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Articles 1321 - 1350 of 12201
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Overgrazing Impact Upon Rangeland Ecosystems Of Kazakstan Deserts, K Karibayeva
Overgrazing Impact Upon Rangeland Ecosystems Of Kazakstan Deserts, K Karibayeva
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Vegetation dynamics trends are studies in connection with natural and human-induced factors. Interrelation of rangeland ecosystems with climate and grazing type is revealed. Degression, demutation and dynamics regulation diagrams are given for different conditions of use. Some quantitative and qualitative criteria were elaborated for rangeland ecosystems assessment. Ecosystem degradation indicators were identified, methods were elaborated for making subject maps for environmental assessment and sustainable management of grasslands. A method of seasonal cartographic rangeland cadastre was elaborated by the example of Volga - Ural sands on the basis of the map (S. 1:500,000)
Productivity Of Pasture Consisting Of Both Unimproved And Improved Areas In Aso Region Of Kyushu District, C Okamoto, K Kabata, K Tsuji, M Kikuchi
Productivity Of Pasture Consisting Of Both Unimproved And Improved Areas In Aso Region Of Kyushu District, C Okamoto, K Kabata, K Tsuji, M Kikuchi
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Productivity of pasture consisting of both unimproved and improved areas was investigated in terms of conversion efficiency of solar energy into products and nutrient intake of animal. It was shown that animal production is mainly supported by the improved area in spring and late-autumn while the production is supported together by both areas in summer by reasons of increases in productivity of the unimproved area and productive depression in the improved area. CP/DE balance of grazed herbage was close to the requirement ofthe animal in the case where the unimproved area was grazed with the improved area rather than in …
Grassland Productivity In The Indian Himalaya And Performance Of Introduced Temperate Forage Species In Cold And Semi-Arid Environment, J R. Sharma, A N. Ghosh
Grassland Productivity In The Indian Himalaya And Performance Of Introduced Temperate Forage Species In Cold And Semi-Arid Environment, J R. Sharma, A N. Ghosh
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grasslands in the Himalayan ranges, particularly in the middle altitudes, are over-exploited by both sedentary and nomadic flocks. No systematic studies have been made to assess the productivity and carrying capacity of these grasslands so that suitable improvement measures could be adopted. A study conducted in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh (HP) at 2092, 2400 and 2895 meters above mean sea level (amsl) and varying soil conditions, showed that protection alone increased dry matter production between 9 and 188% over a three year period and average production in the third year from lower to higher altitude grasslands was 101.1, …
Perception Of Rangeland By Herders In Northern Cameroon, E Tedonkeng Pamo, P Scholte
Perception Of Rangeland By Herders In Northern Cameroon, E Tedonkeng Pamo, P Scholte
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Range scientists have always had the mistaken idea that herders cannot appraise, characterize or assess the state of their rangeland or range resource. From observations made in northern Cameroon, it appears that herders know the pastoral environment in which they operate probably better than many range scientists. They do not seem to have a good idea on range trends. However, from their pattern of range utilization over time it is possible to have an assessment of the state and trend of rangeland. A wide range of information on the pastoral knowledge of rangeland is needed to develop a sustained range …
Nutrient Content Of Saskatchewan Native Range Plants, Zoheir Abouguendia
Nutrient Content Of Saskatchewan Native Range Plants, Zoheir Abouguendia
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This study reports on the nutrient content and digestibility of five cool-season grasses common in the Mixed-Prairie Ecoregion of Saskatchewan, Canada: (1) green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.); (2) needle-and-thread (Stipa comata Trin & Rupr.); (3) western porcupinegrass (Stipa curtiseta (Hitchc.) Backworth); (4) northern wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.); and (5) western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.). Plant material was collected monthly and analyzed for invitro organic matter digestibility ( IVOMD), crude protein (CP), P, Ca, ADF and NDF. All species showed similar intra-seasonal pattern in the various parameters studied and no species x month interactions were …
Negative Hypergeometric Series And Taylor's Power Law In Occurrence Of Plant Populations In Semi-Natural Grassland In Japan, M Shiyomi, T Egawa, Y Yamamoto
Negative Hypergeometric Series And Taylor's Power Law In Occurrence Of Plant Populations In Semi-Natural Grassland In Japan, M Shiyomi, T Egawa, Y Yamamoto
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Attempts were made to determine whether the spatial distribution of the plant species composing vegetation of a semi-natural grassland is heterogeneous, using negative hypergeometric series (NHG) and Taylor’s power law (TPL). The occurrence of each species was observed, in an area of the grasslands, using 100 quadrats with a size of 50 cm x 50 cm, each of which was divided into 4 small quadrats with an area of 25 cm x 25 cm. For all species dominating in the grassland, good fits to the NHG and TPL were obtained. Species which grow stolons, rhizomes and tillers for propagation such …
Recultivation And Revitalization Of Karst's Regions With Sheep And Goats As A Tool, M Pogacnik, P Juntes, D Kompan, T Vidrih, M Kotar
Recultivation And Revitalization Of Karst's Regions With Sheep And Goats As A Tool, M Pogacnik, P Juntes, D Kompan, T Vidrih, M Kotar
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The main goal of our project is to revitalize abandoned karstic regions on the principles of silvopastoral systems based on traditional husbandry of goats and sheep and by causing minimal disturbances to the nature. Results of our two year experiment show positive effects on land cleaning and quantity and quality of the turf. However, restriction of animals to a fenced area, where the feed is of a lesser quality also has negative effects on the animals.
Introduction Of White Clover In Native Grasslands Of Bhutan-Impact, Potential, And Problems, W Roder, K Wangdi, P Gyamtsho
Introduction Of White Clover In Native Grasslands Of Bhutan-Impact, Potential, And Problems, W Roder, K Wangdi, P Gyamtsho
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Important genera of native grass species common to the grasslands of Bhutan include: Schizachyrium, Arundinella, Agropyron, Agrostis, Bromus, and Helictorichon. White clover was first introduced to the country in 1970. White clover introduction and application of P increased dry matter production of native grasslands from <2 t ha-1 to >10 t ha-1. In the elevation range ,2000-3500 m white clover is the best fodder species for improving existing grassland. Fast expansion of the species through adoption by farmers spreading by grazing animals has caused some panic and demands for a reassessment of its potential.
Animal-Plant Interactions In An Atriplex Canescens Dominant Community Browsed By Cattle, A F. Cibils, D M. Swift, R H. Hart
Animal-Plant Interactions In An Atriplex Canescens Dominant Community Browsed By Cattle, A F. Cibils, D M. Swift, R H. Hart
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Atriplex canescens is a relatively widespread shrub in rangelands of the western United States,with a longstanding reputation as a valuable browse resource for ruminants. The breeding system of tetraploid populations has been extensively studied both in common gardens and in natural populations. However, browser-driven alterations of shrub sex ratios, and the probable mechanisms involved in such processes, have received relatively little attention in these populations. We report results from a preliminary study conducted in a stand of A. canescens at a site on the shortgrass steppe. Numbers of young shrubs decreased with increasing shrub density. Sex ratios did not differ …
An Examination Of Dry Weight Rank And Comparative Yield Techniques For Grasslands Production Estimation, H Arzani, G W. King
An Examination Of Dry Weight Rank And Comparative Yield Techniques For Grasslands Production Estimation, H Arzani, G W. King
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Currently used method of dry matter yield estimation was tested compared with yield estimation from cover measurement using clipped data as an index. The dry weight rank (DWR) method was able to show variations within and between sites in different seasonal conditions. However it was less accurate than other techniques and possibly subject to personal bias.
Application Of Remote Sensing (Landsat Tm Data) For Vegetation Parameters Measurement In Western Divisions Of Nsw, H Arzani, G W. King
Application Of Remote Sensing (Landsat Tm Data) For Vegetation Parameters Measurement In Western Divisions Of Nsw, H Arzani, G W. King
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The capability of Landsat (TM) data for vegetation parameters estimation was examined. Suitable vegetation indices were selected for arid and semi-arid areas. The possibility of accurate estimation of cover and yield of group of species was found.
Effect Of Nitrogen On The Reserve Nutrients Of Rhizomes And Their Relation To Shoot Regrowth In Miscanthus Floridulus, Y C. Wang, M L. Lee
Effect Of Nitrogen On The Reserve Nutrients Of Rhizomes And Their Relation To Shoot Regrowth In Miscanthus Floridulus, Y C. Wang, M L. Lee
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A 3-week-treatment of nitrogen dressings and of shoot cuttings were conducted on Miscanthus floridulus before the harvest. The nitrogen dressing increased the fresh weight and dry matter of the plants, but did not increase the plant height and shoot number. The reserved nutrients, especially the sugars and starch in the rhizomes were decreased by the cut treatments. Crude protein in the rhizomes was increased with the nitrogen amounts applied, though the carbohydrates were decreased. The decrease in reserved nutrients caused the growth inhibition of new shoots, and the more the reserved nutrients decreased the more severely was the growth inhibited. …
Improvement Of Subtropical Native Grasslands With The Introduction Of Forage Species And Phosphorous Fertilizers, M N. Baby, S.B C. Lustosa, A Moraes, A.C V. Motta, R L. Stanger
Improvement Of Subtropical Native Grasslands With The Introduction Of Forage Species And Phosphorous Fertilizers, M N. Baby, S.B C. Lustosa, A Moraes, A.C V. Motta, R L. Stanger
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The experiment took place in Guarapuava-Brazil, from May 1994 to January, 1996 to evaluate the improvement of a subtropical native grassland by the introduction of species and phosphate fertilization. It was observed that for the higher dose applied there occurred an increase over the production of dry matter and crude protein production and absorption of P and K in the plant. A response was not found to the 180 kg P2O5/ha application probably because of the high capacity of soil adsorption, the method of fertilizer application, non favorable climatic conditions and liming interference. The single superphosphate-SS application was superior to …
Manipulation Of Botanical Composition Of Native Pastures By Grazing In Temperate South-East Australia, D L. Garden, D A. Friend, P M. Dowling, G M. Lodge
Manipulation Of Botanical Composition Of Native Pastures By Grazing In Temperate South-East Australia, D L. Garden, D A. Friend, P M. Dowling, G M. Lodge
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Historical evidence indicates that substantial changes have occurred in the botanical composition of native pastures in temperate southeast Australia as a result of grazing by sheep and cattle. However, the resulting pastures now appear to be relatively stable and there has been limited success in changing composition experimentally. This paper reports the results of experiments conducted at four locations in south-east Australia designed to increase the proportion of desirable species in native pastures by grazing management.
Production, Stability And Biodiversity Of North Island New Zealand Kill Pastures, P K. Nicholass, P D. Kemp, D J. Barker, J L. Brock, D A. Grant
Production, Stability And Biodiversity Of North Island New Zealand Kill Pastures, P K. Nicholass, P D. Kemp, D J. Barker, J L. Brock, D A. Grant
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The relationship between pasture biomass and pasture stability with species diversity was derived for two low fertility, hill land sites. At one site, pasture production increased with an increased number of species contributing to biomass. The coefficient of variation in biomass, however, decreased with higher numbers of species. At a second site, pasture biomass was also found to increase with increasing species diversity, but the relationship between yield stability and species diversity was not as strong as at the first site. This suggested there were other factors that influenced the stability of pastures, which could include the substitution effect between …
Disturbance By Mechanical Phosphorous Fertilization On The Cover And Biomass Of Humid Alkaline Communities Of The Flooding Pampa (Argentina), O E. Ansin, E M. Oyhamburu, J L. Delgado Caffe
Disturbance By Mechanical Phosphorous Fertilization On The Cover And Biomass Of Humid Alkaline Communities Of The Flooding Pampa (Argentina), O E. Ansin, E M. Oyhamburu, J L. Delgado Caffe
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the impact of mechanical perturbations, phosphorous fertilization and grazing on the native grasslands. Six treatments were tested: three without grazing and three subjected to grazing. Both situations were plowed, plowed plus fertilization or kept untreated. During the study botanical composition, vegetative cover, species diversity and above ground biomass were measured. Plowed and plowed plus fertilization treatments drastically reduce all of these parameters related to community structure and forage production. These figures contrasted with the non-perturbated treatments, were values did not change significantly from the original state. Mechanical perturbations provoked reductions on grassland …
Sustainability Of Management Practices Of Mountain Pastures In Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), V Blanfort, P Thomas, G Balent, A Michon
Sustainability Of Management Practices Of Mountain Pastures In Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), V Blanfort, P Thomas, G Balent, A Michon
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The grazing systems are an essential component of these volcanic highlands (1000-2000m). Our investigations consist of building up diagnosis tools and decision rules for a sustainable control of these fragile grazed ecosystems composed of native and sown pastures. The use of a systemic approach allows us to analyse the interrelationship between the vegetation dynamic and the agricultural practices through three biological indicators which relate to one hundred paddocks in six cattle farms. Concerning the vegetation dynamics, it seems that some management practices lead to a nonreversable degradation stage. As regards the forage system, the measure of sward-height and estimation of …
Restoration Of Degraded Coastal Grasslands In The Falkland Island, J A. Kerr
Restoration Of Degraded Coastal Grasslands In The Falkland Island, J A. Kerr
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In the Falkland Islands the coastal grasslands are the most valuable for wool production and important habitats for wildlife. Tussac grass (Parodiochloa flabellata Lam.) and sandy areas which support an Ammophilia - Elymus association have been degraded by overgrazing, burning and invasion by alien flora and fauna. Traditional approaches to restoration, mainly by replanting, have had limited success. Research on
Proximity Of Water Affects Grazing Distribution And Soil Nutrient Cycling, J R. Gerrish, P R. Peterson, F A. Martz
Proximity Of Water Affects Grazing Distribution And Soil Nutrient Cycling, J R. Gerrish, P R. Peterson, F A. Martz
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A three-year study was conducted to quantify the effects of travel distance to water on pasture utilization rate and soil nutrient gradients. A 64 ha unit was divided into 16 4 ha pastures having maximum travel distances ranging from 250 to 450 m. Temporal utilization rate (UR) and soil nutrient levels were determined at 30 m intervals beginning at the water source. Temporal UR significantly declined beyond 250 m in all pastures having travel distances exceeding 250 m while pastures with less than 250 m travel distance were uniformly grazed. Increased nutrient level gradients beginning within 60 m of water …
Grasslands As A Comparative For Farming Practices' Influence On Carbon/Nitrogen Dynamics, S A. Clancy, M E. Biondini, J C. Gardner
Grasslands As A Comparative For Farming Practices' Influence On Carbon/Nitrogen Dynamics, S A. Clancy, M E. Biondini, J C. Gardner
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A remnant prairie was used for comparison of the soil as a natural resource among alternative and conventional farming systems. Beginning and ending biotic and abiotic characteristics were quantified directly. Carbon and N flow was calculated using CENTURY model. Carbon decay was not tied to the size of the soil organic matter pool (SOM), but to crop choice. Nitrogen decay was linked to the size of the SOM pool. Nitrogen fertilizer depressed the amount of N mineralized by soil biota. The alternative farming systems in North Dakota (no-till and green-manure fallow) more nearly mimic the ecosystem processes of the prairie …
Nutrient Cycling For Pasture Fertilization Management Of Dairy Farms In The Basque Country (Northern Spain), M Oyanarte, M Rodriguez, G Besga, M Domingo
Nutrient Cycling For Pasture Fertilization Management Of Dairy Farms In The Basque Country (Northern Spain), M Oyanarte, M Rodriguez, G Besga, M Domingo
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The implementation of the European Agricultural Policy implies a new orientation for the management of dairy farms and, as a result, of pasture fertilization. It is important to develop a new methodology for the calculation of fertilizer recommendations. In order to do this, a model based on P and K nutrient cycles has been used and a computer program has been developed to calculate these cycles and estimate the following parameters: potential pasture yield, yield at the different cuttings, efficiency of excreta recycling in the pasture and efficiency of grass utilization, all these parameters being necessary for the calculation of …
Nitrogen Cycling In A Ley-Dominated Production System, B Fagerberg
Nitrogen Cycling In A Ley-Dominated Production System, B Fagerberg
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
N balance in a full-scale experiment with conventional and ecological farming systems at Öjebyn in northern Sweden was calculated with a nutrient flow model. Due to increased milk production there was a yearly increase in both N-input and output. Nfixation was on average twice as large in the ecological system. The farm N balance was increasingly positive in the conventional system and negative in the ecological. The soil N balance was more negative in the ecological system and less positive in the conventional system. Conclusions are: (1) ecological farming is possible without immediate DM yield reductions, but with negative effects …
The Relative Roles Of Livestock, Termites, Wild Animals And Human Beings In Nutrient Recycling In Nigeria, S M. Liya, A A. Agboola
The Relative Roles Of Livestock, Termites, Wild Animals And Human Beings In Nutrient Recycling In Nigeria, S M. Liya, A A. Agboola
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Primary production of savanna woodland and cropland vegetation in semi-humid tropical Nigeria was 990t/km2 and contained 8.0 t of nitrogen (N) and 1.4 t of phosphorus (P). Of this biomass livestock, termites and humans consumed 4, 29 and 6% respectively; 18% was burnt. Of the N and P stocks, livestock, termites and humans consumed 9 and 5%, 17 and 22%, and 10 and 9% respectively. The liveweights per km2 of livestock, termites and humans were 3.5, 10.0 and 2.3t respectively. Annual grass burning consumed 25% of N and 16% of P. The role of wild animals was negligible. About 2/3 …
Integrated Dairy Waste Management, Water Quality And Crop Utilization System, D R. Ivers, P D. Clayton, R H. Beck, G W. Randall, L J. Greub, M A. Schmitt, W F. Wedin
Integrated Dairy Waste Management, Water Quality And Crop Utilization System, D R. Ivers, P D. Clayton, R H. Beck, G W. Randall, L J. Greub, M A. Schmitt, W F. Wedin
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Livestock-crop farmers have very limited opportunities to efficiently utilize manure in an environmentally safe manner during the cropgrowing season. In this study, dairy manure slurry was surfaceapplied over a two year period on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a perennial grass cover (living filter) at one location each in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Public and private (University and Cenex/Land O’Lakes) research and development capabilities were coupled to request and receive funding from a nationally-mandated program on water quality (United States Department of Agriculture). The primary objective was to study factors which impinge upon acceptable ground water quality using a …
Nitrogen Cycling In Pasture Grazed By Lactating Dairy Cows, M P. Russelle, L D. Satter, T Dhiman, V R. Kanneganti
Nitrogen Cycling In Pasture Grazed By Lactating Dairy Cows, M P. Russelle, L D. Satter, T Dhiman, V R. Kanneganti
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Increasing use of intensive rotational grazing for livestock production in the USA raises questions about the potential for nitrate-N (NO3- N) leaching losses. In grazing experiments with lactating dairy cows at two sites in the Upper Midwest, we monitored milk production, soil NO3-N concentration, and NO3-N leaching. Dietary supplementation increased milk yield, but there was no measurable impact on NO3-N leaching losses. Leaching volumes and NO3-N losses were small on these silt loam soils, even directly under urine patches. The results suggest that NO3-N leaching is not likely to be a problem on fine-textured soils in the Upper Midwest under …
Monitoring The Movement Of N And S Through The Soil Plant Animal System Under Degraded And Perennial Pastures, Chen Wen, R.D B. Lefroy, G J. Blair, J M. Scott
Monitoring The Movement Of N And S Through The Soil Plant Animal System Under Degraded And Perennial Pastures, Chen Wen, R.D B. Lefroy, G J. Blair, J M. Scott
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment was carried at Armidale, NSW, Australia, to test the hypothesis that pastures dominated by the perennial grass phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) together with white clover (Trifolium repens) can optimize nutrient cycling and minimize nutrient leakage in comparison with one where the perennial grass has been lost through prior overgrazing (‘degraded’). The concentrations of mineral nitrogen present as ammonium and nitrate indicated limited opportunities for N leaching under either perennial or ‘degraded’ pastures in this environment. The high S content in the 40-60 cm soil layer indicates some movement of S under both ‘degraded’ and perennial …
Nitrogen Leaching From Dairy Pastures In The Northeast United States, W L. Stout, G F. Elwinger, S L. Fales, L D. Muller, R R. Schnabel, W E. Priddy
Nitrogen Leaching From Dairy Pastures In The Northeast United States, W L. Stout, G F. Elwinger, S L. Fales, L D. Muller, R R. Schnabel, W E. Priddy
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
While intensive grazing has the potential to increase dairy farm profitability in the Northeast United States, the uneven recycling of N through feces and urine can increase NO3 - leaching. We measured NO3 - leaching loss from urine and feces beneath N-fertilized orchardgrass using 60 cm diameter by 90 cm deep drainage lysimeters. Mean NO3-N levels in leachate beneath these areas were 3.8, 6.5, 93.5, 110 and 139 mg l-1 for the control, feces, and spring, summer and fall applied urine. Extrapolation of the leaching data over a grazed landscape indicates that a grazing intensity for a 180-day grazing season …
Sustainable And Conventional Grazing Systems For Beef Steers, V G. Allen, J P. Fontenot, W L. Daniels, A M. Zajac, G K. Evanylo, R R. Youngman, J Luna
Sustainable And Conventional Grazing Systems For Beef Steers, V G. Allen, J P. Fontenot, W L. Daniels, A M. Zajac, G K. Evanylo, R R. Youngman, J Luna
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A conventional grazing and crop production system and a sustainable system with integrated grazing and crop production were compared in a farm-scale experiment. The objective was to improve sustainability through improved nutrient management and reduced off-farm chemical use while retaining productivity and profitability. Each system involved 48 steers per year and 32 hectares of crop and pasture land in four replications. Daily gains and final weights were higher (P<0.05) for steers in the Sustainable System than the Conventional System but required more supplemental hay feeding. Initially, more forage was harvested from the Sustainable System, but as grazing management improved, more forage was harvested through grazing, and harvested forage became similar between the systems. Pesticide requirements were lower and N fertilizer use was reduced more than 50% for the Sustainable System. The Sustainable System maintained total crop and livestock production potential and was at least as profitable as the Conventional System.
Triticale As Early Winter Forage For Meat Calves On Sandy Acidic Soils, M Bemhaja, D F. Risso
Triticale As Early Winter Forage For Meat Calves On Sandy Acidic Soils, M Bemhaja, D F. Risso
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The use of triticale as a winter forage, improves animal performance. The objective of this study was to characterize a triticale crop during winter months, in relation to liveweight gain and animal production, under different grazing systems on sandy acidic soils. Three treatments were imposed to weaned calves of 110 kg liveweight average. Continuous grazing at a herbage allowance of 4% liveweight in dry matter (C4), rotational at an herbage allowance of 4% dry matter (R4) and rotational grazing at an herbage allowance of 2. 5% liveweight (R2. 5). Individual calf gain was 585 g/day for C4 and R4 and …
The Nature Of Competition Between Forage Herbs, Perennial Ryegrass, And White Clover Under Organic Farming Conditions, A P. Umrani, D Younie, P R. English
The Nature Of Competition Between Forage Herbs, Perennial Ryegrass, And White Clover Under Organic Farming Conditions, A P. Umrani, D Younie, P R. English
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Chicory and ribwort were sown alone or with perennial ryegrass (PRG), PRG/white clover (WC) or WC at three seed rates (1, 5 and 20 kg/ha) in fields or in the glasshouse in the north-east of Scotland under organic farming conditions during 1995-96. PRG showed strong negative effects on root and shoot development of the herbs, but it increased total herbage production. WC had no marked effect on herb establishment when it was sown without PRG. Density dependent competition in herbs for different seed rates were higher during early establishment when plant count was high. Competition between companion species was higher …