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Common Consumer Residual Insecticides Lack Efficacy Against Insecticide-Susceptible And Resistant Populations Of The German Cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), Johnalyn Gordon, Marla J. Eva, Sudip Gaire, Arthur G. Appel, Zachary C. Devries

UK CARES Faculty Publications

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), is a ubiquitous pest in affordable housing. They represent a major threat to human health due to their contribution of asthma-exacerbating allergens and the potential to transfer pathogenic microorganisms indoors. Despite well-documented pyre- throid resistance, pyrethroid-based broadcast residual insecticide products are often used by residents to con- trol cockroaches in their homes. Additionally, there is little empirical independent testing of these products. Thus, it remains unclear how effective these commonly used do-it-yourself products are at controlling German cockroaches. This study represents a comprehensive examination of the efficacy of these products with direct, …

Bacillus Thuringiensis Cry14a Family Proteins As Novel Anthelmintics Against Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites, Duy Hoang, Kelly Flanagan, Qian Ding, Nicholas R. Cazeault, Hanchen Li, Stefani Díaz-Valerio, Florentina Rus, Esther A. Darfour, Elizabeth Kass, Katherine H. Petersson, Martin Krarup Nielsen, Heiko Liesegang, Gary R. Ostroff, Raffi V. Aroian

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) proteins have been expressed in commercial transgenic crops for nearly 30 years, providing safe and effective control of insect pests and significantly reducing the application of hazardous chemical pesticides. B. thuringiensis crystal proteins have also been shown to target parasitic nematodes, including plant parasitic nematodes. Recently, transgenic soybean crops expressing Cry14Ab have been shown to provide control against the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, marking the first time a crystal protein is being commercialized in transgenic crops for control of a nematode pest. However, apart from H. glycines and the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, the breadth …

Arthropod Arbiters: Natural Enemy Communities Mediate The Effects Of Landscape And Local-Scale Complexity On Lygus-Induced Crop Loss In Organic Strawberries, Adrian Lu, David J. Gonthier, Amber Sciligo, Karina Garcia, Taiki Chiba, Gila Juárez, Claire Kremen

Entomology Faculty Publications

Sustainable pest management requires growers and regional land managers to consider the relationships among pest management practices, pest and natural enemy communities, crop loss, and multi-scalar habitat complexity. However, the causal links among these variables, in particular potential interactions between landscape and local-scale habitat complexity, remain underexplored. In the context of organically managed strawberry crops in California’s Central Coast, we tested the independent effects of landscape and local habitat complexity gradients on arthropod communities and crop loss using a piecewise structural equation model (PSEM). We found that landscape-scale woody habitat proportion indirectly decreased crop loss through its positive effect on …

Parallel Electrophysiological Abnormalities Due To Covid-19 Infection And To Alzheimer’S Disease And Related Dementia, Yang Jiang, Jennifer Neal, Pradoldej Sompol, Görsev Yener, Xianghong Arakaki, Christopher M. Norris, Francesca R. Farina, Agustin Ibanez, Susanna Lopez, Abdulhakim Al-Ezzi, Voyko Kavcic, Bahar Güntekin, Claudio Babiloni, Mihály Hajós

Neurology Faculty Publications

Many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive individuals exhibit abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity reflecting “brain fog” and mild cognitive impairments even months after the acute phase of infection. Resting-state EEG abnormalities include EEG slowing (reduced alpha rhythm; increased slow waves) and epileptiform activity. An expert panel conducted a systematic review to present compelling evidence that cognitive deficits due to COVID-19 and to Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD) are driven by overlapping pathologies and neurophysiological abnormalities. EEG abnormalities seen in COVID-19 patients resemble those observed in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly ADRD. It is proposed that similar EEG abnormalities in …

Cerebrovascular Disease Is Associated With Alzheimer's Plasma Biomarker Concentrations In Adults With Down Syndrome, Andreas Engvig, Karl Trygve Kalleberg, Lars T. Westlye, Esten Høyland Leonardsen, Alzheimer’S Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Consortium

Neurology Faculty Publications

DNA methylation age (MA), brain age (BA), and frailty index (FI) are putative aging biomarkers linked to dementia risk. We investigated their relationship and combined potential for prediction of cognitive impairment and future dementia risk using the ADNI database. Of several MA algorithms, DunedinPACE and GrimAge2, associated with memory, were combined in a composite MA alongside BA and a data-driven FI in predictive analyses. Pairwise correlations between age- and sex-adjusted measures for MA (aMA), aBA, and aFI were low. FI outperformed BA and MA in all diagnostic tasks. A model including age, sex, and aFI achieved an area under the …

Integrin Α6Β4 Upregulates Ptprz1 Through Uchl1-Mediated Hif-1Α Nuclear Accumulation To Promote Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Invasive Properties, Min Chen, Parvanee A. Karimpour, Andrew Elliott, Daheng He, Teresa Knifley, Jinpeng Liu, Chi Wang, Kathleen L. O’Connor

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Integrin α6β4 drives triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) aggressiveness through the transcriptional regulation of key genes. Here, we investigated how integrin α6β4 regulates protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z1 (PTPRZ1). Using stable re-expression of integrin β4 (ITGB4) in cells naturally devoid of integrin α6β4 or knockdown or knockout (KO) of ITGB4, we found that integrin α6β4 regulates PTPRZ1 expression. To gain mechanistic insight, we focused on Hif-1α due to the impact of integrin α6β4 on a hypoxia-associated signature. We found that nuclear localization of Hif-1α, but not Hif-2α, was substantially enhanced with integrin α6β4 signaling. Hif-1α knockdown by shRNA or chemical …

Knockdown Of Ketohexokinase Versus Inhibition Of Its Kinase Activity Exert Divergent Effects On Fructose Metabolism, Se-Hyung Park, Taghreed Fadhul, Lindsey R. Conroy, Harrison A. Clarke, Ramon Sun, Kristina Wallenius, Jeremie Boucher, Gavin O'Mahony, Alessandro Boianelli, Marie Persson, Sunhee Jung, Cholsoon Jang, Analia S. Loria, Genesee J. Martinez, Zachary A. Kipp, Evelyn A. Bates, Terry D. Hinds Jr., Senad Divanovic, Samir Softic

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Excessive fructose intake is a risk factor for the development of obesity and its complications. Targeting ketohexokinase (KHK), the first enzyme of fructose metabolism, has been investigated for the management of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). We compared the effects of systemic, small molecule inhibitor of KHK enzymatic activity with hepatocyte-specific, N-acetylgalactosamine siRNA–mediated knockdown of KHK in mice on an HFD. We measured KHK enzymatic activity, extensively quantified glycogen accumulation, performed RNA-Seq analysis, and enumerated hepatic metabolites using mass spectrometry. Both KHK siRNA and KHK inhibitor led to an improvement in liver steatosis; however, via substantially different mechanisms, KHK …

Predicting The Pathway Involvement Of All Pathway And Associated Compound Entries Defined In The Kyoto Encyclopedia Of Genes And Genomes, Erik D. Huckvale, Hunter Moseley

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Background/Objectives: Predicting the biochemical pathway involvement of a compound could facilitate the interpretation of biological and biomedical research. Prior prediction approaches have largely focused on metabolism, training machine learning models to solely predict based on metabolic pathways. However, there are many other types of pathways in cells and organisms that are of interest to biologists. Methods: While several publications have made use of the metabolites and metabolic pathways available in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), we downloaded all the compound entries with pathway annotations available in the KEGG. From these data, we constructed a dataset where each …

Upregulation Of Fatty Acid Synthase Increases Activity Of Β-Catenin And Expression Of Notum To Enhance Stem-Like Properties Of Colorectal Cancer Cells, Courtney O. Kelson, Josiane Weber Tessmann, Mariah E. Geisen, Daheng He, Chi Wang, Tianyan Gao, B. Mark Evers, Yekaterina Y. Zaytseva

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism is an attractive therapeutic target for colorectal cancer (CRC). We previously reported that fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme of de novo synthesis, promotes the initiation and progression of CRC. However, the mechanisms of how upregulation of FASN promotes the initiation and progression of CRC are not completely understood. Here, using Apc/VillinCre and ApcMin mouse models, we show that upregulation of FASN is associated with an increase in activity of β-catenin and expression of multiple stem cell markers, including Notum. Genetic and pharmacological downregulation of FASN in mouse adenoma organoids decreases the activation of β-catenin …

The Impact Of Pdcd4, A Translation Inhibitor, On Drug Resistance, Qing Wang, Hsin-Sheng Yang

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is a tumor suppressor, which has been demonstrated to efficiently suppress tumorigenesis. Biochemically, Pdcd4 binds with translation initiation factor 4A and represses protein translation. Beyond its role in tumor suppression, growing evidence suggests that Pdcd4 enhances the chemosensitivity of several anticancer drugs. To date, numerous translational targets of Pdcd4 have been identified. These targets govern important signal transduction pathways, and their attenuation may improve chemosensitivity or overcome drug resistance. This review will discuss the signal transduction pathways regulated by Pdcd4 and the potential mechanisms through which Pdcd4 enhances chemosensitivity or counteracts drug resistance.

2024 Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium, Kentucky Water Research Institute

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

The program and proceedings contains details of the 2024 Kentucky Water Resources Symposium, including presentations, award winners, and poster presentations.

This symposium was planned and conducted as a part of the state water resources research institute annual program that is supported by Grant/Cooperative Agreement Number G21AP10631-02 from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The contents of this proceedings document and the views and conclusions presented at the symposium are solely the responsibility of the individual authors and presenters and do not represent the official views of the USGS or of the symposium organizers and sponsors. This publication is produced with …

2024 Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium, Kentucky Water Research Institute

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

No abstract provided.

Development Of Intensive Grassland Systems: From Science To Practice, D G. Mccall, G W. Sheath

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Level of nnimal production from grassland is determined by the amount of pasture grown, pasture utilisation and animal conversion efficiency. The key components affecting production are pasture growth and animal conversion efficiency. These arc mainly influenced by environment, genetics and through inputs to maintain soil fertility or animal health. Systems development aims to link pasture growth and animal conversion through efficient strategies for pasture utilisation. The means of influencing pasture utilisation is through adjustments to animal feed demand, feed supply or grazing management. Stock policies that adjust the pattern and level of feed demand are of greatest significance in developing …

The Ecology Of Grazing Management, R K. Heitschmidt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The broad objective of this paper is to review the fundamental principles of grazing management as a means of assessing the inherent value of intensive and extensive grazing systems. Conceptual analyses of intensive and extensive grazing systems reveal that the fundamental differences between intensive and extensive grazing systems are related to differences in non-grazing rather than grazing tactics. Intensive grazing systems employ a wide array of non-grazing tactics in an attempt to overcome the inherent ecological constraints that limit secondary (i.e., livestock) productivity in extensively grazed systems. Moreover, analyses of the ecological or true efficiency of various agricultural production systems …

An Analysis Of The Dry Matter Intake And Rate Of Live-Weight Gain Of Growing Cattle Fed Forage Diets, J G. Buchanan-Smith

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The intake and rate of live-weight gain of 500 growing steer calves fed experimental forage diets in 7 trials were compared with corresponding values predicted using the Na1ional Research Council (NRC) model (1984). The cattle were predominantly weaned calves and most of the experimental diets were alfalfa-grass silage, either unsupplemented or supplemented with various protein sources, but some diets were based on maize silage or maize grain. The feeding period evaluated in this study ranged between the first 84 and 147 days when protein accretion rate in the cattle would be relatively high. Dry matter intakes were overpredicted by the …

Management Of Extensive Pastures For Dairy Youngstock, G.E J. Fisher, D J. Roberts

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of low input systems on the ground cover of species and yield and chemical composition of herbage cul from extensive lowland swards was studied over 3 years. The live-weight gain of dairy heifer replacements offered grazed or conserved forage from these pastures was also assessed, The swards were sown with a mixture of grasses, wildflowers and herbs and received no inorganic fertilizers, Applications of slurry in January and February increased herbage yield by 43%, but reduced the cover of flowers and herbs. Using a 2- cut conservation system improved yield of metabolisable energy/ha in herbage by 33%, and …

Intensive Grazing Of Alfalfa By Beef Steers, M Rasnake, W R. Burris, G D. Lacefield, J Randolph, N Gay, L Davis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the temperate region of North America, high temperature and moisture deficit cause low forage growth during the summer of most years, making it difficult to grow beef (Bos taurus), calves through summer grazing. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), offers some potential to provide high dry matter production during summer if an effective system of grazing can be developed. The objective of this study was to test a system of intensive grazing of beef steers on alfalfa to maximise live-weight gains/ha and maintain plant population. Alfalfa was no-till seeded into a 6.5 ha field in autumn 1988 after …

Variance Across Years In Growth Of Cattle On Annual Pastures In A Mediterranean Climate, K D. Greathead, J Zorrilla Rios

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Annual pastures were continuously grazed by new drafts of yearling cattle each year for 4 years at 2 sites. The variability of weight gained across years at any date was not different between sites. The level of rainfall in April, but strongly influenced weight gained by the cattle in any year. Variances in weight change were small up to April, they increased rapidly from April to late July and were not different after July (P<0.05).

Modification Of The Botanical Composition Of Perennial And Annual Temperate Pastures By Strategic Grazing Practices, D R. Kemp, P M. Dowling

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Where livestock production depends upon pastures, management is more difficult in environments where rainfall varies considerably from season to season and year to year. Flexible grazing practices are needed to optimise species composition and pasture productivity. Results presented in this paper show that pasture composition can be improved within climatic constraints, by grazing practices within seasons, In temperate annual pastures, long rests in winter (similar to a long rotation during that season) increased annual legume content in early spring from 20 to 50%. Annual grass content was unchanged. In perennial (phalaris) pastures, the dominant legume can change over years from …

Development Of Grass-Clover Pasture Systems For Autumn-Calving Beef Cows. I. Forage Production, G D. Mooso, D G. Morrison, J I. Feazel, D R. Morris

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four 8-ha areas of bermudagrass-based (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) grazing systems were sodseeded and received annual N fertiliser as follows: I) clover (Trifolium sp.)+81 kg Nnm, 2) annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam)+clover +81 kg N/ha, 3) ryegrass+clover+l39 kg N/ ha, and 4) ryegrass+139 kg N/ha. Monthly forage accumulation was estimated for 3 years by clipping samples from 2 exclosures/pasture. Environmental conditions had a significant effect on total annual forage dry matter (DM) production. Systems 3 and 4 produced more (P<0.05) forage DM than Systems 1 and 2 (11.0 v. 10,3 Mg/ha). System I produced more (P<0.l) forage DM than 2 (10.6 ll, 9.8 Mg/ha). Systems 3 and 4 were similar, producing I 1.0 Mg/ha. Monthly forage accumulation was lowest in winter (December to February) and highest in spring and summer (March to August). The results of this study demonstrate that at a low N level, there was no benefii from including ryegrass in the system and al a moderate N level, there was no benefit from including clover.

Development Of Grass-Clover Grazing Systems For Autumn-Calving Beef Cows. Ii. Cow-Calf Production And Economic Analysis, D G. Morrison, J I. Feazel, G D. Mooso

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four 8-ha areas of bermudagrass-based (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) grazing systems were sod seeded and received annual N fertiliser as follows: I) clover (Trifolium sp.)+81 kg/ha, 2) annual rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lsm.)+clover +81 kg/ha, 3) ryegrass+clover+139 kg/ha, and 4) ryegrass+l39 kg/ha. Each system was stocked year-round with 20 (2,5/lla) cows each with crossbred suckling calf. Cow and calf performance data for 3 of 4 years are included. Year affected (P<0.01) cow and calf live weight, Cows in System 2 were 25-50 kg lower in live weight in autumn and winter than cows in other systems. From February to July, cow daily live-weight gains were 0.11 kg higher (P<0.01) for Systems 2 and 3, Cow live weight in July was affected by N level (Systems 1,2<3,4; P<0,01), Year by system interactions (P<0.05) occurred for cow live weight in February, April and July because of live weight increasing over years in Systems 3 and 4 but not in Systems 1 and 2. Calf daily live-weight gain February to weaning (July) was higher (P<0.01) for System 2 v. 1 (0.06 kg), Syuem 3 v. 4 (0.07 kg), and Systems 3, 4 v. 1, 2 (0.07 kg), Estimated net returns favoured Systems 3 and 4 over Systems 1 and 2.

Improved Grazing Systems For Lamb Production On Appalachian Hill Farms, R L. Reid, J R. Puoli, G A. Jung, D P. Belesky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Improved grazing methods were tested to increase lamb outputs per ha from Appalachian hill farms. Components of a grazing system were cool-season grass [tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Brom us willdenowii Kunth)J or grass­legume [Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)•red clover (Trifolium pralense L.)] pastures in spring and early autumn, warm-season grass [switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)] in summer, and brassicas in late autumn and early winter. Matua was highly productive in cool weather but was subject to fungal infection and grazing ewes had low Mg status in spring. Rotationally grazed switchgrass maintained high numbers …

Use Of Brassica Forage Crops To Extend The Grazing Season In The North-East Usa, G A. Jung, H W. Harpster, M G. Lambert, K T. Leath, R A. Byers

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage turnip (Brassica rapa L,) can be made available for animal utilisation in late summer or In late autumn-early winter, when cool­season grass pastures have a low animal carrying capacity. field trials were conducted to identify and quantify factors that influence turnip yield in December or January and to determine whether these factors affect turnip cultivars similarly. Different levels of production in late autumn-winter were attributed to summer drought, foliar diseases, freezing temperatures and rate of leaf senescence. In all instances, the effects of these factors varied with turnip cultivar. However, cultivar ranking generally was the same whether mean …

Interactions Of Rotational And Continuous Grazing With Stocking Rate On Warm And Cool-Season Pastures, David I. Bransby

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With more intense commercialisation of electric fencing many production and economic advantages have been claimed for rotational grazing compared with continuous grazing. However, very little research data are available from the south-eastern USA to verify these claims, Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance under conditions of continuous and IO-paddock rotational grazing on cool- and warm-season pastures commonly used in this region. Three 2-year grazing experiments were conducted, one each on a mixed rye-annual ryegrass (Secale cereale-Lolium multiflorum) pasture, Coastal bermudagrass ( Cynodon hybrid) and Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum). In each experiment continuous …

Integrating Pasture Technology Research With Farm Management, R T. Cowan, T M. Davison, K F. Lowe, G K. Reason, G D. Chopping

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An applied research programme which involved farmers in a continuum of trials measuring pasture, soil and milk responses to the application of nitrogen fertiliser to tropical grasses is described. Pasture responses were consistent across farms, grass species and, within limits, rainfall zones and soil types. Soil pH declined by 0.03 lo 0.2 units each year. Additional milk production ranged from 4 to 14 I/kg nitrogen, the response being greater at lower levels of application. Results from farm and research station experiments were consistent. The high adoption rate, reaching 68% in 6 years, was ' attributed to the integration of farm …

Hay Supplementation And Stocking Rate Effects On Live Weight Gain Of Steers Grazing Rye And Ryegrass, Susan E. Sladden, David I. Bransby

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to evaluate continuous ad lib. supplementation of hay as a means of compensating for the uneven growth distribution of rye (Secale cereale) and ryegrass pastures (Lolium multiflorum) grazed by steers in the south-eastern USA. Pastures were continuously grazed by 230 to 270 kg steers at stocking rates of 2.5, 3.1, 4.1 and 4.9 head/ha with and without hay supplementation for 2 grazing seasons. On average, average daily live-weight gain (ADO) at the highest stocking rate (4.9 steers/ha) was 0.47 kg higher (P<0.01) when hay supplement was provided. Although not significant, in both years ADO tended to be higher for h_ay supplementation even at low stocking rates .

Improved Pasture Species, Fertilizer And Pasture Use To Increase The Productivity Of Wool Sheep In South-Western Victoria, G R. Saul, D Jowett, T Morgan, P Noble, D Borg

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pastures were upgraded by sowing perennial grasses and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranum) and applying fertiliser to paddocks on S farms in the wool sheep region of south-western Victoria. Upgraded pastures were stocked at higher rates to ensure utilisation of feed grown. In the third year after sowing, wool production was increased by 56% (35 v. SS kg/ha), and ewe live weights by 4% (49.4 v. 51.4 kg) from upgraded pastures compared with untreated pastures. The results demonstrate the considerable potential to increase output from sheep farms in the region by upgrading pastures. Poor persistence of sown perennial grasses may …

System Research: Preliminary Results From A Farmlet Comparison Between A Biological And Conventional Sheep And Beef System, A D. Mackay, D I. Gray, I M. Brookes, P J. Budding, B Devantier

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Initial findings of a farm let study comparing biological (agrochemical­ free) and conventional sheep and beef production are presented and discussed. Little difference was found in sheep production between the two systems in 1991-92, despite large differences in the level of internal parasitism, particularly in young sheep. In contrast! growth rates of rising 1 year steers and heifers on the conventional unit were superior to those of the biological farmlet throughout spring and summer of the first year. While a reduction in the use of anthelmintic drench would have little impact on the productivity of sheep systems, the productivity of …

A Management System For The Planning, Implementation, And Monitoring And Evaluation Of Farmlet Trials, D I. Gray, A D. Mackay, P J. Budding, I M. Brookes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A management system used to operate the farmlet component of a farm· systems research programme investigating biological sheep and beef production is described and the advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed,

Economics Of Milk Production From Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars With Different Seasonal Growth Patterns, I M. Brookes, A F. Mcrae, D I. Gray, N Cameron

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cutting trials at 4 sites throughout New Zealand over 2 years with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) cultivars showed that Bmbassy (B) produeed similar annual dry matter (DM) yields to Supernui (S) and Yatsyn (Y). However, B grew 10% more DM in January-August, but 5% less DM in September-December. The economic value of these diffecent patterns of growth for milk production was assessed using a computer model. The model constrained pasture covers within specified limits by removing excess feed for conservation and adding additional feed as supplements during periods of deficit. Stocking rates needed to maintain the system in equilibrium …