Digital Commons Network^™

Preservation Perseverance: Archiving Social Media Content, A University Of Kentucky/Latino Student Union Collaboration, Ruth E. Bryan, Taylor C. Leigh, Emily B. Collier

Library Presentations

The voices of activist student leaders and organizations are crucial to preserve, whether it be in a formal archives or as part of an archiving process undertaken by individuals and groups to preserve their legacies. Increasingly, these voices are found in social media and other online and web platforms that are difficult to preserve. Wildcat Histories is a year-long, grant-funded collaboration between the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University of Kentucky Latino Student Union (LSU) to research the best technologies for (as of July 2023) and then carry out the preservation of activist student organization social media content. The …

V2g Optimization For Dispatchable Residential Load Operation And Minimal Utility Cost, Rosemary E. Alden, Ashutosh Timilsina, Simone Silvestri, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity among consumers and are expected to play a significant role in the future of transportation. Within this paper, a reverse auction is formulated through an optimization problem to minimize the utility energy cost using Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operation, as well as transition residential communities to dispatchable aggregate constant load profiles for demand response (DR). The evolution-ary V2G Auction (eV2GA), including the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), is proposed for the formulated problem. It uses co-simulation with OpenDSS for power flow analysis as part of the objective function to account for physical constraints of infrastructure on …

Electric Water Heater Modeling For Large-Scale Distribution Power Systems Studies With Energy Storage Cta-2045 Based Vpp And Cvr, Rosemary E. Alden, Huangjie Gong, Tim Rooney, Brian Branecky, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

As the smart grid involves more new technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs) and distributed energy resources (DERs), more attention is needed in research to general energy storage (GES) based energy management systems (EMS) that account for all possible load shifting and control strategies, specifically with major appliances that are projected to continue electrification such as the electric water heater (EWH). In this work, a methodology for a modified single-node model of a resistive EWH is proposed with improved internal tank temperature for user comfort modeling and capabilities for conservation voltage reduction (CVR) simulations as well as Energy Star and …

County Incidence And Geospatial Trends Of Early-Onset Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy In Kentucky, 2008-2017, Courtney J. Walker, Anna Kucharska-Newton, Steven R. Browning, W. Jay Christian

UK CARES Faculty Publications

Background Early‑onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (eHDP) are associated with more severe maternal and infant outcomes than later‑onset disease. However, little has been done to evaluate population‑level trends. Therefore, in this paper, we seek to address this understudied area by describing the geospatial and temporal patterns of county‑level incidence of eHDP and assessing county‑level demographics that may be associated with an increased incidence of eHDP.

Methods Employing Kentucky certificates of live and stillbirth from 2008–2017, this ecological study detected county‑level clusters of early‑onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy using SaTScan, calculated average annual percent change (AAPC) with a join point analysis, …

Forage News [2023-06], Department Of Plant And Soil Sciences, University Of Kentucky

Forage News

No abstract provided.

Hydrogen-Bonding Trends In A Bithiophene With 3- And/Or 4-Pyridyl Substituents, Alison M. Costello, Rebekah Duke, Stephanie Sorensen, Nadeesha Kothalawala, Moses Ogbaje, Nandini Sarkar, Doo Young Kim, Chad Risko, Sean Parkin, Aron J. Huckaba

UK CARES Faculty Publications

To improve the charge-carrier transport capabilities of thin-film organic materials, the intermolecular electronic couplings in the material should be maximized. Decreasing intermolecular distance while maintaining proper orbital overlap in highly conjugated aromatic molecules has so far been a successful way to increase electronic coupling. We attempted to decrease the intermolecular distance in this study by synthesizing cocrystals of simple benzoic acid coformers and dipyridyl-2,2′- bithiophene molecules to understand how the coformer identity and pyridine N atom placement affected solid-state properties. We found that with the 5-(3-pyridyl)-5′-(4-pyridyl)-isomer, the 4- pyridyl ring interacted with electrophiles and protons more strongly. Synthesized cocrystal powders …

Development Of A Definition Of Postacute Sequelae Of Sars-Cov-2 Infection, Tanayott Thaweethai, Sarah E. Jolley, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Emily B. Levitan, Bruce Levy, Grace A. Mccomsey, Lisa Mccorkell, Girish N. Nadkarni, Sairam Parthasarathy, Upinder Singh, Tiffany A. Walker, Caitlin A. Selvaggi, Daniel J. Shinnick, Carolin C. M. Schulte, Rachel Atchley-Challenner, Recover Consortium Authors, Leora I. Horwitz, Andrea S. Foulkes

Saha Cardiovascular Research Center Faculty Publications

IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with persistent, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects occurring after acute infection, termed postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. Characterizing PASC requires analysis of prospectively and uniformly collected data from diverse uninfected and infected individuals.

OBJECTIVE To develop a definition of PASC using self-reported symptoms and describe PASC frequencies across cohorts, vaccination status, and number of infections.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective observational cohort study of adults with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection at 85 enrolling sites (hospitals, health centers, community organizations) located in 33 states plus Washington, DC, …

Diabetes Prevalence And Monitoring In Nonmetropolitan And Metropolitan Areas Within A Commercially Insured U.S. Population, Lindsey R. Hammerslag, Jeffery Talbert

Rural & Underserved Health Research Center Publications

Overview of Key Findings

• Enrollees living in nonmetropolitan areas had 22% higher likelihood of having diabetes, even after controlling for factors like age and region.
• The prevalence of diabetes in 2019-2020 was 7.9% in nonmetropolitan areas and 6.2% in metropolitan areas.
• Annual hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing occurred for 85.1% of nonmetropolitan and 85.7% of metropolitan enrollees with diabetes. After controlling for other factors, we found significantly lower testing for those in nonmetropolitan areas.
• For diabetic enrollees, having an HbA1c test in 2019 was associated with an 8% decrease in the likelihood of non-cardiovascular complications related to diabetes and a 6% …

Maternal Polychlorinated Biphenyl 126 (Pcb 126) Exposure Modulates Offspring Gut Microbiota Irrespective Of Diet And Exercise, Manisha Agarwal, Jessie Hoffman, Sara Y. Ngo Tenlep, Sara Santarossa, Kevin J. Pearson, Alexandra R. Sitarik, Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow, Michael C. Petriello

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

The gut microbiota plays an important role throughout the lifespan in maintaining host health, and several factors can modulate microbiota composition including diet, exercise, and environmental exposures. Maternal microbiota is transferred to offspring during early life; thus, environmental exposures before gestation may also modulate offspring microbiota. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the microbiota of aged offspring and to determine if lifestyle factors, including maternal exercise or offspring high-fat feeding alter these associations. To test this, dams were exposed to PCB 126 (0.5 μmole/kg body weight) or vehicle oil by …

Optimization Of An Electric Vehicle Traction Motor With A Pm Flux Intensifying Stator And A Reluctance Outer Rotor, Oluwaseun A. Badewa, Ali Mohammadi, Donovin Lewis, Dan Ionel, Somasundaram Essakiappan, Madhav Manjrekar

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

This paper proposes a novel electric motor concept using stator-embedded phase coils and permanent magnets (PM). A unique pattern of phase coil placement in separate slots using concentrated windings is employed. High flux intensification is achieved using low remanence and non-rare-earth permanent magnets in a spoke-type field arrangement. The exterior rotor has no active electromagnetic component thereby achieving a simple reluctance type configuration. The principle of operation is based on the concept of virtual work with closed-form analytical airgap flux density distributions. Preliminary parametric design studies followed by large scale multi-objective optimization were carried out using electromagnetic FEA to study …

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine With Single-Wound Dual-Stator And Spoke Permanent Magnet Rotor For Electric Vehicle In-Wheel Traction, Ali Mohammadi, Yaser Chulaee, Aaron M. Cramer, Ion G. Boldea, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

In this paper, a dual-stator axial flux permanent magnet machine with a spoke-type rotor for electric vehicle applications is investigated. The rotor PMs are positioned in a spoke-type field-concentrating arrangement, which provides high flux concentration. Two stators—one stator configuration with double-layer wound coils and another without winding—are employed. The usage of single-layer wound coils is possible in this topology, and by using this type of winding it is possible to implement advanced in-slot cooling systems. Analytical and electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA) studies considering its geometrical and electrical properties have been performed on this machine. The performance indices for the …

Optimal Power Sharing Speed Compensation In On-Road Wireless Ev Charging Systems, Donovin Lewis, Omer Onar, Veda Prakash Galigekere, Mostak Mohammad, Dan Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology with the potential to address range anxiety and reduce the size of batteries or provide charge sustaining operation. Charging demand for dynamic wireless charging systems (DWCS) varies greatly in response to location specific traffic behaviors including the number and speed of vehicles. This paper highlights the potential reduction of load variation with speed compensation and simulates opportunities to maximize the number of cars charged concurrently through ”power sharing” or altering power output to slower cars while maintaining a maximum delivered energy. An improved sub- minute model for synthetic traffic …

Merging Multiple Existing Geotechnical Databases, Charlie Sun, Brad Rister, Eileen Grady

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This report discusses a project undertaken by Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) researchers to create a comprehensive geotechnical database for highway planning, design, maintenance, and repair. The project consolidated multiple geotechnical data sources into a unified database accessible to Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) staff, enabling informed decision making and improving project outcomes. Databases were merged with great attention to detail, ensuring data integrity and coherence. A geotechnical data collector app developed as part of the project supports convenient and efficient data collection in the field, even when phones or tablets lack network connectivity. A rockfall rating app and landslide hazard rating …

Co-Simulation Of Electric Power Distribution Systems And Buildings Including Ultra-Fast Hvac Models And Optimal Der Control, Evan S. Jones, Rosemary E. Alden, Huangjie Gong, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Smart homes and virtual power plant (VPP) controls are growing fields of research with potential for improved electric power grid operation. A novel testbed for co-simulation of electric power distribution systems and distributed energy resources (DERs), is employed to evaluate VPP scenarios and propose an optimization procedure. DERs of specific interest include behind-the-meter (BTM) solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as well as heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Simulation of HVAC systems is enabled by a machine learning procedure that produces ultra-fast models for electric power and indoor temperature of associated buildings that are up to 133 times faster than typical …

Realizing Innovation And Sustainability: A Case Study Of Macau Sar’S Smart City Development Capabilities, Yujia He, Felix Ter Chian Tan, Carmen Leong, Jingbo Huang, Don Rodney Junio

Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce Faculty Publications

The emergence of digital technologies has transformed organizational innovation with important implications for a city, its economy and policymaking. Despite this, research on how capabilities underpin innovation through smart city initiatives is still lacking. To address this gap, we conduct an empirical investigation of smart city initiatives in Macau, a former Portuguese colony and now special administrative region (SAR) of China. The case study adopts a qualitative approach, using data collected through fieldwork observations and in-depth interviews with stakeholders, and analysis of secondary documents. The study develops a stage-based assessment of innovation capabilities related to the use of technologies in …

A Case For Accelerating Standards To Achieve The Fair Principles Of Environmental Health Research Experimental Data, Rance Nault, Matthew C. Cave, Gabriele Ludewig, Hunter N. B. Moseley, Kelly G. Pennell, Tim Zacharewski

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Funding agencies, publishers, and other stakeholders are pushing environmental health science investigators to improve data sharing; to promote the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) principles; and to increase the rigor and reproducibility of the data collected. Accomplishing these goals will require significant cultural shifts surrounding data management and strategies to develop robust and reliable resources that bridge the technical challenges and gaps in expertise.

OBJECTIVE : In this commentary, we examine the current state of managing data and metadata—referred to collectively as (meta)data—in the experimental environmental health sciences. We introduce new tools and resources based on in vivo …

A Proposed Fair Approach For Disseminating Geospatial Information System Maps, P. Travis Thompson, Sweta Ojha, Christian D. Powell, Kelly G. Pennell, Hunter N. B. Moseley

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

We present a draft Minimum Information about Geospatial Information System (MIaGIS) standard for facilitating public deposition of geospatial information system (GIS) datasets that follows the FaIR (Findable, accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. the draft MIaGIS standard includes a deposition directory structure and a minimum javascript object notation (JSON) metadata formatted file that is designed to capture critical metadata describing GIS layers and maps as well as their sources of data and methods of generation. the associated miagis Python package facilitates the creation of this MIAGIS metadata file and directly supports metadata extraction from both Esri JSON and GEOJSON GIS data …

Creation Of Egd-Derived Gastric Cancer Organoids To Predict Treatment Responses, Hannah Mcdonald, Megan Harper, Kristen S. Hill, Anqi Gao, Angelica L. Solomon, Charles J. Bailey, Miranda Lin, Mautin Barry-Hundeyin, Michael Cavnar, Samuel H. Mardini, Prakash Pandalai, Reema A. Patel, Jill M. Kolesar, Justin A. Rueckert, Lawrence Hookey, Mark Ropeleski, Shaila J. Merchant, Joseph Kim, Mei Gao

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAd) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most patients require perioperative chemotherapy, yet methods to accurately predict responses to therapy are lacking. Thus, patients may be unnecessarily exposed to considerable toxicities. Here, we present a novel methodology using patient-derived organoids (PDOs) that rapidly and accurately predicts the chemotherapy efficacy for GAd patients.

Methods: Endoscopic GAd biopsies were obtained from 19 patients, shipped overnight, and PDOs were developed within 24 h. Drug sensitivity testing was performed on PDO single-cells with current standard-of-care systemic GAd regimens and cell viability was measured. Whole exome sequencing was used to …

Differential Inhibition Of Anaplerotic Pyruvate Carboxylation And Glutaminolysis-Fueled Anabolism Underlies Distinct Toxicity Of Selenium Agents In Human Lung Cancer, Teresa W-M Fan, Jason Winnike, Ahmad Al-Attar, Alex C. Belshoff, Pawel Lorkiewicz, Jin Lian Tan, Min Wu, Richard M. Higashi, Andrew N. Lane

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Past chemopreventive human trials on dietary selenium supplements produced controversial outcomes. They largely employed selenomethionine (SeM)-based diets. SeM was less toxic than selenite or methylseleninic acid (MSeA) to lung cancer cells. We thus investigated the toxic action of these Se agents in two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and ex vivo organotypic cultures (OTC) of NSCLC patient lung tissues. Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) using 13C6-glucose and 13C5,15N2-glutamine tracers with gene knockdowns were employed to examine metabolic dysregulations associated with cell type- and treatment-dependent phenotypic changes. Inhibition of key anaplerotic processes, pyruvate carboxylation (PyC) and glutaminolysis were elicited by …

Green Solvent Mediated Extraction Of Micro- And Nano-Plastic Particles From Water, Jameson R. Hunter, Qi Qiao, Yuxuan Zhang, Qing Shao, Czarena L. Crofcheck, Jian Shi

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

The production of plastic and the amount of waste plastic that enters the ecosystem increases every year. Synthetic plastics gradually break down into particles on the micro‑ and nano‑scale in the environment. The micro‑ and nano‑plastics pose a significant ecological threat by transporting toxic chemicals and causing inflammation and cellular damage when ingested; however, removal of those particles from water is challenging using conventional separation methods. Deep eutectic solvents (DES), a new class of solvents composed of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, have been proposed as a cheaper alternative to ionic liquids. Hydrophobic DES derived from natural compounds (NADES) show …

Identifying And Sharing Per-And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Hot-Spot Areas And Exposures In Drinking Water, Sweta Ojha, P. Travis Thompson, Christian D. Powell, Hunter N. B. Moseley, Kelly G. Pennell

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water is widely recognized as a public health concern. Decision-makers who are responsible for managing PFAS drinking water risks lack the tools to acquire the information they need. In response to this need, we provide a detailed description of a Kentucky dataset that allows decision-makers to visualize potential hot-spot areas and evaluate drinking water systems that may be susceptible to PFAS contamination. The dataset includes information extracted from publicly available sources to create five different maps in ArcGIS Online and highlights potential sources of PFAS contamination in the environment in relation …

Noncovalent Interactions That Tune The Reactivities Of The Flavins In Bifurcating Electron Transferring Flavoprotein, María González-Viegas, Rajiv K. Kar, Anne-Frances Miller, Maria-Andrea Mroginski

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Bifurcating electron transferring flavoproteins (Bf-ETFs) tune chemically identical flavins to two contrasting roles. To understand how, we used hybrid quantum mechanical molecular mechanical calculations to characterize noncovalent interactions applied to each flavin by the protein. Our computations replicated the differences between the reactivities of the flavins: the electron transferring flavin ( ETflavin) was calculated to stabilize anionic semiquinone (ASQ) as needed to execute its single-electron transfers, whereas the Bf flavin (Bfflavin) was found to disfavor the ASQ state more than does free flavin and to be less susceptible to reduction. The stability of ETflavin ASQ was attributed in part to …

Novel Isolation Method Reveals Sex-Specific Composition And Neurotoxicity Of Small Extracellular Vesicles In A Mouse Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Ahmed Elsherbini, Zhihui Zhu, Zainuddin Quadri, Simone M. Crivelli, Xiaojia Ren, Hemendra J. Vekaria, Priyanka Tripathi, Liping Zhang, Wenbo Zhi, Erhard Bieberich

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

We developed a new method to isolate small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from male and female wild-type and 5xFAD mouse brains to investigate the sex-specific functions of sEVs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A mass spectrometric analysis revealed that sEVs contained proteins critical for EV formation and Aβ. ExoView analysis showed that female mice contained more GFAP and Aβ-labeled sEVs, suggesting that a larger proportion of sEVs from the female brain is derived from astrocytes and/or more likely to bind to Aβ. Moreover, sEVs from female brains had more acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and ceramide, an enzyme and its sphingolipid product important for …

The Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist 16-Bromo Salvinorin A Has Anti-Cocaine Effects Without Significant Effects On Locomotion, Food Reward, Learning And Memory, Or Anxiety And Depressive-Like Behaviors, Ross Van De Wetering, Amy Ewald, Susan Welsh, Lindsay Kornberger, Samuel E. Williamson, Bryan D. Mcelroy, Eduardo R. Butelman, Thomas E. Prisinzano, Bronwyn M. Kivell

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have preclinical antipsychostimulant effects; however, adverse side effects have limited their therapeutic development. In this preclinical study, conducted in Sprague Dawley rats, B6-SJL mice, and non-human primates (NHPs), we evaluated the G-protein-biased analogue of salvinorin A (SalA), 16-bromo salvinorin A (16-BrSalA), for its anticocaine effects, side effects, and activation of cellular signaling pathways. 16-BrSalA dose-dependently decreased the cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in a KOR-dependent manner. It also decreased cocaine-induced hyperactivity, but had no effect on responding for cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule. Compared to SalA, 16-BrSalA had an improved side effect profile, with …

Effect Of Condensed Tannins In Sainfoin On In Vitro Protein Solubility Of Lucerne, J. Aufrère, M. Dudilieu, C. Poncet, R. Baumont

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Proteins of fresh legume forages such as lucerne are highly degraded in the rumen, resulting in their inefficient use by the animal. The condensed tannins (CT) present in some forages can improve the nutritional value of these forages and of associated feeds in the diet. Previous in vitro work (Waghorn & Shelton, 1997) showed that CT from Lotus corniculatus are able to bind with and precipitate protein from a ryegrass/clover pasture, but when these forages were fed to sheep, the CT effects on digestion and animal performance were weak. This revealed a need for a better understanding of the mechanism …

Herbage Production, Nitrogen Fixation And Condensed Tannin Concentrations In Lotus Glaber Mill. Germplasm, H. Acuña, M. Figueroa, P. Hellman, A. Concha

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lotus glaber (Lg) grows on clay, sandy and medium textured soils in central Chile (32º to 38º S). The diversity of environments where the species grows naturally supports the hypothesis that genetic variability would be found. The objectives of the experiment were to characterise accessions of Lg collected in the region for dry matter (DM) production, comparative capacity to fix atmospheric N and condensed tannins (CT) in Lg grown on clay soils used for cropping rice.

Condensed Tannins In Different Varieties Of Lotus Corniculatus, Christina L. Marley, Rhun Fychan, R. Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research has shown that Lotus corniculatus may provide benefits as a grazing forage for ruminants, because of improved efficiency of protein utilisation in part due to the presence of condensed tannins (CT) in the forage. Lotus species have been found to contain different CT (Aerts et al., 1999). The aim of this experiment was to determine if differences exist in CT concentration among L. corniculatus varieties.

Ariation In Tannin Content And Morphological Traits In Lotus Corniculatus L. (Bird’S-Foot Trefoil), A. H. Marshall, F. Ribaimont, R. P. Collins, D. Bryant, M. T. Abberton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lotus corniculatus L. (bird's-foot trefoil) is a potentially valuable species for UK grassland agriculture. The herbage contains proanthocyanidins, or condensed tannins (CT's), which help to reduce bloat, have anthelmintic properties, can protect protein in the rumen, and thus potentially reduce N losses to the environment. It is currently a relatively minor species within UK grassland, as available varieties lack persistence in mixed swards (Hopkins et al., 1996). The seed used is of foreign bred varieties with no varieties bred specifically for the UK environment. To explore the feasibility of breeding L. corniculatus for the UK, variation in morphological traits, …

Light Intensity Is Positively Correlated With The Synthesis Of Condensed Tannins In Lotus Corniculatus, Sergio Arcioni, T. Bovone, F. Damiani, F. Paolocci

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The importance of Condensed Tannins (CT) in forage legumes has been well documented in several studies. The role of plant genetics in this field is the acquisition of competences in order to be able to modulate CT synthesis in leaves of these species. The role of light has been investigated in this work on the increase of condensed tannin levels in leaves of two contrasting genotypes of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus).

Condensed Tannin Concentration And Herbage Accumulation Of A White Clover Bred For Increased Floral Condensed Tannin, V. T. Burggraaf, S. L. Woodward, D. R. Woodfield, E. R. Thom, G. C. Waghorn, P. D. Kemp

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

White clover is a high quality feed for ruminants, however, its high protein content results in excessive urea excretion in urine and can cause bloat, reducing its potential value for animal production. The condensed tannins (CT) in some forages can reduce these problems, but plants may have poor agronomic performance. White clover produces CT in its flower heads, but herbage CT concentrations are normally too low to benefit animals. This paper reports CT concentrations and herbage accumulation over 2 years of an experimental line of white clover (HT) selected for increased flowering and floral CT concentrations.