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Perennial Arachis Germplasm For The Subtropics And Tropics, K H. Quesenberry, A E. Ruttinger-Lamperti, C A. Kelly

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Evaluation of a limited number of perennial Aracliis plant introductions in the 1960s led to the release of the cultivars Florigraze and Arbrook of rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth). Beginning in 1987, 110 more recently collected introductions of primarily rhizomatous perennial Arachis species were evaluated for response to 3 foliar leaf diseases, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenarla) and agronomic traits related to establishment and production. Significant variability for plant spread, plant vigour, flowering, rhizome morphology and mass, leaf morphology, foliar disease response, and root-knot nematode resistance was identified. Some accessions showed small lesions in response to Cercospora arachidicola, …

Production Of Alinite-Chlormayenite Clinker And Its Hydration Behavior With Increasing Gypsum Content, Marco Simoni, Aniruddha Baral, Zhili Ren, Tristana Y. Duvallet, Robert B. Jewell, Christiane Rößler, Theodore Hanein

Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications

An alternative low-energy alinite-chlormayenite clinker was produced and its hydration with different gypsum content was studied. The clinker was produced at 1225 ◦C using reagent-grade materials in an electric kiln with alinite, larnite, and chlormayenite content of 48, 24, and 16 wt%, respectively. The hydration kinetics of the clinker with different gypsum additions (0,10, 20, and 40 wt%) did not have a distinct induction period, and the hydration was faster than Portland cement. Alinite was in general more reactive than chlormayenite. In the presence of a limited amount of gypsum (10 and 20 wt%), alinite consumed gypsum to form ettringite …

Macroevolutionary Inference Of Complex Modes Of Chromosomal Speciation In A Cosmopolitan Plant Lineage, Carrie M. Tribble, José Ignacio Márquez-Corro, Michael R. May, Andrew L. Hipp, Marcial Escudero, Rosana Zenil-Ferguson

Biology Faculty Publications

The effects of single chromosome number change—dysploidy – mediating diversification remain poorly understood. Dysploidy modifies recombination rates, linkage, or reproductive isolation, especially for one-fifth of all eukaryote lineages with holocentric chromosomes. Dysploidy effects on diversification have not been estimated because modeling chromosome numbers linked to diversification with heterogeneity along phylogenies is quantitatively challenging. We propose a new state-dependent diversification model of chromosome evolution that links diversification rates to dysploidy rates considering heterogeneity and differentiates between anagenetic and cladogenetic changes. We apply this model to Carex (Cyperaceae), a cosmopolitan flowering plant clade with holocentric chromosomes. We recover two distinct modes of …

Scaling Covid-19 Rates With Population Size In The United States, Austin R. Cruz, Brian J. Enquist, Joseph R. Burger

Biology Faculty Publications

Using county-level data from the United States, we assessed allometric scaling relationships of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases, deaths and age structure within and across the first four major waves of the pandemic (wild-type, alpha, delta, omicron). Results generally indicate that the burden of cases disproportionately impacted larger-sized counties, while the burden of deaths disproportionately impacted smaller counties. This may be partially due to multiple interacting social mechanisms, including a higher proportion of older adults who live in smaller counties. Moreover, these likely social mechanisms interacting with vaccinations and virus waves created a dynamic pattern whereby the rate and magnitude of …

Evaluating The Physics-Based Slope Stability Program Pisa-M At A Regional Scale, Hudson J. Koch, William C. Haneberg, Matt M. Crawford, Jason M. Dortch, Meredith Swallom

Report of Investigations--KGS

Physics based landslide modeling can be difficult and data intensive. Generating high quality and practical map results is often not feasible outside of small, thoroughly characterized study areas. Using the physics based program Probabilistic Infinite Slope Analysis (PISA m), users can perform expedient assessments of landslide hazard over large study areas where comprehensive geotechnical data may be lacking, but other data inputs are robust. PISA m uses an infinite slope equation and spatial layers, such as a digital elevation model (DEM), a lidar derived forest cover layer, and a soil map, to calculate the probability that the factor of safety …

Clay Minerals Origin And Paleoclimate Implications In Quaternary Deposits Of The Saïs Plain, Fez-Morocco, Ayman Agharabi, L. Karrat, Frank R. Ettensohn, N. Har, L. Gourari, H. Bedelean, C. Balica, C. V. Mircescu

Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications

The city of Fez in northern Morocco is situated on northeastern parts of the Saïs Plain, an alluvial basin. It is spreading southwesterly onto Pleistocene sediments consisting primarily of alluvial, channel-fill conglomerates and overbank deposits, as well as Holocene tufas. As urban develop- ment expands, human activities are increasingly eradicating these deposits, about which little is known. This study focuses on the clay-mineral composition of these Pleistocene overbank de- posits, informally known as the “Red” and “Yellow” units, as well as of the Holocene tufas. In contrast to previous research that has emphasized the industrial uses of nearby Miocene marls. …

Sowing The Seeds Of Confusion To Reap Content Mastery, Rebecca Mcgrail

Greater Faculties: A Review of Teaching and Learning

No abstract provided.

Deformation And Collectivity In Doubly Magic Pb 208, J. Henderson, J. Heery, M. Rocchini, M. Siciliano, N. Sensharma, A. D. Ayangeakaa, R. V.F. Janssens, T. M. Kowalewski, Abhishek, P. D. Stevenson, E. Yüksel, B. A. Brown, T. R. Rodriguez, L. M. Robledo, C. Y. Wu, S. Kisyov, C. Müller-Gatermann, V. Bildstein, L. Canete, C. M. Campbell, S. Carmichael, M. P. Carpenter, W. N. Catford, P. Copp, C. Cousins, M. Devlin, D. T. Doherty, P. E. Garrett

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Lead-208 is the heaviest known doubly magic nucleus and its structure is therefore of special interest. Despite this magicity, which acts to provide a strong restorative force toward sphericity, it is known to exhibit both strong octupole correlations and some of the strongest quadrupole collectivity observed in doubly magic systems. In this Letter, we employ state-of-the-art experimental equipment to conclusively demonstrate, through four Coulomb-excitation measurements, the presence of a large, negative, spectroscopic quadrupole moment for both the vibrational octupole 31- and quadrupole 21+ state, indicative of a preference for prolate deformation of the states. The observed quadrupole moment is discussed …

Evaluating Maternal Drug Use Disparities, Risk Factors And Outcomes In Northeast Arkansas: A Pre, During, And Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Analysis., Enrique Gomez Pomar, Johnna Berryhill, Sudeepa Bhattacharyya

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

INTRODUCTION: The use of addictive substances remains a major health problem in the U.S. An increase in drug overdose and mortality was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in underserved populations. This surge also impacted pregnant women especially with the use of marijuana (THC) and opioids.

METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing mother-infant dyads with reported Meconium Drug Screen (MDS) results, from January 2018 through April 2023 at a reference hospital serving an urban and rural area of Arkansas. Due to the absence of universal screening, the prevalence of drug use was variable during the study period. An adjusted monthly positive rate …

Males Differ More Between Developmental Stages Than Females, And Plasticity To Light Is Stage-Dependent In The Tropical Plant Marchantia Inflexa, Jonathan D. Moore, D. Nicholas Mcletchie

Biology Faculty Publications

Plants have evolved strategies to maintain photosynthesis and mitigate tissue-damaging high light. In some dioecious seed plants, these strategies are sexually dimorphic and are linked to spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS) along light gradients. In vascular tissue-free plants (bryophytes) with separate sexes, SSS is common, but how light gradients, sexual dimorphisms, and SSS correlate is not well understood. To test if sexual dimorphisms in vegetative or sexual stages lead to light-associated SSS in bryophytes, we used Marchantia inflexa whose males occupy a wider range of light conditions, including higher light conditions, than females. We also tested if changes in …

Recurrent Selection For Partial Resistance To Anthracnose Disease In Shrubby Stylo (Stylosanthes Scabra), D F. Cameron, R A. Boland, S Chakraborty, B Jamieson, J.A G. Irwin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three cycles of crossing have been completed in a recurrent selection programme for partial resistance to anthracnose disease of shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra) In a field study of a subset of 40 F2 populations from the first cycle, highly significant differences (P<0.001) in anthracnose resistance were found for both male and female effects and for the female x male interaction, In a subsequent F3 progeny test of 99 families selected for disease resistance and yield, 92 of the families were resistant to highly resistant with leaf damage <1% (cf, >50% damage for the susceptible cultivar, Fitzroy). Strong discrimination for resistance was also obtained in a second subset of 23 F2 populations using combined glasshouse and field selection for resistance. Further improvement in anthracnose resistance was achieved in the second and third cycles of recurrent selection. The broadly based resistance of selections from the third cycle …

Calliandra Calothyrsus - A Potential New Shrub Legume For Tropical Animal Production?, B Palmer, R A. Bray, T M. Ibrahim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Calliandra calothyrsus outyielded leucaena in cutting experiments at 2 sites in northern Australia and I in Indonesia. Drying significantly depressed the voluntary intake and digestibility of leaf, possibly due to the presence of tannin. Calliandra has the potential as a supplement for the low quality grass common to the tropics both ln grazing and cut-and-carry systems.

Glycine Latifolia- A Potentially Useful Native Legume For Clay Soils In Tropical And Subtropical Australia, M C. Rees, R M. Jones, A.H D. Brown, J N. Coote

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In tropical and subtropical Australia, more than 5 million ha of heavy-textured soils receive adequate rainfall for cropping or pasture improvement. Glycine latifolla, a perennial legume native to these areas, shows promise for permanent pastures or long term leys. It occurs from latitudes 22"8 to 31 •s on heavy textured soils in the 500-1200 mm rainfall zone. It is a prostrate plant that roots from stolons and sets seed under grazing, It is drought tolerant, frost resistant, and produces dry matter yields comparable to those from the introduced legumes Desmanthus virgatus and Indigofera schimperi, There is a need to …

Development Of Rhizoma Peanut For Forage In Lower South, Usa, Gordon M. Prine, Edwin C. French

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rhizoma (perennial) peanut (Arachiis glabrata Benth.) (RP) is n perennial, warm-season legume, adapted to well-drained soils of humid tropics and subtropics. It is grown in Florida and warmer portions of the south-eastern USA up to about 32°N. Cultivar Florigraze was released in 1978 and cv. Arbrook in 1986. Commercial hectarage of RP has increased about 40% annually to approximately 2000 ha in 1992. Propagated vegetatively from rhizomes, RP Is slow to establish. Rhizoma peanut is drought-tolerant, persistent, grows well on droughty, low-fertility soils, requires moderate to excessive soil drainage and requires no N and usually no P fertiliser. It …

Effects Of Cutting Heights And Cutting Frequencies On The Annual Yield Of Leucaena And Calliandra Hedges, O Ncamihigo, P Brandelard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A 3-year study was conducted in Burundi to examine the effects of 3 cutting heights (0, 50 and 100 cm) and 3 cutting frequencies (3, 4 and 6 months) on the total annual biomass yield and leaf production of 3 shrub legumes, Leucaena diverslfolia cv, Buitenzorg, L. leucocephala cv, Peruvian and Calliandra calothyrsus. Highest annual biomass and leaf production were obtained at the 100 cm cutting hejght, There was no significant effect of cutting interval on L. leucocephala but for Calliandra calothyrsus, leaf production was highest at the 4- month cutting frequency. Both biomass production and leaf production …

Performance Of Desmanthus Virgatus Accessions In The Caribbean, M B. Adjei, K Albrecht

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Twenty-three Desmanthus virgatus accessions, established on a mildly alkaline clay soil (Typic Rendoll Mollisol), were repeatedly harvested to 10 cm stubble over a 2-year period whenever regrowths reached the early-pod stage of maturity to determine forage yield, leaf/stem proportions, forage quality and stand persistence. Differences were observed in seasonal growth distribution and annual forage yield of accessions. Collections from Venezeula and Mexico were among the most productive (8-11 t dry matter/ha/year) and from the Dominican Republic, the least productive (<6 t/ha/year) accessions. Most accessions perissted well under the lenient garvesting regime imposed. The proportion of leaf in dry forage ranged from 34 to 43% with average leaf crude protein (CP) content in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of 19.2% and 83.4%, respectively. The average stem CP and IVOMD were 7.4% and 48.9%, respectively, and were not affected by accessions. Leaf samples of all Desmanthus accessions contained high levels of tannins (26-31 g tannic acid equivalent s/kg DM). However, unlike fibre fractions, leaf IVOMD was only weakly correlated with leaf tannin content (r-0.38).

Breeding For Rust Resistance In Marcoptilium Atropurpureum, R A. Bray

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rust in Macroptilium atropurpurewn cv. Siratro is an important disease, reducing both yield and quality, Resistance to the disease is conditioned by several genetic mechanisms, including single dominant. genes, multiple dominant genes, single major genes together with genes of lesser effect, and single recessive genes. Near-isogenic lines have been developed by backcrossing dominant genes into Slratro background, and these lines used to demonstrate pathogenic specialisation in Mexican collections of the rust organism. No variation In virulence is apparent in S Australian isolates of the fungus, Pour of the backcross populations, with resistance genes from geographically diverse origins, have been mixed …

Phenological Development Of Line 8400 Stylo And Alyeclover Planted At Two Dates In Subtropical Florida, M J. Williams, C G. Chambliss, J B. Brolmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Line 8400 slylo (Stylosathes guianensis) remains vegetative later in the autumn than many tropical annual legumes. The objective of our study was lo determine the effect of planting dale (April or June) on the phenological development of Line 8400 stylo compared with alyceclover (Alysicarpus vaginalis). Root/shoot ratio of Line 8400 stylo (0.16) was not affected by planting date and was similar to April-planted alyceclover (0.15), but was lower (P<0.05) than June­planted alyceclover (0,21). Legume leaf/stem ratio was not affected by planting date, declined (P=0.0001) from an average of 2.79 at 4 weeks to 0.55 by 16 weeks post-planting, and was higher (P=0.03) for Line 8400 stylo (1.76) than alyceclover (1.29). Maximum dry mailer yield was 10.1 and 5.0 Mg/ha for April- and 7.2 and 5.6 Mg/ ha for June-planted Line 8400 stylo and alyceclover, respectively.

Selection Of Sylosanthes Spp. For The Cerrados Of Brazil, B Grof, A.T F. Fernandes, C D. Fernandez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Improved seed yield and leaf retention during the dry season coupled with anthracnose resistance were recorded among mid-season flowering progenies of intervarietal hybrids of Stylosantheses guianensis var. vulgaris x var. panciflora. Mineirao, a late-flowering accession of S. g11ia11e11sis var. vulgaris, displayed similar agronomic traits, but produced lower seed yields. Venezuelan accessions of S. capitata, and a binary mixture of S. capitata-S. ,nacrocepllala showed field resistance to anthracnose. Inter- and intraspecific variation for resistance to anthracnose disease was demonstrated by inoculation with virulent local and introduced pathotypes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The development from these heterogeneous populations of cultivars …

Meeting The Challenge Of Adapting Leucaena Leucocephala To The Acid Oxisols And Utisolds Of South America And South-East Asia, E M. Hutton, Chin Peng Chen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Shtteen lines from 2 families of Leucaena leucocephala-L. diversifolia hybrids selected for acid-soil tolerance in Brazil were reselected in the Kuala Linggi acid-sulphate soil and Serdang oxisol in Malaysia. In the K. Linggi soil with 81 % Al saturation, highly acid-tolerant hybrids were selected with 35-79% more growth than the intolerant cv. Cunningham. At Serdang the oxisol had ·a mean 68% Al saturation and hybrids were selected with 19-49% more growth than Cunningham which lacked intolerance symptoms due to annual dolomite application. In a severe psyllid infestation at K. Linggi, 5 of the 14 hybrids from one family had …

Evaluation Of Wild Nut-Producing Arachis Species For Forage, A E. Kretschmer Jr, C E. Simpson, T C. Wilson, W D. Pitman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fourteen nut-producing wild peanut (Arachis spp,) accessions were evaluated in single-plant plots and in ranchers' fields under grazing. Transplants were used for initial and some secondary planting, Agronomic characteristics and persistence were measured. The cv. Amarillo (4222) and a selection previously evaluated (2273) were used as controls. Plant yield, leaf and stem weights, nut production and other attributes varied among the accessions. Accession 2273 was one of the earliest and most prolific flowering and nut producers, while 4222 was the most persistent under initial grazing evaluation,

Production And Growth Characteristics Of Sixteen Gliricidia Provenances Grown In A Dryland Farming Are In Bali, W Puger, I M. Nitis, K Lana, M Suarna, W Sukanten

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At evaluation of Gliricidia sepium provenances was conducted in Bali for 3 years on a calcareous-based red-brown Mediternn soil at a lowland site with 1000 mm annual rainfall. Fifteen provenances representing diverse geographical regions in Latin America were compared with an Indonesian provenance using a randomised block design. Plants were grown in alleys 4 m apart with plants spaced at 0.5 m apart within the alley. All the plants were cut at 150 cm height periodically, twice during the 4-month wet season and twice during the 8-month dry season. Significant differences were found between provenances for leaf and branch …

Advances In Forage Legumes: A Subsahara African Perspective, B H. Dzowela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the context of diverse agricultural production systems in subSaharan Africa, advances made with forage legume research are outlined. The direction of research has been geared to evaluating and incorporating the forage legume technology in crop farming and pastoral livestock feeding systems, In systems with minimal fertiliser inputs; legumes have contributed to the crop phase by reducing the rate. of soil fertility decline, In pastoral systems legumes have contributed to rehabilitating the range and in improving the quality of grazing. In agropastoral systems legumes have conferred better quality and improved utilisation of crop residues, natural pastures and fallow lands. Major …

Advances In Research And Development With Sylosanthes And Other Tropical Pasture Legumes, D F. Cameron, C P. Miller, L A. Edye, J W. Miles

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The last 20 years have seen major advances in research and development wilh tropical legumes. Research advances have been closely associated with substantial increases in the number and diversity of genetic resource collections, Release of a wide range of new cultivars has been based on selection for plant adaptation, persistence and productivity, screening for resistance to pest's and diseases, and the development of efficient seed production. Determination of fertiliser requirements and grazing management practices has resulted in sustainable animal production from legume-based pasture systems. Extensive pasture development has now occurred in both high and low input systems. Options vary from …

Integration Of Wildlife And Cattle On Communal Lands In Kangwane, South Africa, M Stalmans, A Van Wyk, M T. Mentis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The feasibility of integrating wildlife with the current livestock husbandry on communal lands in KaNgwane was investigated. Present stocking rates were 3 times the recommended figure for production farming. This fitted predictions based on the Jones-Sandland model for populations where the major consideration is maximum number of animals rather than high productivity. The integration of game was seen as a means to increase economic output, while spreading benefits from the use of natural resources to the community at large and establishing a form of ecologically sustainable land use. The active involvement of the community in the planning process and their …

Integrated Gamebird Farming As An Incentive To Promote Biodiversity And Conservation Of Rangelands, P J. Wiljoen, C R. Hurt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The popularity of gamebird hunting as a sport in Southern Africa serves as an incentive to rangeland owners to increase biodiversity on their properties. Gamebird utilisation is compatible with virtually all forms of land use, be it crop, domestic stock or wildlife production or a combination thereof, The range in habitat requirements, behaviour patterns and feeding niches of indigenous gameblrds ensures that at least one species is compatible with a specific agricultural practice, climate or vegetation type. Marginal and wasteland areas such as marsl}es, gullies, road verges and rocky outcrops, are prime gamebird production areas. The prospects of sport and …

Game Production On Private Land In South Africa, J C. Pauw, M J.S Peel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The game industry on private land in South Africa has grown considerably in the last 30 years, resulting in a greatly increased biodiversity on private rangeland. However, animals are not domesticated and management is difficult. Management becomes even more complex because commercial game production normally involves a number of species, including domestic stock, in the same production system. Mixed livestock-game ranching holds certain advantages for management and is generally perceived to be more profitable than either alone. Because of human preferences, a lack of clearly defined management objectives and lack of practical management recommendations, veld is generally heavily utilised and …

Determinants Of Herbaceous Species Composition On Wildlife Utilization Areas In The Eastern Transvaal Lowveld Of South Africa- A Preliminary Investigation, M.J S. Peel, G C. Stuart-Hill

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study investigated the. effect of recent past annual rainfall and stocking rate on herbaceous plant species composition in the Lowveld of the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. Annual rainfall and grazing (stocking rate) act synergistically in determining herbaceous species composition, annual rainfall exerting the greatest influence and grazing having a modifying effect particularly under extreme conditions. In mesic areas (mean annual rainfall of around 600 mm) a relatively favourable herbaceous composition was found under relatively higher grazer stocking rates of around 10 grazer units/JOO ha (10 GU/100 ha) In semi-arid areas (mean annual rainfall of around 400 mm) a lighter …

Cattle And Wildlife Ranching In The Zimbabwe Midlands: Are They Economically Compatible?, Urs P. Kreuter, John P. Workman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Thirty-five Midlands ranches earning revenue from beef caltle, wildlife, or both during 1989-90 were surveyed to determine their financial and economic· profitability. Market prices were used to calculate financial profit, and opportunity costs were used to estimate economic profit of each operation. Under current market conditions, only mixed ranches produced positive financial profits, Economic profits were significantly higher than financial profits for all three types of operation. This implies that they all faced production disincentives due to government policy interventions. However, there were no significant differences between the economic profits of the three types of operations and none of them …

Overcoming Limitations On The Productivity Of Browsing Ungulates In Africa, Norman Owen-Smith

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In African savannas primary production by woody plants may match that by the grass layer. However, maximum population levels attained by browsing ruminants are only one tenth of those reached by similar sized grazers, The productivity of browsers is limited because (I) much foliage is out of reach, and dispersed by wind when shed; (2) most palatable trees are deciduous, leading to a food bottleneck during the late dry season; (3) leaves of many woody species are rendered unpalatable, indigestible or toxic by plant secondary metabolites. Management actions to overcome these limitations include (I) lopping trees to restrict their height; …