Digital Commons Network^™

Frequent Snoring Is Associated With Higher Odds Of Depression In Us Adults, Nathan A. Farr, Jayani Jayawardhana, Rachel Hogg-Graham, Daniela C. Moga, Sara N. Pasha, Min Woong Sohn

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Background and objective Snoring occurs due to intermittent narrowing of the airway during sleep and may indicate more severe pathology, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Evidence of an independent relationship between snoring and depression is mixed. This study sought to estimate the association between self-reported snoring frequency and depression in a sample of US adults. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health), Wave V were analyzed cross-sectionally using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Interviews were conducted between March 2016 and November 2018. Marginal potential outcome means and population average treatment effects were estimated for …

Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Secretary’S Office Of Safety ‘Safety Academy’, Gabriel Dadi, Farshid Taherpour, Amanda Casolare

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) Safety Academy was developed to provide a structured and practical safety training program that strengthens safety leadership, planning, communication, employee engagement, hazard recognition, and continuous improvement across KYTC operations. The program was refined over the course of multiple discussions with Cabinet representatives to ensure that the content reflected the needs and responsibilities of KYTC personnel. The final Safety Academy consists of six modules: Safety Academy Welcome, Safety Leadership, Safety Planning, Safety Engagement, Hazard Recognition, and Safety Academy Closeout and Evaluation. The modules combine instructional content with discussions, practical examples, group exercises, and KYTC-related scenarios to …

Immigration Bridges, Jaclyn Kelley-Widmer

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Duty To Develop Imperative In Immigration Proceedings, Sabrineh Ardalan, Tiffany J. Lieu

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Against First Amendment Traditionalism, Jacob M. Schriner-Briggs

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

From Centralized To Decentralized Care: Assessing The Role Of Design In Cardiovascular Unit Performance, Lindsey Fay

Interiors Faculty Publications

This report presents a comprehensive pre- and post-occupancy evaluation of the University of Kentucky HealthCare Cardiovascular Unit, conducted through a collaborative effort between the College of Design, College of Communication and Information, UK HealthCare, and GBBN Architects. The study examines the transition from a centralized to a decentralized care delivery model within a newly constructed hospital environment, with the goal of understanding how spatial design influences healthcare delivery, staff performance, and patient experience.

Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, including behavioral mapping, communication tracking, pedometer data, acoustic measurements, and staff and user feedback. …

Cellular Senescence Links Muscle Atrophy And Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis After Acl Injury, Alexander R. Keeble, Allison Owen, Sara Gonzalez-Velez, Nicholas T. Thomas, Camille R. Brightwell, Peyton J. Balawender, Madeline G. O'Daniel, Helena C. Weiss, Haley Noehren, Heather Thompson, Karen Sofia Zuluaga-Osorio, Zane T. Bates, Lauren Gottlieb, Douglas E. Long, Douglas Harrison, Philip Kern, Caitlin E. Conley, Michael A. Samaan, Stephen Duncan, Austin Stone, Darren Johnson, Yuan Wen, Brian Noehren, Cory Dungan, Christopher Fry

Biology Faculty Publications

Traumatic knee injury leads to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) and significant skeletal muscle weakness, resulting in chronic disability. The current standard of care frequently fails to prevent musculoskeletal dysfunction, underscoring the need to identify therapeutic mechanisms of PTOA. Using an established preclinical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection model of PTOA and leveraging an innovative SPiDER-senescence-associated β-galactosidase stain to discern senescent cells, we investigated cellular senescence at single-cell resolution and identified anti-inflammatory macrophages as a predominant contributor to the senescent cell burden in both muscle and knee joint after injury. Clearance of senescent cells using the senolytic dasatinib and quercetin (D + …

Chameleon Carriers In Trucking: Detection, Enforcement, And Financial And Safety Impacts, Brian Howell, Drew Law, Andrew Martin

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Chameleon carriers are motor carriers that evade regulatory enforcement by dissolving and reregistering under new corporate identities. This study, commissioned by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC), examined how states characterize, detect, and respond to chameleon carrier activity and assessed its financial and safety impacts in Kentucky from 2020 through 2025. The research team conducted a literature review of existing agency practices and relevant stakeholder perspectives, reviewed administrative codes and statutes across 13 pilot states, and administered two structured surveys to state motor carrier credentialing officials examining carrier characterization and enforcement practices. An analysis of KYTC's carrier data flagged by CVIEW …

Kytc’S Digital Project Delivery Phase 2 Summary, Catherine Keathley

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Begun in 2020, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet’s (KYTC) Digital Project Delivery (DPD) Initiative is working to expand the use of digitally formatted plan and project information throughout transportation asset life cycles. A primary goal of the initiative is to provide users with access to accurate data on design intent, as-built records, and maintenance operations in a connected data environment. This report reviews work completed during Phase 2 of the initiative. Thirteen pilot projects are ongoing or have been completed. In response to the initiative’s growth, the Division of Professional Services no longer issues formal requests for proposals to solicit pilot …

Pathologic Misclassification Of Renal Cell Carcinoma In Adolescents And Young Adults, Megan Stout, Derek B. Allison, Leslie Peard, Will Cranford, Yana B. Feygin, Kara Mcabee, Christopher J. Mclouth, Patrick J. Hensley, Jason R. Bylund, Amanda F. Buchanan

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Background and Objective: Diagnosis of TFE3-rearranged RCC (tRCC) requires a pathologist’s expertise and a high index of suspicion. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate of misclassification of RCC in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) patient population, identify any clinically significant impact associated with misclassification, and compare oncologic outcomes between patients with tRCC vs. other RCC subtypes. Methods: All patients < 50 years who underwent renal surgery and were diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma at a single institution from 2004 to 2019 were identified retrospectively. Pathology specimens were reviewed by a genitourinary pathologist. Changes in a pathologic diagnosis were denoted as “misclassified.” Clinical and oncologic data were analyzed comparing misclassified and non-misclassified groups as well as tRCC and other RCC diagnoses. A survival analysis was used to compare oncologic outcomes. Results: In total, 169 patients were identified, and 20/169 (11.8%) patients were misclassified after pathologic review, with 50% (n = 84) of this cohort < 40 years of age at diagnosis. There were significant differences between misclassified and non-misclassified groups with respect to race (p = 0.002), Appalachian county status (p = 0.035), and initial RCC subtype (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in clinical or oncologic outcomes between tRCC and other RCC groups. There were no significant differences in time to death or recurrence in misclassified vs. non-misclassified patients (p = 0.83 and 0.68, respectively) or between patients with tRCC and other RCC subtypes (p = 0.45 and 0.062, respectively). Conclusions: >10% of patients with RCC were misclassified on the original pathologic diagnosis; however, there was no significant impact on oncologic outcomes. This identifies diagnostic blind spots for tRCC diagnosis in a young cohort. Perhaps reflex IHC …

Production Country Origin Impact On Soybean Oil Quality, Huazhen Liu, Micah Pope, Todd Doehring, Pradeep Kachroo, David Hildebrand

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Previous studies have suggested variability in soybean oil quality depending on geographic origin of the soybeans. In this study, 1035 crude degummed soybean oil (raw oil unrefined except for degumming) samples collected from vessels and crushers over five harvest years (2020–2024) were analyzed for 11 key quality attributes. Soybean oil samples were sourced from soybeans that originated from the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The results indicate that US-grown soybeans consistently produce the highest-quality oil, characterized by the lowest free fatty acid (FFA) levels and lowest neutral oil loss (NOL). Oils from US soybeans also exhibited the highest iodine values. …

[5,5]-Fused Anhydride, Thioanhydride, And Imide Derivatives Of Cyclopentadienyl Complexes, Uttam R. Pokharel, Sean Parkin, John P. Selegue

Chemistry Faculty Publications

A new approach to 5,5-fused heterocyclic derivatives of cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl and pentamethylruthenocene is presented. 1,2-Dicarbophenoxycyclopentadienyl complexes of manganese and ruthenium were hydrolyzed to 1,2-dicarboxylic acids. Oxalyl chloride converted the acids to chlorocarbonyls, which reacted with bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide to give the cyclopentadienyl-fused thioanhydrides. Alternatively, dehydration of the diacids with trifluoroacetic anhydride closed the diacids to cyclopentadienyl-fused anhydrides. Treatment of the anhydrides with p-toluidine followed by oxalyl chloride led to cyclopentadienyl-fused carboxylic imides. This approach enables direct comparison of electron-deficient Mn(CO)₃ and electron-rich Ru(Cp*) coordination environments on the 5,5-fused heterocycles. Spectroscopic data reveal systematic downfield NMR shifts and higher infrared carbonyl stretching …

Permanent Winter Hay-Feeding Stations Concentrate Soil Nutrients In Kentucky Pastures, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Jeffrey W. Lehmkuhler, Matt H. Poore, Arjun Kafle, Rodolfo Zentella, Tommy Yankey, S. Ray Smith, Gregory Halich

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Distribution of soil nutrients as a function of centralized winter hay-feeding stations can lead to inefficient nutrient utilization and environmental quality concerns, but distributions have not been adequately characterized across a diversity of soils. We investigated spatial distribution of soil nutrients and organic matter fractions on three farms with concrete feeding pads for winter hay feeding. Soils were silt loam at the Princeton and Oran Little Research Stations and silty clay loam and silty clay at the Eden Shale Farm in ≥20-year-old tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) pastures in Kentucky. An anticipated impact zone of 0.7–1.0 ha around the winter hay-feeding …

Three Centuries Of Technological Innovation, Jordan G. Okie, James H. Brown, Astrid Kodric-Brown, Joseph R. Burger, Tatiana P. Flanagan, Trevor S. Fristoe, Sean T. Hammond, Norman Mercado-Silva, Jeffrey C. Nekola, Jennifer Richter

Biology Faculty Publications

What socioecological conditions nurture the ingenuity and collaborative interactions underlying transformative technological innovations? We compiled a dataset on more than 400 major technological inventions from 1690 to 1990 spanning seven categories (agriculture, armaments, information and communication, household, industry, medical, and transportation) and performed inductive macroecological analyses to address how attributes of inventors, teams, and their social and geographic environments contributed to the innovation of new technologies that have changed the way people live. The vast majority of inventions were attributed to single inventors of various ages. The frequency, size, and cultural diversity of teams increased in the 20th Century, as …

Effective Training For International Students, G W. Thomas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The observations made in this paper are based upon contacts with international students, both in the U.S. and in many other countries. Two of the most serious problems in increasing world food production in the developing world are (1) lack of trained people, and (2) technology transfer. A third constraint, inadequate research, is also critical but not of the magnitude of the other two, since there is a great amount of research information available that is not being adequately ut:ilized. Training needs fall into two general categories in which deficiencies are obvious: (1) graduate-level programs, particularly in the applied fields …

Proposed Hay-Grading Standards Based On Laboratory Analyses For Evaluation Quality, D A. Rohweder, N Jorgensen, R F. Barnes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

-The progress report of the Forage Analysis Subcommittee of the Hay Marketing Task Force organized by the American Forage and Grassland Council (Rohweder et al. 1978) proposed new hay standards that would express feed value more ade­quately and communicate this value more fully. The subcommittee studied the potential for expanding the standards to include legume-grass mixtures; however, individual legume and grass equations gave more consistent predictions of quality. Digesti­bility and dry-matter intake by cattle and sheep fed the same forages were compared. Digestibility was nearly identical in the two livestock species; however, cattle were somewhat more efficient than sheep in …

Building And Facility Asset Inventory Assessment And Maintenance, Catherine Keathley, Bethany Paris, Jon Wilcoxson

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) manages approximately 1,500 buildings statewide, including facilities such as office buildings, maintenance and equipment garages, and storage sheds. Because managing buildings and properties requires considerable effort, agency decision makers need reliable monitoring and management tools that generate and organize data which can be used to determine the best course of action for facility maintenance and replacement. In addition to assessing the Cabinet’s building inventory, this report advances recommendations to improve the collection, management, and reporting of facility-related data. Assessment of the inventory managed by KYTC included geolocation of all properties and the buildings therein. Once …

Improving The Clinical Trial Landscape For Patients With Atypical Variants Of Alzheimer's Disease, Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier, Neus Falgàs, Deepti Putcha, Jonathan Graff-Radford, Keir X.X. Yong, Baayla D.C. Boon, Rosaleena Mohanty, Eric Westman, Colin Groot, David T. Jones, Lea T. Grinberg, Gil D. Rabinovici, Jennifer L. Whitwell, Liana G. Apostolova, Melissa E. Murray, Dustin B. Hammers, Suzanne E. Schindler, Inga Atonsdottir, Elizabeth K. Rhodus, Jonathan M. Schott, Ignacio Illán-Gala, Ogbuagu Chukwuanugo, Jorge J.Llibre Guerra, Ruth Peters, Erin L. Abner, Carla Abdelnour, Albert Lladó, Renaud La Joie

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Patients with atypical variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD) often present at a younger age with predominantly non-amnestic impairments and a more aggressive disease course. Historically, individuals with atypical presentations have not been included in large-scale clinical trials, which typically focus on late-onset, sporadic amnestic-predominant AD. Consequently, treatment options and research efforts specific to atypical AD remain limited. The emergence of amyloid-targeting therapies that slow disease progression underscores these challenges, as evidence supporting their efficacy in early-onset amnestic and non-amnestic AD variants is scarce. This perspective article argues that atypical AD represents an excellent disease model for clinical trials and proposes …

Transportability Analyses In Comparative Effectiveness Research, Blythe Adamson, Wei Liu, Stephen Duffield, Anouk Déruaz-Luyet, Dimitri Bennett, Montse Soriano Gabarró, Mehmet Burcu, Daniela Claudia Moga, Sarah Welby, Tianze Jiao, Xuerong Wen, Grammati Sarri

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

The Problem: Transportability considerations are increasingly important to answer research questions in comparative effectiveness research (CER) to support the transfer of evidence on medicinal products across countries or settings. As drug development costs rise and healthcare systems and professionals face economic and resource pressures, leveraging existing data and evidence generated across borders or settings can improve efficiency and inform decisions in product development and decision-making (regulatory, health technology assessment [HTA] and clinical care). Differences in population characteristics, healthcare systems, and data availability, including coding discrepancies, may present significant challenges to the transportability of CER evidence. Without rigorous methodological approaches, the …

The Polysubstance Assessment Tool, Amanda M. Bunting, Charles M. Cleland, S. Michaela Barratt, Brittany Griffin, Jaimee Williams, Carrie B. Oser, Joshua D. Lee, Jennifer Mcneely

Sociology Faculty Publications

Background and aims: There are currently no brief quantitative assessments that capture the drug patterns of people who engage in use of more than one drug on the same day or simultaneously. The current study examined the retest reliability, acceptability and feasibility of a new quantitative assessment to measure polysubstance use. Design: A tool for assessing simultaneous and same-day polysubstance behaviors, the polysubstance assessment tool (PAT) was developed in interviewer-administered and electronic self-administered formats. Participants were allocated 1:1 to receive either version of the PAT and returned one to three days later to repeat the assessment. Setting: New York City, …

Provider And Patient Perspectives On The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Alzheimer's Disease, Philippe Amouyel, Sandrine Andrieu, Angela Bradshaw, Ralph C. Carmona, Magali Dumont, Lea Tenenholz Grinberg, Takeshi Iwatsubo, Oskar Hansson, Clifford R. Jack, Gregory A. Jicha, Simin Mahinrad, Eric Mcdade, Catherine J. Mummery, Ronald C. Petersen, Shelagh Robinson, Julie A. Schneider, Lenny Shellcross, Amanda G. Smith, Heather M. Snyder, Beth Tapply, Charlotte Teunissen, Wiesje M. Van Der Flier, Bruno Vellas, David Wallon, Jeff D. Williamson, Donna Wilcock, Maria C. Carrillo

Neurology Faculty Publications

Since 2016, the Alzheimer's Association and the Fondation Alzheimer have hosted Global Alzheimer's Leadership Series (GoALS) global think tanks, with world-leading experts for innovative discussions to advance Alzheimer's disease (AD) research and care. The second GoALS think tank, held in June 2024 in Paris, focused on the relationship between biological changes and clinical manifestations of AD in the context of the evolving therapeutic landscape. Discussions spanned real-world experiences of providers, patients, and their families, theoretical considerations, and health system challenges. The lived experience perspective was central to these discussions. The importance of shared decision-making, clear and transparent communication, and the …

School Renewal And School Well-Being, Jianping Shen, John Lane, Patricia Reeves, Siche Feng, Xin Ma

Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology Faculty Publications

In this longitudinal case study, we examined school well-being during the change process. We operationalized the change process as the school renewal model and viewed school well-being from the perspective of the PERMA (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment) model. We found that all elements of the PERMA model were manifested in the school renewal process and that the school renewal process was not dominated solely by conflict and tension, as the literature typically suggests about the change process. The findings of the study suggest the possibility of reframing tension as productive rather than detrimental in the school renewal …

Alterations Of Cerebral Extracellular Vesicle Microrna Profiling Potentially Disrupts Brain Homeostasis Following Myocardial Infarction, Md Monowarul Islam, Shouyi Liang, Lijun Sun, Guoku Hu, Neha Dhyani, Lie Gao, Tara L. Rudebush, Xue Xu, Jinpeng Liu, Irving H. Zucker, Changhai Tian

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Cognitive impairment (CI) is prevalent among heart failure (HF) patients. Although the brain injury in HF is multifactorial, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are common pathological features of neurological disorders and are increasingly recognized as key mechanisms underlying CI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are well-established mediators of biological signaling in myocardial function and are widely recognized for transporting a variety of microRNAs. However, whether myocardial injury alters the miRNA profiles of brain EVs, potentially contributing to cognitive impairment (CI) by disrupting brain homeostasis, remains poorly understood. Using a rodent myocardial infarction (MI) model, we isolated brain EVs and characterized their miRNA profiling …

Implementation And Assessment Of A Postreprocessing Endoscope Surveillance Program At The University Of Kentucky, 2019-2024, Court Desmond, Faith Fursman, Derek Forster, Julie A. Ribes, Sandra L. Mills, Kimberly Blanton, Kevin Hatton, Rachel Howard, David Olafsson, Sean Mctigue, Nicholas Van Sickels, Sherese Hinton, Deborah R. Flomenhoft, Takaaki Kobayashi

Surgery Faculty Publications

We evaluated an endoscope surveillance culture program at a tertiary academic center from 2019-2024. Postreprocessing culture positivity was highest for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (25.9%). Carbapenem-resistant organism matches between endoscope and patient isolates occurred in 5% of positive cultures.

Impact Of Phosphorus And Potassium Fertilization On Maintaining Alfalfa-Orchardgrass Swards In Hokkaido, Japan, H Oohara, N Yoshida, K Fukunaga, W G. Colby, M Drake, W F. Wedin, G Kemmler, H R. Uxekull, M Hasegawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In spite of the importance of alfalfa for all kinds of livestock, particularly for dairy cattle, the cultivation of alfalfa has not yet expanded in Hokkaido, Japan. A comprehensive research project has been undertaken, based on observations oflong-term'ef­fects of fertilization on longevity and productivity of alfalfa-orchardgrass mixtures. This report is concerned with (1) the dry­matter production of alfalfa and orchardgrass, cultivars of which were introduced from the U.S.A. and (2) the ratio of alfalfa to orchardgrass and uptake of nitrngen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The research began in 1960 and is continuing with close …

Test Adaptation And Evaluation Trials Of Forage Plants In Major Ecological Regions Of Ethiopia And Kenya, K M. Ibrahim, A Orodho

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Kenyan and Ethiopian natural grazing Ian.cl. support more than 20% of the cattle population of the African continent. Many of the natural pastures of these countries are severely overgrazed, as unfavorable grazing conditions prevail for over half the year. Objectives of adaptation trials were to evaluate and identify introduced or indigenous forage and fodder species or ecotypes having genetic potential for high production of digestible dry matter for direct pasture and range improvement and for future use in breeding programs. Over 4,000 indigenous and 3,000 introduced ecotypes were evaluated for 24 vegetative characters in six ecological regions between 1971 and …

Breeding Centrosema Pubescens Better Adapted To Acid Infertile Soils Of South America, E M. Hutton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centrosema pubescen, Benth. {centro) in tropical South America depends upon the development of lines with increased tolerance to high acidity and aluminum (Al). This study classified levels of acid tolerance among Centrosema introduc­tions and crosses of promising introductions. Initially, greenhouse and field evaluations in Carimagua oxisol (pH 4.5, 90% Al saturation) were used. Introductions of C. schottii and C. pascuorom died, while most C. virginianum and C. Uutifolium and a few C. pubescens had low acid tolerance. Most C. pubescens introductions had medium acid tolerance, whereas C. macrocarpum and C. schiedanum were highly acid tolerant. The degree of acid …

Maternal Opioid Use And Hepatitis C Infection Disrupt The Placental Immune Landscape And Structure, Heather E. True, Brianna M. Doratt, Sheridan B. Wagner, Delphine C. Malherbe, Nathan R. Shelman, Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni, Cynthia Cockerham, John M. O'Brien, Ilhem Messaoudi

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Maternal opioid use disorder (OUD) poses substantial risks to maternal and fetal health. These adverse outcomes are believed to be mediated, in part, by changes in placental structure and function; however, few studies have addressed this question. Here, we utilized flow cytometry, histology, and spatial and single-cell transcriptomics to uncover the impact of OUD on placental tissues. Given that half of individuals with chronic OUD contract hepatitis C (HCV), we further stratified our findings by maternal HCV status. Our results indicate that OUD leads to higher incidence of vascular malperfusion accompanied by increased levels of inflammatory markers and dysregulated secretion …

Integrating Advanced Geochemical Workflows With Modern Statistical Tools To Improve The Decision-Making Process At Ccr Sites, A Case Study, Glenna Thomas

World of Coal Ash Proceedings

While statistical assessment provides the foundation for CCR compliance reporting, incorporating a holistic geochemical framework transforms statistics from a compliance requirement into a powerful predictive tool. Strategic geochemical insight established the basis of understanding needed to support successful statistical approaches and to ensure that statistical outcomes reflect actual groundwater behavior. Whether it is trend analysis, delineating source mechanism, or updating geochemical conceptual site models (GCMs), geochemical context provides the technical foundations for statistical outputs and methods. A continuously refined GCSM enhances the ability to anticipate how groundwater chemistry should evolve, improving interpretation and predictive capability. This allows practitioners to understand …

Before The Limit Hits: Lessons From A Proactive Construction Air Monitoring Program, Brian Egan, Nicholas Golden, Wendy Depp

World of Coal Ash Proceedings

This presentation describes a comprehensive air monitoring program designed to protect workers and nearby neighborhoods during ash pond closure work. The program uses three main components: project (or boundary) monitoring at the site perimeter to track dust near the project boundaries, work area monitoring placed near active construction zones, and personal sampling on individual workers at regular intervals. Together, these approaches provide data on both community impacts and worker exposures, helping the team respond quickly when levels approach action limits. The Teams actions prior to exceedance of regulatory limits has helped prevent exposures. The talk will explain how monitors are …