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Production Of Potassium-Rich Biofertilizer From Composted Banana Peels And Watermelon Rinds, Neema O. Msuya
Production Of Potassium-Rich Biofertilizer From Composted Banana Peels And Watermelon Rinds, Neema O. Msuya
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
This study investigated the production of biofertilizer from composted banana peels and watermelon rinds, focusing on the mineral content and its impact on plant growth. The process involved characterizing raw materials, producing biofertilizer, analyzing mineral concentrations (potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus), and evaluating its quality through Spiny Amaranth seed growth. A compost bin with three compartments was designed, testing three composting ratios of banana peels to watermelon rinds (2:1, 1:2 and 1:1). Composting was monitored on moisture content, pH, organic matter, and temperature for 37 days. The 1:1 ratio had the lowest temperature (33.45°C) and highest pH (7.08), while the 2:1 …
Clustering Mini-Grids To Enhance Power Systems Reliability In Distributed Generation, Santos Kihwele
Clustering Mini-Grids To Enhance Power Systems Reliability In Distributed Generation, Santos Kihwele
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
This study investigates the effectiveness of clustering mini-grids as a method to improve the reliability and operational stability of distributed generation systems in remote areas, particularly where renewable energy sources are predominant. As renewable resources like solar and wind are increasingly integrated into mini-grids, these systems face various challenges, particularly in maintaining stable voltage and frequency across interconnected networks. Such issues are compounded by the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the lack of extensive communication infrastructure in rural or resource-constrained settings. To address these control challenges, this study applies droop control techniques to two mini-grids in Uganda, utilizing …
Factors Affecting Adoption Of Industry 4.0 Predictive Maintenance By Manufacturing Industries: Tanzania Food And Beverage Manufacturing Industries, Fred E. Peter
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Industry 4.0 has increasingly become a focal point of scholarly inquiry. Nonetheless, there remains a noticeable lack of comprehensive research on the diverse and systematic factors that influence the adoption of Industry 4.0 Predictive Maintenance (PdM 4.0) in manufacturing sectors within developing regions, particularly in East Africa. This study seeks to bridge this research gap by investigating the key determinants affecting the actual implementation of PdM 4.0 in Tanzania’s food and beverage manufacturing industries. To achieve this objective, a mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with ten industry …
Synthetic Inertia Provision For Load Frequency Control In Networks With High Penetration Of Renewable Energy Sources, Paulina Mkoi
Synthetic Inertia Provision For Load Frequency Control In Networks With High Penetration Of Renewable Energy Sources, Paulina Mkoi
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy has become a promising solution as the world shifts toward clean energy. Solar PV and wind resources are increasingly replacing conventional synchronous generators, leading to reduced system inertia and increased vulnerability to frequency instability during disturbances. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel synthetic inertia provision strategy using a battery energy storage system (BESS) integrated alongside solar PV. The proposed method dynamically compensates for the loss of inertia by considering the variability of solar PV output due to changes in irradiance and temperature. …
Long-Range Inertia Prediction Considering Contemporary Evolution Of Power Grid Networks, Peter M. Makolo
Long-Range Inertia Prediction Considering Contemporary Evolution Of Power Grid Networks, Peter M. Makolo
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Reduced network inertia due to high penetration levels of non-synchronous generators in modern power systems is becoming a pressing issue. As a result, very quick inertial responses are observed after contingency events in networks. Due to quick inertial responses, there is a practically very limited time interval for control actions in real-time. Thus, system operators need to understand the prior inertia values to plan, control, and operate the network securely. Long-range forecasting of the network's inertia values, in contrast to short-range forecasting techniques, can pinpoint when the network is most likely to be vulnerable in a reasonable time ahead. Thus, …
Heavy Metals Pollution In Roadside Ecosystems, Lilian Matafu
Heavy Metals Pollution In Roadside Ecosystems, Lilian Matafu
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Heavy metals refer to metallic elements that are characterized by having a relatively high density and they are toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. They are environmental pollutant owing to toxicity and longevity in atmosphere and ability to accumulate in living things via bioaccumulation. They tend to enter in different system such as food chain. Analyses of water, soil sediment and the surrounding growing plants (Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus species) for selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) were conducted on a roadside pond located at Boko MSB, Dar es Salaam. Pond water, soil sediments and plant samples …
Assessment Of Wind Speed Characteristics And Available Wind Power Potential For Electricity Generation In Tanzania, Mwingereza John Kumwenda
Assessment Of Wind Speed Characteristics And Available Wind Power Potential For Electricity Generation In Tanzania, Mwingereza John Kumwenda
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The energy demand and its associated crises are attracting significant attention due to population increase and economic growth especially in developing countries. Fossil fuel-based energy source stand as a prominent anthropogenic resource but they are accompanied with increased carbon emissions and heightened environmental concerns. Renewable energy sources such as wind energy can offers a lot of potential for sustainable growth in the energy sector of developing nations like Tanzania. Thus, this work investigated wind speed characteristics and available wind power potential in six selected regions in Tanzania with different topographical features for future electricity generation. The data of the wind …
Performance Evaluation Of Free Space Optical Communication In Dar Es Salaam: Impact Of Scintillation And Modulation Schemes, Mustafa H. Mohsini
Performance Evaluation Of Free Space Optical Communication In Dar Es Salaam: Impact Of Scintillation And Modulation Schemes, Mustafa H. Mohsini
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Free space optical communication (FSO) holds significant relevance in the modern communication system as it offers high and unlimited data rates, enhanced security, rapid deployment, and low cost for installation. However, the performance of FSO transmission is greatly affected by harsh atmospheric conditions such as wind, temperature, and humidity, which induce scintillation. With the rapid growth of internet users and Dar es Salaam being a business city in Tanzania, higher and unlimited bandwidth for communication is highly demanded. This study primarily aims to evaluate the performance of FSO transmission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, by investigating the impact of atmospheric …
Improved Minimum Variance Channel Estimation Techniques For Ofdm Systems, Kwame S. Ibwe
Improved Minimum Variance Channel Estimation Techniques For Ofdm Systems, Kwame S. Ibwe
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems face challenges in channel estimation due to noise, variability, and the doubly dispersive nature of wireless channels, which degrade performance. To address these challenges, a multichannel minimum variance double dispersive channel estimator is proposed. The method employs a hybrid approach that combines subspace and minimum variance techniques, optimizing the filter bank output power under a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constraint. This design preserves the desired signal while effectively suppressing disturbances, achieving robust performance with reduced computational complexity compared to existing methods. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator outperforms subspace and asymptotic methods in terms …
Assessment Of Adaptation And Diffusion Of Biogas Technology A Case Study Of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania, Doreen L. Tarimo
Assessment Of Adaptation And Diffusion Of Biogas Technology A Case Study Of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania, Doreen L. Tarimo
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
This study investigated the adaptation and diffusion of biogas technology in Dar es Salaam, driven by the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions. The study’s is rooted in addressing urban energy challenges and providing an eco-friendly waste management alternative. Various factors, including socioeconomic variables, technical efficiencies, and community-level acceptability, were examined to assess the technology’s adaptability and diffusion. Data collection methods and techniques included lab analysis using American public health association (APHA) standard methods, interviews, questionnaire administration the data analysis was undertaken using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) with a sample size comprising 100 household heads from Mburahati, …
Design And Implementation Of Secured Hybrid Gateway Node For Securing Iot - Enabled Distribution Automation, Ally Bitebo
Design And Implementation Of Secured Hybrid Gateway Node For Securing Iot - Enabled Distribution Automation, Ally Bitebo
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The integration of smart grid and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of services provided by traditional electrical grids. This combination has enabled the introduction of new services, such as demand response, automatic meter reading, and IoT-enabled Distribution Automation (IoT-DA), which incorporates sensors, actuators, intelligent electrical devices (IEDs), and information and communication technologies to monitor and control the grid. However, this integration also introduces network security risks, including Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, false data injection, and masquerading attacks, such as system node impersonation that can transmit incorrect readings, trigger false alarms, and …
Effects Of Thermal Shock Protection Methods On Pressure Measurements In A Rapid Compression Machine, Myeji Materego
Effects Of Thermal Shock Protection Methods On Pressure Measurements In A Rapid Compression Machine, Myeji Materego
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The study investigates the impact of thermal shock protection methods on pressure measurements in Rapid Compression Machines (RCMs). It focuses on the performance of various pressure transducers, specifically 601A, 701A, 6061B, and 7005, under atmospheric initial conditions. The research emphasizes the importance of mounting techniques and coatings, revealing their significant effects on pressure trace accuracy. Special mounting adaptors for the pressure transducers were designed and manufactured, this enabled simultaneous measurements for all transducers to be made in a single compression stroke. Instantaneous pressure within combustion chamber was measured when air was compressed in RCM from initial pressure and temperatures of …
A Bibliometric Analysis Of Pat-Seig Evolution As An Alternative Energy Generation Method, Emanuel J. Nyirenda
A Bibliometric Analysis Of Pat-Seig Evolution As An Alternative Energy Generation Method, Emanuel J. Nyirenda
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Pumps as Turbines (PATs) coupled with Self-Excited Induction Generators (SEIGs) as an alternative energy generation method have been the subject of significant research in recent years. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the evolution of PAT-SEIG technology as an alternative energy generation source. An analysis of a comprehensive dataset of peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and patents related to PAT-SEIG systems, using advanced bibliometric techniques and PRISMA to identify key research themes, influential authors, the growth of the field and patterns of collaboration, and changes in research focus over time. Over a publication period of 32 years, a total …
Review On State Of Art Of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method And Its Advances In Solid Dynamics, Harold J. Mtyana
Review On State Of Art Of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method And Its Advances In Solid Dynamics, Harold J. Mtyana
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The world is witnessing continued collapse of both buildings and other structures during earthquakes, which is an example of a dynamic effect. One cause of such disasters may be inadequacies of techniques for modeling of these structures during analysis and design as compared to their actual responses during dynamic events. Also, techniques for numerical modeling and analysis of structures in place are meshed methods which do not accurately capture the actual behavior of structural elements especially under high dynamic actions due to the assumption that mesh geometry is unchanged geometry tend to change with respect to time step of such …
Effectiveness Of Natural Coagulants In Purification Of Industrial Wastewater: A Case Of Cactus Pads And Watermelon Seeds, Neema O. Msuya
Effectiveness Of Natural Coagulants In Purification Of Industrial Wastewater: A Case Of Cactus Pads And Watermelon Seeds, Neema O. Msuya
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
This study assessed the potential of cactus pads and watermelon seeds as natural coagulants in industrial wastewater treatment. The global characterization of the two coagulants was done by using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to determine the specific functional groups and by zeta potential measurements. A full factorial design was used to design the experiment and analyze the effect of three factors: coagulant dosage, settling time and particle size with three levels each and one replicate on the turbidity removal. ANOVA analyses were used to determine the significance of the factors. Results show that the amino and hydroxyl groups in …
Use Of Activated Palm Kernel Shells On Adsorption Of Heavy Metals (Cu2+ And Pb2+) From Contaminated Wastewater, Edwin N. Richard
Use Of Activated Palm Kernel Shells On Adsorption Of Heavy Metals (Cu2+ And Pb2+) From Contaminated Wastewater, Edwin N. Richard
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
This research aimed to evaluate the adsorption capacity of low-cost agricultural waste adsorbent-activated palm kernel shells (APKS) for the removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions from synthetic wastewater that had the concentration of copper and lead ions comparable to that of waste produced in Tanzanian research and teaching laboratories. This study was carried out in batch and continuous column adsorption reactors. The study examined the influence of particle size (0.71 mm–2.36 mm), pH (4.5–8.6), adsorbent dose (5–20 mg/L) and initial concentration Ci (1.93– 4 mg/l) on APKS adsorption removal efficiency. The batch results indicated that under alkali conditions (pH 8.4 …
Effects Of Technical Debt On Software Interoperability, Leonard Peter Binamungu
Effects Of Technical Debt On Software Interoperability, Leonard Peter Binamungu
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Technical debt (TD) refers to sub-optimal development decisions that make the software costly to maintain and evolve. Examples of TD include structural complexity, violation of coding styles, and code complexity. Existing research has investigated the nature, causes and indicators of TD, as well as tools and strategies for managing TD. However, although TD could hinder the ability of a software system to be interoperable with others, existing literature has limited evidence on how TD affects systems interoperability. This limits the ability of software engineering teams to manage TD in ways that do not hinder systems interoperability. To fill this void, …
Efficient Operation Of Direct Coupled Solar Home Pv System: A Case Of Solar Home Pv System Installed In Dodoma, Tanzania, Sarah P. Ayeng'o
Efficient Operation Of Direct Coupled Solar Home Pv System: A Case Of Solar Home Pv System Installed In Dodoma, Tanzania, Sarah P. Ayeng'o
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Direct coupled Photovoltaic (PV) system is a common topology among most of the off-grid communities in the world. This topology has less components hence resulting in low investment costs. However, it suffers much losses when battery operating voltage is far from maximum power point voltage of PV modules. This scenario can be attributed by different factors such as; variation in solar radiation, load profile and temperature. Efficient operation of these systems is required in order to reduce losses. Usually in direct coupled system, PV modules are connected in parallel with batteries through a charge controller hence making PV output to …
Front Matter - Zamani 1, No. 2, Editors Note
Front Matter - Zamani 1, No. 2, Editors Note
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
The editors are pleased to present to you the second issue of Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies. Volume 1 Number 2 has a collection of research and forum articles as well as book reviews. There are four articles that builds from field research with different themes spanning from neolithic to the postcolonial periods. The themes include new neolithic dating; smallpox control in early colonial period in the former German East Africa (now Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi); evasion of colonial taxation; and the connection between land legislations and land conflicts among the peasant and pastoral communities. There are also …
New Chronology For Neolithic Cultures In The Lake Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania, Musa Said Mwitondi, Pastory Magayane Bushozi
New Chronology For Neolithic Cultures In The Lake Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania, Musa Said Mwitondi, Pastory Magayane Bushozi
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
There have been several studies on Neolithic Cultures in the Serengeti National. The recovered archaeological materials include domestic and wild fauna remains, potsherds and lithic artefacts, ochre, and stone enclosures, dating between 7200 and 4900 BP. In the East African Rift System (EARS), conventional ages for Neolithic Cultures are inferred from the most extensively researched Neolithic sites in Kenya, where the oldest Nderit ware, cattle and caprine in the Lake Turkana Basin, northern Kenya, date ca. 5200 BP. Studies on the Neolithic of EARS have been structured to fit into the migration or diffusion models that consider the spread of …
Smallpox Outbreaks And Immunization Policies In Tanzania From The Late Nineteenth Century To The First World War, Lorne Larson
Smallpox Outbreaks And Immunization Policies In Tanzania From The Late Nineteenth Century To The First World War, Lorne Larson
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
An estimated 300 million people died globally from smallpox in the 20th century alone. There was very much a North/South divide in the existence of the disease in that period, with countries across South America, Africa and Asia recording the majority of cases. In 1966 the World Health Organization launched an intensive effort to finally eliminate the disease. The last known endemic case of smallpox was reported in Somalia in 1977, and that outbreak was promptly contained. In 1980 smallpox was declared eradicated – the only infectious disease affecting humans to achieve this distinction. This remains among the most notable …
'Evading The Tax Collector’: Native Responses To The Head Tax In Colonial Njombe, Tanzania, 1920-1960, Peter Chaula, Hezron Kangalawe
'Evading The Tax Collector’: Native Responses To The Head Tax In Colonial Njombe, Tanzania, 1920-1960, Peter Chaula, Hezron Kangalawe
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
Tax collection was one of the core preoccupations of the colonial government in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) and other colonies in the Africa that persisted even after independence. Direct taxation formed the basis of colonial taxation in Tanganyika. Head tax was a dominant form of direct taxation with its burden being borne primarily by Africans. This article uses the colonial Njombe District of Tanganyika to explore the responses of the African taxpayers to the head tax. The available data indicates that colonial head tax policies and practices in Njombe elicited varied responses from Africans with covert forms forming the mainstay of …
Revisiting African Religion As An Academic Discipline In Africa: History And Prospects, Ivan B. Kivinge
Revisiting African Religion As An Academic Discipline In Africa: History And Prospects, Ivan B. Kivinge
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
Three main religious traditions—indigenous African beliefs and practices (African religion), Christianity and Islam—have dominated everyday life of communities in Africa today. Scholarship on religion indicates that only African religion originated in Africa— Christianity and Islam are foreign religions. Many Africans today have been active Christians and Muslims, who are sometimes being misleadingly taught that African religion is demonic and forms of paganism. This article employs historical and philosophical approaches to show how the study of African religion has navigated through various historical currents and resultant implications on the way the current generation views it. In the end, the article proposes …
Major Trends In Oral Historiography In Mainland Tanzania, 1960s To The Present: A Review Of Published Sources, Albertus K. Onyiego
Major Trends In Oral Historiography In Mainland Tanzania, 1960s To The Present: A Review Of Published Sources, Albertus K. Onyiego
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
This article examines the role of oral methodology in reconstructing historical knowledge in Mainland Tanzania over the last six decades. Although greater attention is paid to the period from the 1960s onwards, efforts have been made to illuminate on the use of oral methodology in the period before. The article is organised into four temporal sections, each representing a distinct phase of oral methodology. The first section explores the role of oral methodology before independence. It will be noticed that the gradual use of oral sources in the writing of history in Mainland Tanzania started way back during German and …
A Society For Professional Archaeologists In Tanzania: A Call For Action, Richard K. Bigambo
A Society For Professional Archaeologists In Tanzania: A Call For Action, Richard K. Bigambo
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
This essay discusses the need for an Archaeological Association of Tanzania and provides its general structure. It argues that the proposed association is essential for promoting the country’s development, heritage preservation and conservation, and promotion of archaeological studies. In addition to providing resources and support for research, training, and education, it would facilitate collaboration and networking, help protect and preserve Tanzania's cultural heritage, and increase public awareness and education about archaeology in Tanzania. The essay also discusses the development of archaeology in Tanzania and the history and contributions of archaeological associations worldwide. This structure for the proposed association would enable …
Review Of Water Brings No Harm: Management Knowledge And The Struggle For Waters Of Kilimanjaro, Maxmillian J. Chuhila
Review Of Water Brings No Harm: Management Knowledge And The Struggle For Waters Of Kilimanjaro, Maxmillian J. Chuhila
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
Water Brings No Harm is a key text that enables readers to understand the competing claims to resource control between government authorities and local communities on the ground. Scholarship on the relationship between local knowledge and expert knowledge in resource management and control suggests an asymmetrical relationship in which expert opinion assumes the primary responsibility.1 Bender contrasts traditional and imposed systems of resource ownership and management, arguing that there has been a struggle from both sides, as each side believes it has a rightful claim to ownership and management of water source.
Review Of Decolonising Sociology: An Introduction, Armstrong K. Matogwa
Review Of Decolonising Sociology: An Introduction, Armstrong K. Matogwa
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
Decolonizing Sociology is one of the few works in sociology that makes critical assessment of the discipline. It is a kind of self-critique within the discipline that aims to reveal epistemic setbacks that have existed for decades. To arrive to the point, Meghji, has situated his thesis along decolonial sociology, which interrogates dominant sociological theories in the context of imperialism. By so doing, he makes three main arguments as follows; first, what is called sociology is colonial in nature as it is based on the ideas of the Western thinkers namely Marx, Durkheim and Weber which emerged and institutionalized during …
The Quest For The Survival And Influence Of Business Associations In A Turbulent Environment: Lessons From Tanzania, Goodluck Charles, Donath Olomi
The Quest For The Survival And Influence Of Business Associations In A Turbulent Environment: Lessons From Tanzania, Goodluck Charles, Donath Olomi
Business Management Review
This article investigates the driving force of business associations (BAs) in their attempt to influence policy regarding political and economic governance in Tanzania. On the basis of the collective action theory, new institutional economics (NIE) and historical analysis of 21 BAs, it is evident that they are driven by the evolutionary extensions of international ecosystem capabilities, the ability of BAs' leadership to change with the government agenda, the political ideology and their experience and competence to dialogue with the government. The article contributes to the collective action theory and the NIE literature by demonstrating that BAs take collective action to …
Assessing The Potential For Tanzanian Exports In The African Continental Free Trade Area, Mesia Ilomo
Assessing The Potential For Tanzanian Exports In The African Continental Free Trade Area, Mesia Ilomo
Business Management Review
In 2019, the Africa Union launched the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), one of the largest pro-development regional trade arrangements (RTAs) in the world. Despite the broad promises, the potential trade benefits of AfCFTA to specific African countries is not crystal clear. We employ a gravity model and the Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator to establish the existence, magnitude, and change of Tanzania export potential in 49 African markets. The results show existence of export potential in 38 markets, and inexistence of export potential in 11 markets. Out of 38 markets with export potential, Tanzania has high export …
Legal Provisions And Administration Of Land Disputes In Kiteto District, Ca. 1970s – 2000s: The Missing Linkage, Juma Marmo
Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies
There have been a series of legal interventions on land use in the post-colonial Tanzania to create a good land administration and management in order to end land use conflicts. Scholarship on the legal aspect of land use indicates that legal interventions did not provide lasting solutions to land use conflicts because of their structural and systemic arrangements. In addition, existing scholarship has little focus on the linkage between law enforcement machinery, the peoples’ level of understanding on land laws, and the occurrence of land use conflicts. This paper discusses the violation of laws by peasants, pastoralists, and government officials …