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Macabre Therapeutics: An Exploration Into The Cathartic Nature Of Splatter Utilizing The Saw Franchise As Corpus, Rosalind E. Rohrbaugh
Macabre Therapeutics: An Exploration Into The Cathartic Nature Of Splatter Utilizing The Saw Franchise As Corpus, Rosalind E. Rohrbaugh
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This project positions splatter (a subgenre of horror films that centralizes gore) as applicable for sociopolitical critique and emotional catharsis, disrupting the narrative of splatter as a solely shock-based enterprise. The project utilizes the Saw franchise as a corpus, which reignited audience interest in extreme horror in 2004, rejuvenating splatter film releases since their stagnancy throughout the 1990s. This research seeks to answer why Saw captured the attention of audiences and returned the splatter subgenre to the 21st century, utilizing psychoanalytical film analysis, sociopolitical analysis, semiotics, content analysis, and archival research as methodology and drawing on Aristotle’s Catharsis and Rhetorical …
Sketching Towards Character: An Actor's Process Of Reclaiming The Mind-Body Connection, Lauren E. Schulke
Sketching Towards Character: An Actor's Process Of Reclaiming The Mind-Body Connection, Lauren E. Schulke
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The human body is capable of incredible things. It completes vital functions autonomically, can instinctively protect us from harm, helps us sense, process, and respond to the world we inhabit, and can even heal itself when necessary. But what happens when an actor, who is dependent on their body to express their artistry, has lost awareness of their material? With the help of this thesis and the crafting of a personal methodology, I have developed a process that works towards healing this fracture and encourages the initial crafting of character through embodiment.
This thesis details the evolution of a personal …
Under Control, Eric Tegethoff
Under Control, Eric Tegethoff
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Under Control is a collection of six short stories focused on masculinity. The stories explore family, climate change, nationalism, and the nature of work. “A Survey of Man” and “Snake Pit” dive into the corrosive effects of capitalism on men in society. In “The Art of War,” the narrator finds the cost of pursuing healing outside of society’s prescribed norms. Society’s norms also act on the characters in “My Country, My Cybertruck” and “Bad Reporting.” The collection ends with “Virtual Idaho,” a short story that scrutinizes the masculine barriers to properly grieving for a loved one.
Of Fate And Fear: An Interactive Narrative Approach To Experiential Horror, David A. Brescia
Of Fate And Fear: An Interactive Narrative Approach To Experiential Horror, David A. Brescia
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This thesis examines the nature of guest interactivity in themed entertainment, considering best practices when approaching the creation of an interactive theme park offering with the belief that narrative interactivity and guest agency increases the potential for meaningful, memorable, and engaging entertainment experiences. Taking both established literature and existing offerings into consideration, this thesis presents an original creative narrative design concept for a Halloween haunt event overlay, titled Fear the Unknown, that enhances the guest experience with an emphasis on interactivity and agency. This creative work is presented specifically from the point of view of the show writing discipline, consisting …
Reframing Recovery: Comparing Music Interventions And Traditional Rehabilitation Methods For Cognitive Function In Traumatic Brain Injury Patients, Laura Velez
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions annually, often resulting in long-term cognitive deficits that hinder independence and quality of life. While traditional rehabilitation methods address many physical and functional limitations, cognitive impairments—such as deficits in attention, memory, and executive function—often persist. Emerging evidence highlights music-based interventions as a promising complement to standard therapies, yet comparative research remains limited. This integrative literature review examined the effects of music interventions versus traditional rehabilitation methods on cognitive function in adults with TBI. Using a systematic search of databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL Ultimate, APA PsycInfo, and Music Index, eight peer-reviewed studies were selected for …
Consequences Of Artificial Intelligence In Health Insurance: Lawsuits, Policy, And Ethics, Alyssa N. Roberts
Consequences Of Artificial Intelligence In Health Insurance: Lawsuits, Policy, And Ethics, Alyssa N. Roberts
Honors Undergraduate Theses
In recent years, the healthcare system has been burdened by a multitude of obstacles that hinder the ability to provide effective, affordable, and timely care. Among these, one of the most significant challenges is the role that health insurance plays in shaping the quality of care. Health insurance companies are designed to decrease financial strain on patients, but they have introduced inefficiencies through delayed coverage approvals, increased denials, and administrative costs. Artificial intelligence (AI) has started to play an integral role in resolving these issues for the health insurance industry. Through its quick automated claim processing, fraud screening, and reduced …
Millennials And Generation Z Customers' Service Recovery Evaluation From A Self-Esteem Perspective, Megan Mcdade
Millennials And Generation Z Customers' Service Recovery Evaluation From A Self-Esteem Perspective, Megan Mcdade
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
While a significant amount of research has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of service recovery based on various factors, there is limited research on emerging customer segments, specifically Generation Z and Millennials. Justice theory has been predominant in service recovery literature, however, recent studies suggest that self-esteem can provide valuable insight into understanding customers’ evaluations of service recovery. This research focuses on how Generation Z and Millennial customers evaluate service recovery efforts in the context of restaurants. The main objective of this study is to examine how these customers perceive economic (compensation) and psychological (apology) service recovery strategies, considering …
Understanding The Mechanism In Shaping Guest Acceptance Of Service Robots In Caribbean Hotels: The Moderating Role Of Cultural Familiarity In The Cac Model, Jamilia A. Lawrence
Understanding The Mechanism In Shaping Guest Acceptance Of Service Robots In Caribbean Hotels: The Moderating Role Of Cultural Familiarity In The Cac Model, Jamilia A. Lawrence
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Service robots continue to become increasingly popular in the hospitality and tourism industry. Understanding the cognitive and emotional processes is important in explaining the sequential processes of guests accepting new technologies. Especially in regions like the Caribbean, where human-to-human interaction and personalized services are highly valued.
This study investigates how cognitive evaluations of service robots, including utility, coolness, autonomy, courtesy, and interactivity, influence guests' emotional responses and their acceptance of the technology in Caribbean hotels. Additionally, the study explores the moderating role of cultural familiarity in the relationship between emotion and acceptance.
Using the cognitive-affective-conative (CAC) model, 415 responses were …
Transformation To Re-Engagement: A Temporal Analysis Of Tefl Tourism Experiences, Brianna Morman
Transformation To Re-Engagement: A Temporal Analysis Of Tefl Tourism Experiences, Brianna Morman
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This study investigates the psychological and behavioral transformation resulting from long-term cultural immersion, using TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) tourism as a lens to examine how deep, lasting change unfolds. While prior literature has primarily classified TEFL as a niche form of tourism, its potential to facilitate enduring personal transformation has not been empirically assessed. This research addresses that gap by applying Transformative Learning Theory and the Model of Transformation within the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework to explore how TEFL experiences lead to transformation, satisfaction, and long-term re-engagement. Uniquely, the study also examines two underexplored temporal moderators – duration …
Investing In Digital Solutions For Firm Value, Mahala Geronasso
Investing In Digital Solutions For Firm Value, Mahala Geronasso
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Digital investments have become integral to the strategies of hospitality firms, enabling data-driven decision-making, operational efficiency, and financial growth. This dissertation examines the impact of digital investments, specifically IT investment (CAPEX), research and development (R&D) intensity, and digital marketing intensity, on operational and financial performance within hospitality firms, guided by Innovation Diffusion Theory and Agency Theory. A comprehensive empirical analysis utilized financial data from publicly traded U.S. hospitality firms (2013–2023). Advanced econometric methods, including ARIMA, GARCH, and structured panel regressions, were rigorously assessed to evaluate performance dynamics. Findings reveal IT investments significantly enhance operational efficiency, profitability, and liquidity, despite causing …
Transformative Experience Design: Exploring The Supply-Side Perspective In The Theme Park Context, Juliana Rodrigues Vieira Tkatch
Transformative Experience Design: Exploring The Supply-Side Perspective In The Theme Park Context, Juliana Rodrigues Vieira Tkatch
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This study investigates how hedonic tourism activities can facilitate personal transformation, particularly in the context of mass tourism. Focusing on theme parks, which draw millions of visitors annually, the research explores the design elements that can foster visitor transformation. The study aims to uncover the design elements embedded in the creation of these activities and the effects they intend to foster in visitors, answering the research question: How do theme park design practices contribute to transformative tourism experiences? This question is significant given the limited empirical work connecting experience design and transformative tourism from the supplier perspective. Using a qualitative …
Influencing Sustainability: The Impact Of Digital Influencers On Sustainable Tourism Behaviors, Karen C. N. Tavares
Influencing Sustainability: The Impact Of Digital Influencers On Sustainable Tourism Behaviors, Karen C. N. Tavares
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This dissertation investigates how digital influencers shape sustainable tourism communication and behavioral intentions through a multi-method research approach. As influencer marketing increasingly drives destination visibility and traveler decision-making, understanding its role in advancing sustainability is essential for aligning economic growth with environmental and social responsibility. To address this gap, two complementary studies were conducted.
Study 1 applied social media content analysis to examine sustainable tourism discourse, identifying trends in topics, message framing and content. The analysis revealed a largely positive and gain-framed conversation, emphasizing lifestyle identity, collective values, and all three pillars of sustainability. Influencer analysis showed that while institutional …
Inhibition Of Activin A Signaling Slows The Progression Of Barrett's Esophagus Induced Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, Lily A. Giardino
Inhibition Of Activin A Signaling Slows The Progression Of Barrett's Esophagus Induced Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, Lily A. Giardino
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
In 2020, approximately 1.03 billion cases of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) were reported worldwide, representing a significant global health burden. Chronic GERD is a potent initiator of Barrett’s Esophagus (BE), a precancerous condition in which the squamous epithelium is converted into columnar-like epithelium in the distal esophagus in response to reflux injury. Barrett’s Esophagus is the only known precursor to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC), a disease with a five-year survival rate of 21%. First line treatments focus on acid suppression and endoscopic mucosal resection but did not result in a decrease of EAC incidence highlighting the importance of new therapeutics. Previous …
Multi-Omics Analysis Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 3 Using A Murine Infection Model, Jash Kamlesh Trivedi
Multi-Omics Analysis Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 3 Using A Murine Infection Model, Jash Kamlesh Trivedi
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN), a gram-positive encapsulated pathogen, inhabits the human nasopharynx asymptomatically but can cause severe infections, including invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Although targeted by vaccines, serotype 3 (ST3) remains highly prevalent within the United States and globally. Sequence type 180 lineage within Clonal Complex (CC)180 is the predominant lineage of serotype 3 globally. Genetically, Clonal Complex 180 is divided into clade I and II, with clade II recently surpassing clade I in prevalence. However, the molecular mechanisms driving this shift remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a multi-omics approach, combining pangenome analysis and dual-RNA sequencing, to investigate genetic factors …
Comparing Inter-Rater Reliability For Two Coding Methodologies In Meta-Analysis Data Extraction, Christine D. Destefano
Comparing Inter-Rater Reliability For Two Coding Methodologies In Meta-Analysis Data Extraction, Christine D. Destefano
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Meta-analyses are critical tools for evidence-based policymaking, but their validity depends heavily on accurate data extraction from primary studies. While previous research has focused on procedural aspects of coding and reliability of effect size extraction, there remains a significant gap in understanding how to improve inter-rater reliability (IRR) for moderator variables that provide crucial context for meta-analytic findings. This study compared two methodological approaches for coding moderator variables: traditional low-inference coding and a novel drill-down questioning technique adapted from database development principles. Using a comparative analysis design, two independent coders extracted data from 18 primary studies included in a published …
The Representation Of Racially And Ethnically Diverse Students Identified With Giftedness In Third Grade In Florida, Ioanna Katsavria
The Representation Of Racially And Ethnically Diverse Students Identified With Giftedness In Third Grade In Florida, Ioanna Katsavria
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This study examines the proportional representation of Black, Hispanic, White, and Asian third-grade gifted students across urban and rural school districts in the U.S. state of Florida. It incorporates secondary quantitative datasets for the Fall 2023 and Spring 2024 school terms from the Florida Department of Education (FLDOE, n.d.), collected in the Fall 2024, along with qualitative data gathered in Spring 2025 from the websites of sixty-seven county-based school districts. Significant disparities among all groups of racially and ethnically diverse students were exposed through the quantitative data analysis. Notably, Black, Hispanic, and Asian students, especially in rural areas, were shown …
Evaluating Indirect Markers Of Musculotendinous Unit Recovery Following Eccentric Plantar Flexor Exercise, Ecaterina Vasenina
Evaluating Indirect Markers Of Musculotendinous Unit Recovery Following Eccentric Plantar Flexor Exercise, Ecaterina Vasenina
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The recovery of the musculotendinous unit (MTU) following eccentric exercise is a complex process influenced by mechanical, structural, and nutritional factors. The MTU encompasses interconnected systems, including the Achilles tendon and calf muscles, which respond dynamically to mechanical loading. The interplay of these systems is critical to understanding recovery and optimizing interventions for performance and rehabilitation. Despite advances in the field, gaps remain in assessing measurement reliability, identifying sensitive recovery markers, and evaluating the efficacy of nutritional strategies such as collagen supplementation.
This dissertation is organized into three interrelated studies. Study 1 presented in Chapter 2 investigated the reliability of …
Considerations For Application Of The Titleist Performance Institute Screen, Andrew Skibski
Considerations For Application Of The Titleist Performance Institute Screen, Andrew Skibski
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The golf swing is a complex movement requiring a combination of power, flexibility, stability, balance, and coordination to strike the ball at a high velocity with precision. The Titleist Performance Institute (TPI) screen is a series of functional tests used to identify individuals’ physical limitations that may influence their ability to perform the golf swing effectively. TPI guidelines recommend performing the TPI screen without a warm-up to improve consistency, but reliability of the TPI screen has not been previously published. Additionally, factors such as a warm-up or playing a round of golf may influence the body’s physical capabilities and could …
Motor Unit Control Of Maximal Grip Force Among Older Adults: Reliability, Weakness, And Interventions, Jonathan P. Beausejour
Motor Unit Control Of Maximal Grip Force Among Older Adults: Reliability, Weakness, And Interventions, Jonathan P. Beausejour
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Recent evidence suggests that grip strength is a critical biomarker of brain, muscle, and metabolic aging. To date, neuromuscular properties related to individual motor unit size and firing rates have not been explored in the context of grip strength assessments in the older adult population. Given the strong correlation between grip strength and all-cause mortality, understanding motor unit characteristics during maximal grip tests will provide novel perspectives and implications regarding healthy aging. The purpose of this dissertation project was to develop an analytical framework to reliably characterize motor unit strategies employed during maximal grip strength tests, and compare these characteristics …
Characterizing Conditioned Pain Modulation And Quadriceps Motor Unit Recruitment Among Older Adults With Chronic Knee Pain, Emily J. Parsowith
Characterizing Conditioned Pain Modulation And Quadriceps Motor Unit Recruitment Among Older Adults With Chronic Knee Pain, Emily J. Parsowith
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
BACKGROUND: Over 25% of U.S. older adults experience chronic knee pain, which worsens with inactivity, creating a cycle of pain, disability, and sedentary behavior. However, a limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms hinders the development of effective treatments. PURPOSE: This study integrated assessments of Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) and motor unit control to elucidate the role of pain sensitization and neuromuscular impairments specific to chronic knee pain. METHODS: Seventy-five participants were divided into three groups: young adults (n=25), older adults without pain (n=30), and older adults with chronic pain (n=20). CPM efficiency was evaluated using heat and pressure test stimuli …
Understanding Pre-Service Teachers’ Engagement, Application And Perception Of Instructor Feedback In An Online Teacher Education Course: An Action Research Study, Iram Khan
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Teachers should prioritize continuous professional development through shared experiences and reflective teaching to remain competitive in the global education system and become better teachers to assist language learners in achieving their goals (Vadivel et al., 2021). Professional development courses are crucial for enhancing teaching skills; however, there is a concern that such initiatives seem ineffective in promoting change in teaching practices (Darling-Hammond et al., 2017; Gore et al., 2017). Implementing effective instructional approaches in teacher education courses, such as feedback and reflection, is crucial for aspiring teachers to enhance their knowledge and professional growth (Darling-Hammond et al., 2017; Pharis et …
Beyond Graduation: A Quantitative Analysis Of Earned Wage Outcomes For Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities Participating In Florida Postsecondary Comprehensive Transition Programs, Melanie Lopez
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The study examined how person-centered planning goal setting and integrated paid work experiences predict postsecondary employment stability and earned wages for individuals with intellectual disabilities who completed Florida Postsecondary Comprehensive Transition Programs. Findings indicated that structured transition planning significantly predicts higher postsecondary earnings, while integrated, paid work experiences contribute to greater employment stability and wage progression over time. Institutional differences shape employment trajectories, underscoring the need to evaluate programmatic factors influencing postsecondary outcomes. Limitations include institutional variability in data reporting, unmeasured confounding variables, and the specificity of the sample to FPCTPs in one state. Program implementation differences and regional labor …
Florida Title I School Principals' Characteristics And Practices In Professional Learning As Related To Student Reading Achievement, Sarah K. Hall
Florida Title I School Principals' Characteristics And Practices In Professional Learning As Related To Student Reading Achievement, Sarah K. Hall
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This study explored the relation between Florida’s Title I elementary school principals’ characteristics and how they design professional learning with student reading achievement. This study used Descriptive Statistics, Spearman’s Correlation, Independent Samples T-tests, Pearson’s Correlation, and ANCOVA to explore the relation between 259 of Florida’s Title I public elementary school principals’ characteristics (years of experience, number of state reading certifications, degrees, and level of autonomy) and how they design professional learning with student reading achievement. The research design was quantitative and correlational. Data was collected from 58 districts through a piloted survey using parametric sampling. A statistically significant difference was …
Developing, Designing, And Evaluating Knightly Codes: A System Of Resources Supporting Motivation Using Automated Feedback, Kyle S. Dencker
Developing, Designing, And Evaluating Knightly Codes: A System Of Resources Supporting Motivation Using Automated Feedback, Kyle S. Dencker
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
Providing meaningful practice and feedback is a critical component of supporting students' learning, but it is also labor-intensive and time-consuming for instructors. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Knightly Codes, a supplemental system designed to provide automated, tiered feedback to students in an introductory, college-level Computer Science course designed to help them develop strategies to tackle real-world coding problems and maintain or improve their interest and motivation. Key design features include increasingly specific guidance as students submit multiple incorrect solutions, gamification elements including progress checks, badges, and personal and global statistics, and reflection surveys to promote self-regulated learning. A total …
The Impact Of Social And Political Capital On Black Male Educational Leaders Lived Experiences With Hiring Practices: A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Descriptive Study, Travis L. Brown
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
According to Woodson and Pabon (2016, as cited in Bass, 2020) Black males represent less than 2% of the US public education workforce. This is concerning considering that many schools across the nation are becoming increasingly diverse. Scholars such as Bass (2020) have even cited that classrooms “may never completely rebound” (p. 356) from finding Black men to fill vacant teaching positions which could ultimately lead to a career in educational leadership. filling classrooms with available Black men in the profession. This study employed a convergent parallel mixed method design within a descriptive research framework to examine the impact of …
Multilevel Network Governance For United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: The Role Of European Subnational Entities In Urban Resilience, Hasan Isgandar
Multilevel Network Governance For United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: The Role Of European Subnational Entities In Urban Resilience, Hasan Isgandar
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This dissertation investigates the role of subnational actors in European Union (EU) multilevel governance networks focused on reducing urban poverty and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Focusing on the SDG #1 (No Poverty), SDG #11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG #17 (Partnerships for the Goals) it examines the participation and impact of subnational actors in two case studies: Naples, Italy and Krakow, Poland. Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), the research investigates the configuration and performance of the networks created within the framework of the URBinclusion projects, which are part of the URBACT and Urban Innovative Actions …
Comparing Experiences In Medication-Assisted Recovery Anonymous (Mara) Versus 12-Step Groups: A Qualitative Study, Rachel Totaram
Comparing Experiences In Medication-Assisted Recovery Anonymous (Mara) Versus 12-Step Groups: A Qualitative Study, Rachel Totaram
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The United States continues to face an opioid epidemic, with over 80,000 opioid overdose deaths reported in 2023. Although medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) are effective treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD), stigma remains a major barrier to their adoption. People taking MOUDs often feel stigmatized within traditional 12-step peer support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous (AA/NA), potentially harming the recovery process. Medication-Assisted Recovery Anonymous (MARA) was recently developed as an alternative 12-step support group explicitly open to people using MOUD.
This qualitative mixed methods study retrospectively examines how MARA meetings differ from AA/NA meetings, based on …
Health Behavior In A Culture-Driven Society: Using Mixed Methods Research To Examine Medical Pluralism In Zimbabwe, Stephen Mhere
Health Behavior In A Culture-Driven Society: Using Mixed Methods Research To Examine Medical Pluralism In Zimbabwe, Stephen Mhere
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
This dissertation examined the role of cultural influences on health-seeking behaviors and healthcare choices among Zimbabweans, focusing on medical pluralism – where individuals simultaneously access traditional, faith-based, and allopathic medical systems. It applied the PEN-3 Cultural Model to examine Cultural Identity, Relationships and Expectations, and Cultural Empowerment. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, data were collected via a Shona-language survey on WhatsApp. Multiple choice, closed-ended, and open-ended survey questions were texted to participants, and they responded by text or audio messages. Response data were collected from 137 study participants. Multinomial logistic regression was used for quantitative data analysis, while deductive …
Teacher Retention And The Disabilities-To-Prison Pipeline, Angela P. Mccloud-Bond
Teacher Retention And The Disabilities-To-Prison Pipeline, Angela P. Mccloud-Bond
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
There is an overrepresentation of individuals with disabilities in the criminal and juvenile justice systems. Similar to the commonly known School-to-Prison Pipeline, Christoper Mallet has coined the term the Disabilities-to-Prison Pipeline to refer to this growing problem. Research has not yet determined how individual variables at the school or district levels lead to the expansion of the Disabilities-to-Prison Pipeline. Mallot (2021) presented three possible hypotheses to explain the expansion of this phenomenon: the differential treatment hypothesis, the school failure hypothesis, and the susceptibility hypothesis. There is a significant gap in the literature that focuses specifically on the differential treatment of …
The Effect Of Four Vocabulary Tasks On The Initial Learning And Retention Of Formulaic Language: The Case Of Phrasal Verbs, Eman Barri
Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024
The quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of four vocabulary tasks on the learning and retention of English phrasal verbs (PVs). University Intensive English Program students (91) completed one of the following tasks: One Fill-in-the-Blank, Three Fill-in-the-Blank, Sentence Writing, and Composition Writing. Their knowledge of eight target PVs was measured using a modified vocabulary knowledge scale at three points: pretest, immediate posttest, and delayed posttest (two weeks later). A mixed factorial ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between task and time. Follow-up repeated-measures and one-way ANOVAs showed that the Three Fill-in-the-Blank produced the highest scores on both posttests. Consistent with findings on …