Digital Commons Network^™

Association Of Body Composition With Odds Of Breast Cancer By Molecular Subtype: Analysis Of The Mechanisms For Established And Novel Risk Factors For Breast Cancer In Nigerian Women (Mend) Study, Tomi Akinyemiju, Kelley Jones, Anjali Gupta, Taofik Oyekunle, Veeral Saraiya, April Deveaux, Omolola Salako, Allison Hall, Olusegun Alatise, Gabriel Ogun, Adewale Adeniyi, Omobolaji Ayandipo, Thomas Olajide, Olalekan Olasehinde, Olukayode Arowolo, Adewale Adisa, Oludolapo Afuwape, Aralola Olusanya, Aderemi Adegoke, Trygve O. Tollefsbol, Donna K. Arnett, H3 Africa Kidney Research Network, Adetola Daramola

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: The association between obesity and breast cancer (BC) has been extensively studied among US, European and Asian study populations, with often conflicting evidence. However, despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and associated conditions in Africa, the continent with the highest age-standardized BC mortality rate globally, few studies have evaluated this association, and none has examined in relation to molecular subtypes among African women. The current analysis examines the association between body composition, defined by body mass index (BMI), height, and weight, and BC by molecular subtype among African women.

METHODS: We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals …

Fast Generation Of Lung Sbrt Plans With A Knowledge-Based Planning Model On Ring-Mounted Halcyon Linac, Justin Visak, Aaron Webster, Mark E. Bernard, Mahesh R. Kudrimoti, Marcus E. Randall, Ronald C. Mcgarry, Damodar Pokhrel

Radiation Medicine Faculty Publications

PURPOSE: To demonstrate fast treatment planning feasibility of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for centrally located lung tumors on Halcyon Linac via a previously validated knowledge-based planning (KBP) model to support offline adaptive radiotherapy.

MATERIALS/METHODS: Twenty previously treated non-coplanar volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) lung SBRT plans (c-Truebeam) on SBRT-dedicated C-arm Truebeam Linac were selected. Patients received 50 Gy in five fractions. c-Truebeam plans were re-optimized for Halcyon manually (m-Halcyon) and with KBP model (k-Halcyon). Both m-Halcyon and k-Halcyon plans were normalized for identical or better target coverage than clinical c-Truebeam …

Association Of Manganese Biomarker Concentrations With Blood Pressure And Kidney Parameters Among Healthy Adolescents: Nhanes 2013–2018, Maria D. Politis, Jacob C. Freedman, Erin N. Haynes, Alison P. Sanders

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Deficiency or excess exposure to manganese (Mn), an essential mineral, may have potentially adverse health effects. The kidneys are a major organ of Mn site-specific toxicity because of their unique role in filtration, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics. We hypothesized that Mn concentrations were associated with poorer blood pressure (BP) and kidney parameters such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and albumin creatinine ratio (ACR). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1931 healthy U.S. adolescents aged 12–19 years participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2013–2014, 2015–2016, and 2017–2018. Blood and urine Mn concentrations …

Occurrence Of Potentially Zoonotic And Cephalosporin Resistant Enteric Bacteria Among Shelter Dogs In The Central And South-Central Appalachia, Ashutosh Verma, Kimberly Carney, Marina Taylor, Kaitlyn Amsler, Joey Morgan, Karen Gruszynski, Erdal Erol, Craig N. Carter, Stephan Locke, Ashton Callipare, Devendra H. Shah

Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance and presence of zoonotic enteropathogens in shelter dogs pose a public health risk to shelter workers and potential adopters alike. In this study we investigated the prevalence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens and cephalosporin resistant (Cef^R) enteric bacteria in the feces of apparently healthy shelter dogs in the Cumberland Gap Region (CGR) in the US states of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia.

RESULTS: Fecal samples of 59 dogs from 10 shelters in the CGR of Central and South-Central Appalachia were screened for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella and Cef^R enteric bacteria. C. …

Using On-Farm Monitoring Of Ergovaline And Tall Fescue Composition For Horse Pasture Management, Krista Lea, S. Ray Smith

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Central Kentucky horse pastures contain significant populations of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinacea (Schreb.) Dumort) infected with an endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Bacon and Schardl) known to produce several ergot alkaloids, with ergovaline in the highest concentration. While most classes of horses are not adversely affected by average levels of ergovaline in pastures, late term pregnant mares have a low tolerance to ergovaline and the related ergot alkaloids. Endophyte-infected tall fescue has been known to cause prolonged gestation, thickened placenta, dystocia, agalactia, and foal and mare mortality. The University of Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program utilizes ergovaline …

Metal-Free Domino Amination-Knoevenagel Condensation Approach To Access New Coumarins As Potent Nanomolar Inhibitors Of Vegfr-2 And Egfr, Essam M. Eliwa, Marcel Frese, Ahmed H. Halawa, Maha M. Soltan, Larissa V. Ponomareva, Jon S. Thorson, Khaled A. Shaaban, Mohamed Shaaban, Ahmed M. El-Agrody, Norbert Sewald

Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation Faculty Publications

A metal-free, atom-economy and simple work-up domino amination-Knoevenagel condensation approach to construct new coumarin analogous (4a-f and 8a-e) was described. Further, new formyl (5a,d-f) and nitro (9a,d-f) coumarin derivatives were synthesized via C-N coupling reaction of various cyclic secondary amines and 4-chloro-3-(formyl-/nitro)coumarins (1a,c), respectively. The confirmed compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-proliferative activity against KB-3-1, A549 and PC3 human cancer cell lines using resazurin cellular-based assay. Among them, coumarin derivatives 4e and 8e displayed the best anti-cervical cancer potency (KB-3-1) with IC₅₀ values of 15.5 ± 3.54 …

Against The Odds: Hybrid Zones Between Mangrove Killifish Species With Different Mating Systems, Waldir M. Berbel-Filho, Andrey Tatarenkov, George Pacheco, Helder M. V. Espírito-Santo, Mateus G. Lira, Carlos Garcia De Leaniz, John C. Avise, Sergio M. Q. Lima, Carlos M. Rodriguez Lopez, Sofia Consuegra

Horticulture Faculty Publications

Different mating systems are expected to affect the extent and direction of hybridization. Due to the different levels of sexual conflict, the weak inbreeder/strong outbreeder (WISO) hypothesis predicts that gametes from self-incompatible (SI) species should outcompete gametes from self-compatible (SC) ones. However, other factors such as timing of selfing and unilateral incompatibilities may also play a role on the direction of hybridization. In addition, differential mating opportunities provided by different mating systems are also expected to affect the direction of introgression in hybrid zones involving outcrossers and selfers. Here, we explored these hypotheses with a unique case of recent hybridization …

Co-Carriage Of Metal And Antibiotic Resistance Genes In Sewage Associated Staphylococci, Atena Amirsoleimani, Gail M. Brion, Patrice Francois

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications

Controlling spread of resistance genes from wastewater to aquatic systems requires more knowledge on how resistance genes are acquired and transmitted. Whole genomic sequences from sewage-associated staphylococcus isolates (20 S. aureus, 2 Staphylococcus warneri, and 2 Staphylococcus delphini) were analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs). Plasmid sequences were identified in each isolate to investigate co-carriage of ARGs and MRGs within. BLASTN analysis showed that 67% of the isolates carried more than one ARG. The carriage of multiple plasmids was observed more in CC5 than CC8 S. aureus strains. Plasmid …

A Case Report Of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Harboring A Pten Loss, Zin W. Myint, Derek B. Allison, Carleton S. Ellis

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

The treatment landscape of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has dramatically improved over the last decade; however, patients with visceral metastases are still faced with poor outcomes. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss is observed in 40%–60% of mCRPC patients and is also associated with a poor prognosis. Several PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors have been studied, with disappointing anti-tumor activity. Here, we present a case of a patient with heavily treated mCRPC who had a modest tumor response to concurrent carboplatin, abiraterone acetate/prednisone, and liver-directed radiation therapy. We discuss the potential rationale supporting the use of this combination therapy …

Autoradiographic Localization Of [3h]-Nisoxetine Binding Sites In The Cns Of Male And Female Japanese Quail, Shannon E. Eaton, James R. Pauly, Deann M. Hopkins, Chana K. Akins

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Background

In the central nervous system of mammals, transporters localized on the presynaptic nerve terminals regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters. These transporters are selective for a specific neurotransmitter such as dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Specifically in the synapse, the dopamine transporter (DAT) reuptakes DA and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) reuptakes NE. However previous research has found that avian species do not have a gene for DAT, and therefore, birds may be using the NET to clear both NE and DA from the synapse. The current study aimed to extend this finding by localizing NET expression in male and female …

Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Microglia Activation And Function, Hui Peng, Brock T. Harvey, Christopher I. Richards, Kimberly Nixon

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Microglia act as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They play an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis but also in mediating neuroimmune responses to insult. The interactions between neurons and microglia represent a key process for neuroimmune regulation and subsequent effects on CNS integrity. However, the molecular mechanisms of neuron-glia communication in regulating microglia function are not fully understood. One recently described means of this intercellular communication is via nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transfer a large diversity of molecules between neurons and microglia, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. To determine the effects of …

Neurotensin Regulates Proliferation And Stem Cell Function In The Small Intestine In A Nutrient-Dependent Manner, Stephanie A. Rock, Kai Jiang, Yuanyuan Wu, Yajuan Liu, Jing Li, Heidi L. Weiss, Chi Wang, Jianhang Jia, Tianyan Gao, B. Mark Evers

Surgery Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are sensitive to dietary alterations and nutrient availability. Neurotensin (NT), a gut peptide localized predominantly to the small bowel and released by fat ingestion, stimulates the growth of intestinal mucosa under basal conditions and during periods of nutrient deprivation, suggesting a possible role for NT on ISC function.

METHODS: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (Lgr5-EGFP) NT wild type (Nt^+/+) and Lgr5-EGFP NT knockout (Nt^-/-) mice were fed ad libitum or fasted for 48 hours. Small intestine tissue and crypts were examined by gene …

Rapid 3d Reconstruction Guided Embolization For Catastrophic Bleeding Following Vacuum Assisted Breast Biopsy; A Case Report And Review Of The Literature, Martin Halicek, Chenghao Qian, Driss Raissi, Xiaoqin Wang, Yevgen Chornenkyy, William B. Bates, Michael Winkler

Radiology Faculty Publications

The most clinically significant complication associated with stereotactic core needle biopsy of the breast is hematoma formation, which only occurs in less than 1% of biopsies and may require treatment. Cases of uncontrollable bleeding, refractory to repeated compression, resulting from biopsy are exceedingly rare. We present a case of catastrophic, uncontrollable bleeding and large hematoma formation resulting from stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy of a breast mass identified in screening mammography. Percutaneous embolization was planned and guided using 3D reconstructions from computed tomographic angiography, and bleeding was successfully controlled with micro-coil embolization.

“We Just Need The Developer To Develop”: Entrepreneurialism, Financialization And Urban Redevelopment In Lexington, Kentucky, Kevin Ward, Andrew Wood

Geography Faculty Publications

Since the 1980s US city governments have increased their use of more speculative means of financing economic redevelopment. This has involved experimenting with a variety of financial and taxation instruments as a way of growing their economies and redeveloping their built environments. This very general tendency, of course, masks how some cities have done well through the use of these instruments while others have not. The work to date has tended to pivot around a “winner-loser dichotomy”, which emphasises either the capacity of US cities to be able to experiment and speculate through the use of one financial instrument or …

Grassland Plant Diseases: Management And Control, S. Chakraborty

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasslands cover 40% of the earth’s surface and support animal-based industries; maintain soil cover, watersheds and biodiversity; sequester atmospheric carbon for storage in the soil; and provide tourism and leisure income. Diseases continue to decrease herbage and seed yield and reduce nutritive value and palatability of grasslands to impact on animal health and productivity but realistic data on loss are hard to find. Although principles of disease management remain the same, strategies used in crop protection can not be directly applied to grasslands due to differences in heterogeneity, population size, density and spatial distribution and population continuity. Low per hectare …

Micronutrients In Grassland Production, U. C. Gupta, F. A. Monteiro, J. C. Werner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Micronutrients, also known as trace minerals, which chiefly include boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), are required in extremely small quantities by crops and livestock. Their name, however, is not meant to imply their role is minor. Their lack, e.g., can cause serious crop production problems in forages and health disorders in livestock. This presentation includes the response of forage legumes and grasses to micronutrients, their deficiency and sufficiency levels in forages and their sufficiency levels in livestock. Forage legumes are more responsive to micronutrients, particularly B and Mo, than grasses. There are …

Meeting The Changing Need For Herbage Seed Quality Assurance In The 21st Century, D. S. Loch, K. G. Boyce

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Quality assurance is a key element in the herbage seed supply chain. The measurement and management of seed quality is discussed in terms of its four main parameters - genetic, physical, vital, and phytosanitary quality - which provide information on the expected performance of herbage seed when sown in the field. During the past century, seed quality management systems have evolved in response to national and regional differences in economic development, crop characteristics, merit testing, and the demands of international trade. The pace of change in the management of seed quality assurance has intensified in developed countries over the past …

Novel Grasses And Legumes Germplam: Advances And Perspectives For Tropical Zones, E. A. Pizarro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It has been the aim, in the present article, to bring together as much as possible scientific evidence and experience in new available germplasm for tropical zones.

The economic importance of the Brachiaria, Paspalum and Pennisetum grasses is well established. New germplasm has become available since 1980. This paper reviews evaluations of Brachiaria accessions in humid lowlands and savannas of tropical America. The selection criteria need to be revised. Also, it is necessary to expose the new material as early as possible to farmers in order to select new germplasm with high chances of adoption.

Within the genus Paspalum …

Temperate Forage Grass-Legume Mixtures: Advances And Perspectives, A. S. Laidlaw, N. Teuber

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The paper summarises some of the advances which have been made a) in increasing understanding of the grass-legume association, especially grass-white clover, so that the association can be more predictably exploited and b) in overcoming limitations in the use of such mixtures. The contribution which forage legumes make to the N economy of mixtures is reviewed with estimates approaching 400 kg N ha^-1 for some. Uptake by grass of legume- derived N (N transfer) reduces soil mineral N levels and increases the proportion of fixed N in the total legume N relative to legume monoculture. Although N transfer also …

Oral Microbiome And Gingival Gene Expression Of Inflammatory Biomolecules With Aging And Periodontitis, Jeffrey L. Ebersole, Radhakrishnan Nagarajan, Sreenatha S. Kirakodu, Octavio A. Gonzalez

Center for Oral Health Research Faculty Publications

Although data describe the presence and increase of inflammatory mediators in the local environment in periodontitis vs. health in humans, details regarding how these responses evolve in the transition from health to disease, changes during disease progression, and features of a resolved lesion remain unknown. This study used a nonhuman primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis in young, adolescent, adult, and aged animals to document features of inflammatory response affected by age. Rhesus monkeys had ligatures tied and provided gingival tissue biopsy specimens at baseline, 0.5, 1, and 3 months of disease and at 5 months of the study, which was …

Perceptions Of Safety Climate In Construction Projects Between Workers And Managers/Supervisors In The Developing Country Of Iran, Daniel W. M. Chan, Matteo Cristofaro, Hala Nassereddine, Nicole S. N. Yiu, Hadi Sarvari

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications

What are the different perceptions on safety climate (SC) by workers and managers/supervisors engaged in the construction industry of developing countries? Reconciling these two differing views is pivotal for mitigating and avoiding both the injured and fatal accidents in the construction industry, especially in those developing countries where safety conditions are poor and unpredictable, and safety measures are inadequate in most cases. To answer this research question, the collective perceptions of 118 construction workers and 123 managers/supervisors on the SC in construction projects in Iran were gleaned and investigated. In particular, these perceptions were initially collected by two different empirical …

Sex Differences In Trends And In-Hospital Outcomes Among Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia: A Nationwide Analysis, Ayman Elbadawi, Kirolos Barssoum, Michael Megaly, Devesh Rai, Ahmed Elsherbeeny, Hend Mansoor, Mehdi H. Shishehbor, Ahmed K. Abdel-Latif, Martha Gulati, Islam Y. Elgendy

Gill Heart & Vascular Institute Faculty Publications

Background

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents the most severe form of peripheral artery disease and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Contemporary data comparing the sex differences in trends, revascularization strategies, and in-hospital outcomes among patients with CLI are scarce.

Methods and Results

Using the National Inpatient Sample database years 2002 to 2015, we identified hospitalizations for CLI. Temporal trends for hospitalizations for CLI were evaluated. The differences in demographics, revascularization, and in‐hospital outcomes between both sexes were compared. Among 2 400 778 CLI hospitalizations, 43.6% were women. Women were older and had a higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, …

Understanding Barriers And Facilitators To Implementation Of Psychosocial Care Within Orthopedic Trauma Centers: A Qualitative Study With Multidisciplinary Stakeholders From Geographically Diverse Settings, Ana-Maria Vranceanu, Jafar Bakhshaie, Mira Reichman, James Doorley, Ryan A. Mace, Cale A. Jacobs, Mitchel Harris, Kristin R. Archer, David Ring, A. Rani Elwy

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial factors are pivotal in recovery after acute orthopedic traumatic injuries. Addressing psychosocial factors is an important opportunity for preventing persistent pain and disability. We aim to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of psychosocial care within outpatient orthopedic trauma settings using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Proctor's taxonomy of implementation outcomes, and to provide implementation strategies derived from qualitative data and supplemented by the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change.

METHODS: We conducted live video qualitative focus groups, exit interviews and individual interviews with stakeholders within 3 geographically diverse level 1 trauma settings (N …

Analysis Of Genes (Tmem106b, Grn, Abcc9, Kcnmb2, And Apoe) Implicated In Risk For Late-Nc And Hippocampal Sclerosis Provides Pathogenetic Insights: A Retrospective Genetic Association Study, Adam J. Dugan, Peter T. Nelson, Yuriko Katsumata, Lincoln M. P. Shade, Kevin L. Boehme, Merilee A. Teylan, Matthew D. Cykowski, Shubhabrata Mukherjee, John S. K. Kauwe, Timothy J. Hohman, Julie A. Schneider, Alzheimer’S Disease Genetics Consortium, David W. Fardo

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) is the most prevalent subtype of TDP-43 proteinopathy, affecting up to 1/3rd of aged persons. LATE-NC often co-occurs with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) pathology. It is currently unknown why some individuals with LATE-NC develop HS while others do not, but genetics may play a role. Previous studies found associations between LATE-NC phenotypes and specific genes: TMEM106B, GRN, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE. Data from research participants with genomic and autopsy measures from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC; n = 631 subjects included) and the Religious Orders Study and Memory …

Session 3a: Watershed Management Ii, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

• Salinization and Alkalinization of Kentucky Lake: A Result of Human Activity?
• Tools for Wetlands Assessment and Prioritization: Assets in Abating Nonpoint Source Pollution
• Monitoring McConnell Springs Stormwater Quality Wetland Pond and Gainesway Pond Retrofit: 2010-2021

Session 2a: Watershed Management I, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

• Update to the 2019 Nutrient Loads and Yields in Kentucky Study
• Lexmark Rainwater Harvesting System – Turning Unused Infrastructure and Problematic Stormwater into an Award-Winning Asset
• Leveraging Intersections: Integrating Watershed Management and Hazard Mitigation Planning to Combat Climate Change
• Riparian Reforestation for Stream Water Quality Improvement: Evidence from Reforested Urban Sites in Lexington
• Red River Gorge, Kentucky Non-Point Source Pollution Program Implementation

Session 2b: Groundwater And Karst, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

• In Situ 3D Electrical Resistivity Method for Understanding Water Dynamics in Shallow Karst Features*
• Identifying the Intersection of Contaminated Karst Water and Off-the-Grid Communities in Southcentral Kentucky Using GIS*
• Groundwater Characterization: How Much Data is Enough?
• Examining Hydrogeological Dynamics of Baselevel and Reverse Flow of the Green River and Major Springs of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky*
• Soil Moisture Micronet in the Daniel Boone National Forest

Poster Session, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

1. Advancing Prediction of Headwater Flow Permanence and Stream Expansion and Contraction Using a Process-Based Hydrologic Model
2. Developing ANN Model for Predicting Lake Michigan E.Coli Counts
3. Examining Long Term Trends in Rainfall and Stream Flow at Upper Wabash River Basin Using Self Organizing Map
4. Investigating Water and Sediment Transport Processes with High-Resolution Sensor Measurements and Hysteresis Analysis in the Cane Run Royal Spring Basin, Kentucky, USA
5. Blue Water Farms: Edge-of-Field Water Quality Monitoring of Nutrient and Sediment Loss from No-Till Corn and Soybean Fields in the Lower Cumberland River Watershed
6. Determination of Microcystin Cyanobacterial Toxins in Kentucky Lakes by Diffusive Gradients …

Session 1: Water Research: Impacting The Lives Of Kentuckians, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

• Investigation and Remediation of an Urban Karst Groundwater Gasoline Leak at Lost River Cave, Bowling Green, Kentucky
• Spatial and Seasonal Variation in Concentrations of Disinfection Byproducts in the Public Drinking Water System of Martin County, Kentucky
• Farmer to Farmer: Virtual Shop Talks
• Solutions Begin with Understanding: Off-the-Grid Communities and Contaminated Karst Groundwater in Southcentral Kentucky*

Proceedings Of 2021 Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium

This symposium was planned and conducted as a part of the state water resources research institute annual program that is supported by Grant/Cooperative Agreement Number G20AS00025 from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The contents of this proceedings document and the views and conclusions presented at the symposium are solely the responsibility of the individual authors and presenters and do not represent the official views of the USGS or of the symposium organizers and sponsors. This publication is produced with the understanding that the United States Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for government purposes. Mention of trade …