Digital Commons Network^™

Salmonella Enterica Serotype Enteritidis: Increasing Incidence Of Domestically Acquired Infections, Shua J. Chai, Patricia L. White, Sarah L. Lathrop, Suzanne M. Solghan, Carlota Medus, Beth Mcglinchey, Melissa Tobin-D'Angelo, Ruthanne Marcus, Barbara Mahon

United States Public Health Resources

Background. Salmonella enterica causes an estimated 1 million cases of domestically acquired foodborne illness in humans annually in the United States; Enteritidis (SE) is the most common serotype. Public health authorities, regulatory agencies, food producers, and food processors need accurate information about rates and changes in SE infection to implement and evaluate evidence-based control policies and practices.

Methods. We analyzed the incidence of human SE infection during 1996–2009 in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), an active, population-based surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed infections. We compared FoodNet incidence with passively collected data from complementary surveillance systems and with …

Dfvf: Database Of Fungal Virulence Factors, Tao Lu, Bo Yao, Chi Zhang

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Fungal pathogens cause various diseases for plant and animal hosts. Despite the extensive impact of fungi on human health and life, the threats posed by emerging fungal pathogens are poorly understood. Specifically, there exist few fungal virulence gene databases, which prevent effective bioinformatics studies on fungal pathogens. Therefore, we constructed a comprehensive online database of known fungal virulence factors, which collected 2058 pathogenic genes produced by 228 fungal strains from 85 genera. This database creates a pivotal platform capable of stimulating and facilitating further bench studies on fungal pathogens.

Urea Amidolyase (Dur1,2) Contributes To Virulence And Kidney Pathogenesis Of Candida Albicans, Dhammika H. M. L. P Navarathna, Michail S. Lionakis, Martin J. Lizak, Jeeva Munasinghe, Kenneth W. Nickerson, David D. Roberts

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The intracellular enzyme urea amidolyase (Dur1,2p) enables C. albicans to utilize urea as a sole nitrogen source. Because deletion of the DUR1,2 gene reduces survival of C. albicans co-cultured with a murine macrophage cell line, we investigated the role of Dur1,2p in pathogenesis using a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. A dur1,2Δ/dur1,2Δ strain was significantly less virulent than the wild-type strain, showing significantly higher survival rate, better renal function, and decreased and less sustained fungal colonization in kidney and brain. Complementation of the mutant restored virulence. DUR1,2 deletion resulted in a milder host inflammatory reaction. Immunohistochemistry, flow …

Thoughts On Quorum Sensing And Fungal Dimorphism, Kenneth W. Nickerson, Audrey L. Atkin, Jessica C. Hargarten, Ruvini U. Pathirana, Sahar Hasim

Papers in Microbiology

Farnesol has been best studied for its role in regulating fungal dimorphism. However, farnesol is also a lipid and in this review we analyze data relevant to farnesol’s function and synthesis from the perspective of farnesol and bacterial endotoxins acting as membrane active compounds. This analysis implicates the possible roles of: (1) endotoxins in the regulation of farnesol production by C. albicans; (2) farnesol in the interactions between C. albicans and the host during disseminated infections; and (3) ubiquinones in the mechanisms for unusually high resistance to farnesol by some C. albicans cell types. Finally we discuss the implications …

Blue Light (470 Nm) Effectively Inhibits Bacterial And Fungal Growth, A.J. De Lucca, C. Carter-Wientjes, K.A. Williams, D. Bhatnagar

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Blue light (470 nm) LED antimicrobial properties were studied alone against bacteria and with or without the food grade photosensitizer, erythrosine (ERY) against filamentous fungi. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (LM), Bacillus atrophaeus (BA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) aliquots were exposed on nutrient agar plates to Array 1 (AR1, 0•2 mW cm^-2) or Array 2 (AR2, 80 mW cm^-2), which emitted impure or pure blue light (0–300 J cm-²), respectively. Inoculated control (room light only) plates were incubated (48 h) and colonies enumerated. The antifungal properties of blue light combined with ERY (11•4 and 22•8 µmol l …

Identification And Analysis Of The First 2009 Pandemic H1n1 Influenza Virus From U.S. Feral Swine, A. Clavijo, Amir Nikooienejad, M. S. Esfahani, Richard P. Metz, Scott Schwartz, Esmaeli Atashpaz-Gargari, Thomas J. Deliberto, M. W. Lutman, Kerri Pedersen, L. R. Bazan, L. G. Koster, M. Jenkins-Moore, S. L. Swenson, M. Zhang, T. Beckham, Charles D. Johnson, Mohammad Bounpheng

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The first case of pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) virus in feral swine in the United States was identified in Texas through the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services’ surveillance program. Two samples were identified as pandemic influenza by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Full-genome Sanger sequencing of all eight influenza segments was performed. In addition, Illumina deep sequencing of the original diagnostic samples and their respective virus isolation cultures were performed to assess the feasibility of using an unbiased whole-genome linear target amplification method and multiple sample sequencing in a single Illumina GAIIx lane. Identical sequences were obtained …

Ectoparasites Of Bats In Mongolia, Part 2 (Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Cimicidae And Acari), Ingo Scheffler, Dietrich Dolch, Jargalsaikhan Ariunbold, Annegret Stubbe, Andreas Abraham, Klaus Thiele

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

This study analyses ectoparasites found on Mongolian bats between 2008 and 2011. We examined 12 different bat species, with a total of 23 ectoparasite species present. Apart from reporting distributions, we also discuss specific host-parasite relationships. Owing to recent taxonomic changes splitting the Myotis mystacinus-group into several new taxa, their corresponding ectoparasite fauna could also be addressed in detail. Introducing ectoparasitic insects at length elsewhere (Scheffler et al. 2010), this paper focuses on the analysis of parasitic Acari. Additional findings for Spinturnicidae (wing mites) and Macronyssidae broadened the spectrum of known parasites. Altogether, the knowledge of bat ectoparasites from Mongolia …

Siphonaptera Of Mongolia And Tuva: Results Of The Mongolian- German Biological Expeditions Since 1962 – Years 1999-2003, Daniel Kiefer, Michael Stubbe, Annegret Stubbe, Scott Lyell Gardner, D. Tserenorov, R. Samiya, D. Otgonbaatar, D. Sumiya, Matthias S. Kiefer

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

This report provides an overview of flea species and the corresponding hosts in Mongolia and Tuva during 1999-2003. The taxonomical development of this vector group of great medical importance covers more than a century of flea research in Mongolia, resulting in the current number of 162 species known from this area.

Siv Infection Induces Accumulation Of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells In The Gut Mucosa, R. Keith Reeves, Tristan I. Evans, Jacqueline Gillis, Fay E. Wong, Guobin Kang, Qingsheng Li, R. Paul Johnson

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Multiple studies suggest that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are depleted and dysfunctional during human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection, but little is known about pDCs in the gut—the primary site of virus replication. Here, we show that during SIV infection, pDCs were reduced 3-fold in the circulation and significantly upregulated the gut-homing marker α4β7, but were increased 4-fold in rectal biopsies of infected compared to naive macaques. These data revise the understanding of pDC immunobiology during SIV infection, indicating that pDCs are not necessarily depleted, but instead may traffic to and accumulate in the gut mucosa.

Triticum Mosaic Poacevirus Enlists P1 Rather Than Hc-Pro To Suppress Rna Silencing-Mediated Host Defense, Satyanarayana Tatineni, Feng Qu, Ruhui Li, Thomas Jack Morris, Roy French

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) is the type species of the newly established Poacevirus genus in the family Potyviridae. In this study, we demonstrate that in contrast to the helper component- proteinase (HC-Pro) of Potyvirus species, the P1 proteins of TriMV and Sugarcane steak mosaic poacevirus function in suppression of RNA silencing (SRS). TriMV P1 effectively suppressed silencing induced by single- or double-stranded RNAs (ss/ds RNAs), and disrupted the systemic spread of silencing signals at a step after silencing signal production. Interestingly, contrary to enhanced SRS activity of potyviral HC-Pro by co-expression with P1, the presence of TriMV HC-Pro reduced …

Identification Of Molecular Determinants From Moloney Leukemia Virus 10 Homolog (Mov10) Protein For Virion Packaging And Anti-Hiv-1 Activity, Aierken Abudu, Xiaojun Wang, Ying Dang, Tao Zhou, Shi-Hua Xiang, Yong -Hui Zheng

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Background: MOV₁₀ inhibits HIV-1 replication after being packaged.

Results: A Gag binding plus all but one of seven helicase domains are required for MOV^₁₀ packaging. Nearly all residues are required for anti-HIV-1 activity. Conclusion: Gag binding is not sufficient for MOV₁₀ packaging, and multiple discontinuous domains regulate MOV₁₀ activity.

Significance: These findings uncover a new packaging mechanism and provide new insights into MOV₁₀ antiviral activity.

Molecular Crosstalk Between A Chemical And A Biological Stressor And Consequences On Disease Manifestation In Rainbow Trout, Richard Burki, Aleksei Krasnov, Kathrin Bettge, Caird E. Rexroad Iii, Sergey Afanasyev, Miia Antikainen, Patricia Burkhardt-Holm, Thomas Wahli, Helmut Segner

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The aim of the present study was to examine the molecular and organism reaction of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to the combined impact of two environmental stressors. The two stressors were the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which is the etiological agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) and a natural stressor to salmonid populations, and 17β-estradiol (E2) as prototype of estrogen-active chemical stressors in the aquatic environment. Both stressors, the parasite and estrogenic contaminants, co-exist in Swiss rivers and are discussed as factors contributing to the decline of Swiss brown trout populations over the last decades. Using a microarray …

Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria: Research Challenges, Opportunities, And Public Health Implications, Rick M. Fairhurst, Gaurvika M. L. Nayyar, Joel G. Breman, Rachel Hallett, Jonathan Vennerstrom, Socheat Duong, Pascal Ringwald, Thomas E. Wellems, Christopher V. Plowe, Arjen M. Dondorp

United States Public Health Resources

Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the most effective drugs to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Reduced sensitivity to artemisinin monotherapy, coupled with the emergence of parasite resistance to all partner drugs, threaten to place millions of patients at risk of inadequate treatment of malaria. Recognizing the significance and immediacy of this possibility, the Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a conference in November 2010 to bring together the diverse array of stakeholders responding to the growing threat of artemisinin resistance, including scientists from malarious countries in peril. This …

A Multi-Beach Study Of Staphylococcus Aureus, Mrsa, And Enterococci In Seawater And Beach Sand, Kelly D. Goodwin, Melody Mcnay, Yiping Cao, Darcy Ebentier, Melissa Madison, John F. Griffith

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Incidences of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have risen worldwide prompting a need to better understand routes of human exposure and whether standard bacterial water quality monitoring practices adequately account for this potential threat. Beach water and sand samples were analyzed during summer months for S. aureus, enterococci, and MRSA at three southern California beaches (Avalon, Doheny, Malibu Surfrider). S. aureus frequently was detected in samples of seawater (59%, n = 328) and beach sand (53%, n = 358). MRSA sometimes was detected in seawater (1.6%, n = 366) and sand (2.7%, n = 366) at …

From Protozoan Infection In Monarch Butterflies To Colony Collapse Disorder In Bees Are Emerging Infectious Diseases Proliferating In The Insect World?, Rebecca Bartel, Sonia Altizer

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

In the late 1990S, scientists first noticed mysterious declines in several wild bumble bee species (Bombus spp.) in both eastern and western North America, with one species now possibly extinct (Colla and Packer 2008). These bumble bee losses mirrored declines in the abundance of many other native pollinators (National Research Council 2007). Interestingly, the timing of bumble bee declines in the United States coincided with reports of disease outbreaks in commercial- reared bumble bees sold for use in the production of greenhouse tomatoes and peppers (Evans et al. 2008). This observation, together with reports of a higher incidence of …

Marine Biotoxins: Emergence Of Harmful Algal Blooms As Health Threats To Marine Wildlife, Spencer E. Fire, Frances M. Van Dolah

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) affect aquatic ecosystems around the world, adversely affecting marine animal and human health, coastal ecosystem integrity, and economies that depend on coastal resources. Shellfish poisoning events involving humans who had ingested bivalves contaminated with HAB toxins primarily drove early scientific and social interest in HABs. More recently, research efforts have shown that HABs are often temporally and spatially correlated with the occurrence of acute morbidity or mortality of marine animals (Landsberg et al. 2005), and to date at least four classes of algal toxins have been associated with such events. Although fish, seabirds, and many other …

Dynamics Of Envelope Evolution In Clade C Shiv-Infected Pig-Tailed Macaques During Disease Progression Analyzed By Ultra-Deep Pyrosequencing, For Yue Tso, Damien C. Tully, Sandra Gonzalez, Christopher Quince, On Ho, Patricia Polacino, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Shiu-Lok Hu, Charles Wood

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Understanding the evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope during disease progression can provide tremendous insights for vaccine development, and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection of nonhuman primate provides an ideal platform for such studies. A newly developed clade C SHIV, SHIV-1157ipd3N4, which was able to infect rhesus macaques, closely resembled primary HIV-1 in transmission and pathogenesis, was used to infect several pig-tailed macaques. One of the infected animals subsequently progressed to AIDS, whereas one remained a nonprogressor. The viral envelope evolution in the infected animals during disease progression was analyzed by a bioinformatics approach using ultra-deep …

Pond-Level Risk Factors Associated With Columnaris Disease On Mississippi Commercial Catfish Farms, Fred L. Cunningham, Skip W. Jack, David Hardin, Robert W. Wills

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

A large commercial catfish enterprise encompassing over 500 food fish ponds from five farms covering multiple counties in the Mississippi Delta was included in this analysis of columnaris risk factors. A gram-negative bacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, is the cause of columnaris disease and is considered the second-most prevalent bacterial disease in farm-raised catfish. The objective of this study was to determine if pond-level risk factors reported by farm personnel were associated with columnaris disease mortalities. To identify risk factors affecting susceptibility of farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to columnaris disease, a Catfish Management database was developed. Logistic regression was used …

Antibodies To Avian Influenza Viruses In Canada Geese (Branta Canadensis): A Potential Surveillance Tool?, Whitney M. Kistler, David E. Stallknecht, Thomas J. Deliberto, Seth Swafford, Kerri Pedersen, Kyle Van Why, Paul C. Wolf, Jerry A. Hill, Darren L. Brunning, James C. Cumbee, Randall M. Mickley, Carl W. Betsill, Adam R. Randall, Roy D. Berghaus, Michael J. Yabsley

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Traditionally, the epidemiology of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds has been defined by detection of virus or viral RNA through virus isolation or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Our goals were to estimate AIV antibody prevalence in Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and measure effects of age and location on these estimates. We collected 3,205 samples from nine states during June and July 2008 and 2009: Georgia, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Washington, and West Virginia. Serum samples were tested for AIV antibodies with the use of a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, 483 …

Detection Of Volatile Organic Compounds In Cattle Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium Bovis, Nir Peled, Radu Ionescu, Pauline Nol, Orna Barash, Matt Mccollum, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Matthew Koslow, Randal S. Stahl, Jack Rhyan, Hossam Haick

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We report here on a novel methodology in detecting Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection in cattle, based on identifying unique volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or a VOC profile in the breath of cattle. The study was conducted on an M. bovis-infected dairy located in southern Colorado, USA, and on two tuberculosis-free dairies from northern Colorado examined as negative controls. Gaschromatography/ mass-spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 2 VOCs associated with M. bovis infection and 2 other VOCs associated with the healthy state in the exhaled breath of M. bovis-infected and not infected animals, yielding distinctly different VOC patterns …

Impact Of Baiting On Feral Swine Behavior In The Presence Of Culling Activities, Tyler A. Campbell, David B. Long, Michael J. Lavelle, Bruce R. Leland, Terry L. Blankenship, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We studied the effects of baiting on feral swine (Sus scrofa) movements and corresponding likelihood of disease spread under real and simulated culling pressure. Our objectives were to determine the proportion of feral swine that used the bait station site, and if baiting of feral swine altered areas of utilization, distances from location centroids to treatment location (control or bait station), and movement rates by survivors during culling activities. We hypothesized that the bait station would increase the sedentary nature of feral swine, thus reducing the potential for dispersal and hence disease dispersal. Our experiment was conducted between …

Methane And Carbon Dioxide Production From Simulated Anaerobic Degradation Of Cattle Carcasses, Qi Yuan, Samuel Saunders, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Faculty Publications

Approximately 2.2 million cattle carcasses require disposal annually in the United States. Land burial is a convenient disposal method that has been widely used in animal production for disposal of both daily mortalities as well as during catastrophic mortality events. To date, greenhouse gas production after mortality burial has not been quantified, and this study represents the first attempt to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from land burial of animal carcasses. In this study, anaerobic decomposition of both homogenized and unhomogenized cattle carcass material was investigated using bench-scale reactors. Maximum yields of methane and carbon dioxide were 0.33 and 0.09 m …

Spillover Of Functionally Important Organisms Between Managed And Natural Habitats, Eleanor J. Blitzer, Carsten F. Dormann, Andrea Holzschuh, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Tatyana A. Rand, Teja Tscharntke

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Land-use intensification has led to a landscape mosaic that juxtaposes human-managed and natural areas. In such human-dominated and heterogeneous landscapes, spillover across habitat types, especially in systems that differ in resource availability, may be an important ecological process structuring communities. While there is much evidence for spillover from natural habitats to managed areas, little attention has been given to flow in the opposite direction. This paper synthesizes studies published to date from five functionally important trophic groups, herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, predators, and seed dispersers, and discusses evidence for spillover from managed to natural systems in all five groups. For each …

Influence Of Environmental Temperature On The Physiological, Endocrine, And Immune Responses In Livestock Exposed To A Provocative Immune Challenge, J.A. Carroll, N.C. Burdick, C. C. Chase Jr, S. W. Coleman, D. E. Spiers

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Although livestock experience many stressors throughout their life, one of the most commonly experienced, and most difficult to control, is stress caused by fluctuations in environmental temperatures that extend beyond the thermoneutral (TN) zone for an animal. In swine, cold stress has long been recognized as a main cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A possible explanation for this increased morbidity and mortality may be related to their inability to generate a febrile response. Previously, we reported that the acute phase immune response, including the generation of fever, after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli O111: B4; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, …

Indirect Effects Of Parasites In Invasions, Alison M. Dunn, Mark E. Torchin, Melanie J. Hatcher, Peter M. Kotanen, Dana M. Blumenthal, James E. Byers, Courtney A.C. Coon, Victor M. Frankel, Robert D. Holt, Ruth A. Hufbauer, Andrew R. Kanarek, Kristina A. Schierenbeck, Lorne M. Wolfe, Sarah E. Perkins

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

1. Introduced species disrupt native communities and biodiversity worldwide. Parasitic infections (and at times, their absence) are thought to be a key component in the success and impact of biological invasions by plants and animals. They can facilitate or limit invasions, and positively or negatively impact native species.

2. Parasites have not only direct effects on their hosts, but also indirect effects on the species with which their hosts interact. Indirect effects include density-mediated effects (resulting from parasite-induced reduction in host reproduction and survival) as well as trait-mediated indirect effects (resulting from parasite-induced changes in host phenotype, behavior or life …

Persistence Of Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette– Guerin (Bcg) Danish In White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Vaccinated With A Lipid-Formulated Oral Vaccine, M. V. Palmer, T. C. Thacker, W. R. Waters, S. Robbe-Austerman, F. E. Aldwell

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, has a broad host range, including humans. Historically, public health concerns prompted programs to eradicate tuberculosis from cattle in many nations. Eradication efforts decreased the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis; nevertheless, some countries encountered significant obstacles, not least of which was a wildlife reservoir of M. bovis. Efforts to decrease the size of the affected wildlife populations have neither eliminated disease nor eliminated transmission to cattle. Consequently, the use of a vaccine for wildlife is being explored. The vaccine most studied is M. bovis BCG, an attenuated live vaccine, first …

Susceptibility Of Three Strains Of Blue Catfish, Ictalurus Furcatus (Valenciennes), To Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis, D-H Xu, P.H. Klesius, Brian G. Bosworth, N Chatakondi

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

This study compared the susceptibility of three blue catfish strains (D&B, USDA 101 and USDA 102) to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). In Trial I, a cohabitation study (all strains stocked communally) was conducted and fish were exposed to theronts at 0, 200, 1000, 5000 or 25 000 theronts fish^-1, respectively. All fish died when exposed to theronts at 5000 or 25 000 theronts fish^-1. When exposed to 1000 theronts fish^-1, USDA 102 strain of blue catfish showed significantly lower mortality (78.5%) compared to USDA 101 and D&B strains (92.7% and 100%). In Trial …

Soil Maps Of Wisconsin, Alfred E. Hartemink, Birl Lowery, Carl Wacker

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Legacy soil maps are an important input in digital soil mapping. This paper traces how reconnaissance soil maps in Wisconsin evolved between the 1880s and the present with some discussion on future directions. The first soil map in the USA was made in Wisconsin by the geologist T.C. Chamberlin in 1882. The second soil map of Wisconsin was made by A.R. Whitson in 1927, and the third by F.D. Hole in 1976. Soil texture and physiography were the major diagnostic mapping criteria. As more detailed county soil surveys were completed and knowledge of the soils increased, a higher level of …

Human Risk Of Infection With Borrelia Burgdorferi, The Lyme Disease Agent, In Eastern United States, Maria A. Diuk-Wasser, Anne Gatewood Hoen, Paul Cislo, Robert Brinkerhoff, Sarah A. Hamer, Michelle Rowland, Roberto Cortinas, Gwenaël Vourc’H, Forrest S. Melton, Graham J. Hickling, Jean I. Tsao, Jonas Bunikis, Alan G. Barbour, Uriel Kitron, Joseph Piesman, Durland Fish

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The geographic pattern of human risk for infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the tick-borne pathogen that causes Lyme disease, was mapped for the eastern United States. The map is based on standardized field sampling in 304 sites of the density of Ixodes scapularis host-seeking nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi, which is closely associated with human infection risk. Risk factors for the presence and density of infected nymphs were used to model a continuous 8 km × 8 km resolution predictive surface of human risk, including confidence intervals for each pixel. Discontinuous Lyme disease risk foci were identified in …

Clinical Use Of Probiotics In Pediatric Allergy (Cuppa): A World Allergy Organization Position Paper, Alessandro Fiocchi, Wesley Burks, Sami L. Bahna, Leonard Bielory, Robert J. Boyle, Renata Cocco, Sten Dreborg, Richard E. Goodman, Mikael Kuitunen, Tari Haahtela, Ralf G. Heine, Gideon Lack, David A. Osborn, Hugh Sampson, Gerald W. Tannock, Bee Wah Lee

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Background: Probiotic administration has been proposed for the prevention and treatment of specific allergic manifestations such as eczema, rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergy, food allergy, and asthma. However, published statements and scientific opinions disagree about the clinical usefulness.

Objective: A World Allergy Organization Special Committee on Food Allergy and Nutrition review of the evidence regarding the use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergy.

Methods: A qualitative and narrative review of the literature on probiotic treatment of allergic disease was carried out to address the diversity and variable quality of relevant studies. This variability precluded systematization, and an expert …