls continued to nest into mid- and late summer, whereas Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails did not. …

Establishment Of Big Bluestem And Illinois Bundleflower Mixtures With Imazapic And Imazethapyr, Daniel D. Beran, Robert A. Masters, Roch E. Gaussoin, Fernando Rivas-Pantoja

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Weeds interfere with establishment of native grasses and legumes. A study was conducted to determine the influence of imazapic¹ [(±)- 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]- 5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] and imazethapyr [2-[4,5-dihydro- 4-methyl -4 - (1- methylethyl) -5 -oxo-1H- imidazol -2 - yl]5- ethyl -3- pyridinecarboxylic acid] on weed control and establishment of ‘Pawnee’ big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii Vitman) and Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill.] planted in three binary mixtures of 220:110, 165:165, and 110:220 pure live seed (PLS) m^-2. Mixtures were seeded at cropland sites near Clay Center, Mead, and Lincoln, NE. Imazapic and imazeth- apyr …

Crop Quality And Utilization: A Twelve-Hour In Vitro Procedure For Sorghum Grain Feed Quality Assessment, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, Todd Milton, R. A. Mass

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Improvedmethods for assessing cereal crop feed value are a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] feed value. Rate of starch digestion is now commonly believed to be the limiting factor in sorghum utilization by cattle (Bos taurus). However, techniques to assess this trait are not useful to sorghum breeders because of high labor inputs, lab error associated with starch measurement, and need for high numbers of replications. The objective of this study was to develop a simple technique capable of identifying differences in digestion between sorghum and corn (Zea mays L.) …

Ethylene Production, Cluster Root Formation, And Localization Of Iron(Iii) Reducing Capacity In Fe Deficient Squash Roots, Brian M. Waters, Dale G. Blevins

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Dicots and non-graminaceous monocots have the ability to increase root iron(III) reducing capacity in response to iron (Fe) deficiency stress. In squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings, Fe(III) reducing capacity was quantified during early vegetative growth. When plants were grown in Fe-free solution, the Fe(III) reducing capacity was greatly elevated, reached peak activity on day 4, then declined through day 6. Root ethylene production exhibited a temporal pattern that closely matched that of Fe(III) reducing capacity through day 6. On the 7th day of Fe deficiency, cluster root morphology developed, which coincided with a sharp increase in the root Fe(III) …

Multiple Factors Independently Regulate Hila And Invasion Gene Expression In Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Robin L. Lucas, C. Phoebe Lostroh, Concetta C. Dirusso, Michael P. Spector, Barry L. Wanner, Catherine A. Lee

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

HilA activates the expression of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invasion genes. To learn more

about regulation of hilA, we isolated Tn5 mutants exhibiting reduced hilA and/or invasion gene expression. In

addition to expected mutations, we identified Tn5 insertions in pstS, fadD, flhD, flhC, and fliA. Analysis of the

pstS mutant indicates that hilA and invasion genes are repressed by the response regulator PhoB in the absence

of the Pst high-affinity inorganic phosphate uptake system. This system is required for negative control of the

PhoR-PhoB two-component regulatory system, suggesting that hilA expression may …

Multiple Factors Independently Regulate Hila And Invasion Gene Expression In Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Robin L. Lucas, C. Phoebe Lostroh, Concetta C. Dirusso, Michael P. Spector, Barry L. Wanner, Catherine A. Lee

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

HilA activates the expression of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invasion genes. To learn more

about regulation of hilA, we isolated Tn5 mutants exhibiting reduced hilA and/or invasion gene expression. In

addition to expected mutations, we identified Tn5 insertions in pstS, fadD, flhD, flhC, and fliA. Analysis of the

pstS mutant indicates that hilA and invasion genes are repressed by the response regulator PhoB in the absence

of the Pst high-affinity inorganic phosphate uptake system. This system is required for negative control of the

PhoR-PhoB two-component regulatory system, suggesting that hilA expression may …

Patterns Of Annual Seed Production By Northern Hemisphere Trees: A Global Perspective, Walter D. Koenig, Johannes M.H. Knops

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

We tested whether annual seed production (masting or mast fruiting) in Northern Hemisphere trees is an evolved strategy or a consequence of resource tracking by comparing masting patterns with those of annual rainfall and mean summer temperatures, two environmental variables likely to correlate with available resources. There were generally significant negative autocorrelations between the seed crop in year x and year x+1 (year x+2 in species of Quercus requiring 2 yr to mature acorns), as expected if resources are depleted in mast years in part by switching resources from growth to reproduction. Spatial autocorrelation in annual seed production generally declined …

Learning Improves Growth Rate In Grasshoppers, Reuven Dukas, Elizabeth A. Bernays

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

To quantify the adaptive significance of insect learning, we documented the behavior and growth rate of grasshoppers (Schistocerca americana) in an environment containing two artificial food types, one providing a balanced diet of protein and carbohydrate, which maximizes growth, and the other being carbohydratedeficient, which is unsuitable for growth. Grasshoppers in the Learning treatment experienced a predictable environment, where the spatial location, taste, and color of each food source remained constant throughout the experiment. In contrast, grasshoppers of the Random treatment developed in a temporally varying environment, where the spatial location, taste, and color of the balanced and …

Role Of Esterase Gp70 And Its Influence On Growth And Development Of Dictyostelium Discoideum, Aidong Yuan, Catherine P. Chia

Papers in Microbiology

Gp70 is an esterase originally called crystal protein because of its presence in crystalline structures in aggregation-competent Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Although postulated to break down spore coats, the function of gp70 in vivo was incompletely investigated. Our immunolocalization and biochemical studies of vegetative D. discoideum amoebae show that gp70 was recruited to phagosomes and found in lysosomes. Purified gp70 was effective at hydrolyzing naphthyl substrates with acyl chains typical of lipids and lipopolysaccharides, indicating that the gp70 was involved in digesting endocytosed molecules. The activity of purified gp70 was inhibited by reductants that retarded its electrophoretic mobility and verified the …