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To Conquer The Coast: Pensacola, The Gulf Of Mexico, And The Construction Of American Imperialism, 1820-1848, Maria Angela Diaz
To Conquer The Coast: Pensacola, The Gulf Of Mexico, And The Construction Of American Imperialism, 1820-1848, Maria Angela Diaz
Florida Historical Quarterly
Americans' dreams of empire appeared to become reality when the United States gained control over Florida in 1821. Yet although the U.S. controlled a significant portion of the Gulf Coast, the nation remained one among many foreign powers vying for dominance in the region, a fact that raised concerns about future expansion in the minds of many. As of 1821 the U.S. shared the coastline with a newly independent Mexico. At the same time, France, Britain, and Spain remained active in both the Gulf and the Caribbean.1 The combination of new republics and old colonial powers shaped the nature of …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Weatherford, They Dared to Dream: Florida Women Who Shaped History. by Thomas H. Appleton Jr.; Link, Brown, Ward, and Bone, eds., Creating Citizenship in the Nineteenth-Century South. by Robert Cassanello; Kvach, De Bow's Review: The Antebellum Vision of a New South. by Frank J. Byrne; Pickenpaugh, Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy. by David Carlson; Millner, The Allure of Immortality: An American Cult, a Florida Swamp, and a Renegade Prophet. by Katherine Marra; Bryan, Asylum Doctor: James Woods Babcock and the Red Plague of Pellagra. by Margaret Humphreys; Abreu, Rhythms of Race: Cuban Musicians and the …
"The Indians Are Scattering, I Fear": Mobility And Power In The Second Seminole War, Christine A. Rizzi
"The Indians Are Scattering, I Fear": Mobility And Power In The Second Seminole War, Christine A. Rizzi
Florida Historical Quarterly
Five days after Christmas in 1837, Brigadier General Thomas Sidney Jesup wrote a letter to Colonel Zachary Taylor on the subject of cypress canoes. The latter officer was fresh off an engagement against a large band of Seminole Indians. Taylor's force of 800 regular soldiers and volunteers engaged some 400 Seminole warriors and their black allies on the north shore of Lake Okeechobee.1 The Indian group, led by fabled leaders Sam Jones, Alligator, and Wild Cat, retreated across the lake after injuring and killing a significant number of Taylor's detachment.2 With the enemy withdrawing across the large, unfamiliar lake, and …
Interpreting Florida, Its Ninetenth-Century Literary Heritage, Maurice O'Sullivan
Interpreting Florida, Its Ninetenth-Century Literary Heritage, Maurice O'Sullivan
Florida Historical Quarterly
In January 1827, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a 23-year-old licensed but not yet ordained minister plagued by religious doubt and failing health, came to St. Augustine. As he wrote in a letter to his brother William, he found himself constantly bored during his two and a half months residence: "What is done here? Nothing .... I stroll on the sea-beach and drive a green orange over the sand with a stick. Sometimes I sail in a boat, sometimes I sit in a chair."1
Historiography Of Nineteenth-Century Florida, James G. Cusick
Historiography Of Nineteenth-Century Florida, James G. Cusick
Florida Historical Quarterly
When the nineteenth century began, Florida, or the two colonial territories that became the modern state, was still under Spanish rule, its residents untouched as yet by coming rebellion and war. When the century closed, Florida was part of the American Deep South, looking to northern financiers for its Gilded Age development while creating Jim Crow laws as a buttress against calls for racial equality.
Religion And Women's Rights In Florida: An Examination Of The Equal Rights Amendment Legislative Debates, 1972-1982, Laura E. Brock
Religion And Women's Rights In Florida: An Examination Of The Equal Rights Amendment Legislative Debates, 1972-1982, Laura E. Brock
Florida Historical Quarterly
Florida housewife Adele Kanter's letter was prototypical of religious women who were supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).3 Community activist and housewife Shirley Spellerberg's letter was representative of religious opponents of the ERA. Women were mobilized to enter the political arena, many for the first time, on both sides of the ERA conflict. Florida was the key battleground state where the ERA failed after an intense decade-long (1972-1982) political battle that was an intersection of religious, gender and social issues. Examining the history of Florida's ERA conflict is significant because religious and social themes recur in contemporary public policy …
Between Swamp And Sea: Bahamian Visitors In Southeast Florida Before Miami, Devin Leigh
Between Swamp And Sea: Bahamian Visitors In Southeast Florida Before Miami, Devin Leigh
Florida Historical Quarterly
In 1865, George Franklin Thompson, a representative of the Freedman's Bureau, wrote that southeast Florida could become the "garden of the United States," but only if the water levels of Lake Okeechobee could be lowered by at least six feet.2 In this assessment, Thompson epitomized the nineteenth-century, triumphalist belief that settlement in the region of present-day Miami would depend upon a severe manipulation of the natural environment. According to the Miami metropolitan narrative, this manipulation came in the year 1896, when a widowed heiress and "plucky" pioneer from Cleveland named Julia Tuttle capitalized on the Great Freeze of 1894-1895, and …
500 Years Of Florida History - The Eighteenth Century, Connie L. Lester
500 Years Of Florida History - The Eighteenth Century, Connie L. Lester
Florida Historical Quarterly
Upheaval characterized eighteenth-century Florida. European powers continued to fight for dominance in the region and Great Britain emerged as Spain's primary competitor, obtaining control of the peninsula and its environs, at least on paper, for two decades (1763-1783) before Spain again claimed ownership. Most native groups continued to decline in population due to disease, migration, warfare and enslavement while others, specifically the Seminoles, grew in numbers and regional influence for many of the same reasons. African Americans, both enslaved and free, expanded their presence in Florida, steadily asserting their autonomy militarily, socially and culturally. St. Augustine and Pensacola remained the …
The Historiography Of Eighteenth-Century Florida, Sherry Johnson
The Historiography Of Eighteenth-Century Florida, Sherry Johnson
Florida Historical Quarterly
Florida is the neglected stepchild of Spain's American empire, wrote Carl L. Swanson in his introduction to the reprint of Joyce Harman's Trade and Privateering in Spanish Florida, 1732-1763.1 Written in 2004, Swanson's observation decrying the limited number of books that dealt with early Florida was not too far from the mark. Like Jane Landers'observation on the difficulty in placing Florida into one historical tradition or another, such statements underscore the obstacles in crafting a cohesive article that overcomes the problems not encountered in writing historiographical essays for the other centuries of La Florida.2 The challenges begin when one realizes …
Wishing That Right May Prevail: Ethan Allen Hitchcock And The Florida War, C. S. Monaco
Wishing That Right May Prevail: Ethan Allen Hitchcock And The Florida War, C. S. Monaco
Florida Historical Quarterly
On a spring evening in 1841, Major Ethan A. Hitchcock (1798-1870), mindful of the rare privilege of spending a night alone in a "small neat house" overlooking Tampa bay, rather than encamped in the East Florida wilderness, opened a trunk containing his flute and some sheet music and proceeded to play a few pieces. Pausing for a moment, he put his instrument down and walked over to an open window where he "sat in the light of the moon." As the air blew gently, Hitchcock was overcome by a rush of feeling. "I could haye wept," he confided to his …
New Systems, Established Traditions: Governor James Grant's Indian Diplomacy And The Evolution Of British Colonial Policy, 1760-1771, James L. Hill
New Systems, Established Traditions: Governor James Grant's Indian Diplomacy And The Evolution Of British Colonial Policy, 1760-1771, James L. Hill
Florida Historical Quarterly
Grant, the first governor of the British province of East Florida, arrived at St. Augustine in 1763 with a determination to prioritize Indian diplomacy. He desperately wanted to avoid violence between settlers and the neighboring Creek Indians, as he feared that internecine warfare on the frontier would scare potential immigrants from moving to the colony. The governor sought peaceful relations, not as a humanitarian aim, but as a means of advancing his goal of developing East Florida. To this end, Grant devised what he called a "new system" for the management of Indian affairs. This "new system," actually relied on …
Perfectly Still No More: Unionists In Confederate Northeast Florida, T. W. Upchurch
Perfectly Still No More: Unionists In Confederate Northeast Florida, T. W. Upchurch
Florida Historical Quarterly
James William Allen's career as a Confederate soldier lasted only six months; he doubled over with a hernia and was discharged on the last day of 1861.2 His reaction to this medical condition is unknown since Allen left no letters,journal, or public pronouncement. Did he have dreams of military glory that were squashed by his rather inglorious medical condition? After all, Allen's unit, the St. Augustine Blues, had moved only 60 miles up the road to Fernandina.3 He had not left his home state nor, we assume, had he fired a weapon except to practice his marksmanship. However, judging by …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Foster, Climate and Culture Change in North America AD 900-1600. by David McCally; Din, War on the Gulf Coast: The Spanish Fight against William Augustus Bowles. by Kristofer Ray; Millett, The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World. by Jeffrey L. Fortney; Lawson, Jim Crow's Counterculture: The Blues and Black Southerners, 1890-1945. by Court Carney; Reid and Bennett, eds., Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction. by Dolita D. Cathcart; Boyd, Georgia Democrats, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Shaping of the New South. by Sarah H. Brown; De …
The Role Of Cattle Ranching In The 1656 Timucuan Rebellion: A Struggle For Land, Labor, And Chiefly Power, Justin B. Blanton
The Role Of Cattle Ranching In The 1656 Timucuan Rebellion: A Struggle For Land, Labor, And Chiefly Power, Justin B. Blanton
Florida Historical Quarterly
Late in the spring of 1656, the principle cacique of Timucua, Lucas Menendez, led a group of twenty Indians on an attack of the La Chua cattle ranch of north Florida.1 The raiding Indians murdered a Spanish soldier and two African slaves in addition to slaughtering all the cattle. Lucas Menendez spared the surprised ranch owner, Juan Menendez Marquez, but ordered him to abandon the ranch and leave Florida for Spain.2 These events, together with four other murders in the Western Timucua mission province, are known as the Timucuan rebellion.
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Jennings, New Worlds of Violence: Cultures and Conquests in the Early American Southeast. by David A. Nichols; Frank and Kilbride, eds, Southern Character: Essays in Honor of Bertram Wyatt-Broum. by Adam Tate; Carey, Sold Down the River: Slavery in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley of Alabama and Georgia. by Lauren K. Thompson; Bush, I Fear I Shall Never Leave This Island: Life in a Civil War Prison. by Steven J. Ramold; Barnes, ed., The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemanicipation Life. by Stacy Pratt McDermott; Way, Conerving Southern Longleaf: Herbert Stoddard and the Rise of Ecological Land Management. by Tom Okie; …
Colonialism On The Spanish Florida Frontier: Mission San Luis, 1656-1704, Bonnie G. Mcewan
Colonialism On The Spanish Florida Frontier: Mission San Luis, 1656-1704, Bonnie G. Mcewan
Florida Historical Quarterly
The status of indigenous chiefs in the Americas was acknowledged by Spaniards in 1492.1 This resulted in a hierarchical social order of republics, including "a Republic of Spaniards, a Republic of Indians, and a "third order" of free blacks and mixed bloods ... presumed to have an African taint."2 During the seventeenth century, this framework became an important element in structuring the Indies and other colonies such as La Florida.3 In exchange for allegiance and tribute obligations, chiefs received special privileges, immunities, honorific titles, and material gifts that reinforced their status. However, the recognition of native nobility and indigenous political …
The Historical Archaeology Of Seventeeth-Century La Florida, Bonnie G. Mcewan
The Historical Archaeology Of Seventeeth-Century La Florida, Bonnie G. Mcewan
Florida Historical Quarterly
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, St. Augustine was still recovering from Francis Drake's 1586 raid during which the town and fields were ravaged.1 Officials were also evaluating the fallout from the 1597 Guale Rebellion during which four of the five friars working among the native peoples were killed, and rebuilding the town following a devastating fire in 1599. If not for St. Augustine's strategic location and perceived progress in the religious conversion of natives, Florida might well have been abandoned at the turn of the century. As it turned out, the next century would be the period of …
"These People Are Not Conquered Like Those Of New Spain": Florida's Reciprocal Colonial Compact, Amy Turner Bushnell
"These People Are Not Conquered Like Those Of New Spain": Florida's Reciprocal Colonial Compact, Amy Turner Bushnell
Florida Historical Quarterly
In 1605, Pedro de Ybarra, Governor of Florida, sent a terse note to Fray Benito de Blasco, a missionary who had gone behind his back to send his own envoy to the wild coast south of St. Augustine. "These people are not conquered like those of New Spain," he warned him. "This is a new land."1 As the Spanish extended their influence over the New World, they encountered a broad range of environments and peoples, and how they related to them differed from place to place. The maritime periphery of Florida, which included parts of present-day South Carolina, Georgia, and …
500 Years Of Florida History--The Seventeenth Century, Connie L. Lester
500 Years Of Florida History--The Seventeenth Century, Connie L. Lester
Florida Historical Quarterly
Seventeenth-century Florida little resembled the region Ponce de Leon first visited in 1513. Various indigenous peoples still dominated the peninsula but their numbers had dramatically declined over the years due to disease, warfare, and migration. Thousands of Europeans visited the locale during the 1600s, many of them planning to stay permanently, few of them actually doing so, and most failing to realize their economic, religious or imperial goals there. Africans and African Americans also lived in the region and its hinterlands, though the majority did so under circumstances they would not have chosen. Partially as a result, by 1700 Florida …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Davis, The Rogue Republic: How Would-Be Patriots Waged the Shortest Revolution in American History. by Miles Smith; Hatch, Osceola and the Great Seminole War: A Struggle for Justice and Freedom. by Patricia Riles Wickman; Marotti, The Cana Sanctuary: History, Diplomacy, and Black Catholic Marriage in Antebellum St. Augustine, Florida. by Larry Eugene Rivers; Gallagher, The Union War. by Brian Craig Miller; Weinfeld, The Jackson County War: Reconstruction and Resistance in Post-Civil War Florida. by Will Guzman; Frantz, The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877-1933. by R. Matthew Poteat; Bowen, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, …
Looking For Angola: An Archaeological And Ethnohistorical Search For A Nineteenth Century Florida Maroon Community And Its Caribbean Connections, Rosalyn Howard
Looking For Angola: An Archaeological And Ethnohistorical Search For A Nineteenth Century Florida Maroon Community And Its Caribbean Connections, Rosalyn Howard
Florida Historical Quarterly
The "Looking for Angola" project (LFA) commenced on December 12, 2004 when shovels broke ground on the south side of the Manatee River at the point where it meets the Braden River. Based upon historical research, this area is believed to be the former location of Angola. Historian John Lee Williams referred to it as "Negro Point,"1 but in a land claim document filed by two Cuban fishermen it was labeled "Angola."2 The groundbreaking marked the realization of Project Director Vickie Oldham's wish to relate the story of early African American settlers in the Tampa Bay-Sarasota area of Florida. While …
Shipwrecked In The Atlantic World: Reevaluating Jonathan Dickinson's Interactions With Native Peoples Along Florida's Southeastern Coast, Jason Daniels
Florida Historical Quarterly
As the sun rose upon the mangled and beleaguered Reformation on October 23, 1696, Jonathan Dickinson, an Anglo-Jamaican planter in the process of relocating his mercantile affairs to Philadelphia, found himself shipwrecked hundreds of miles from the nearest European colony and stranded amongst Native Americans.2 For modern scholars, Dickinson's account of his two-month odyssey from present-day Jupiter Island to Spanish St. Augustine has proved to be an indispensable ethnographical tract for examining Native Americans living south of the Spanish mission provinces during the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Nevertheless, this complicated and inscrutable text, like much of the Florida peninsula, remains …
Entangled Borderlands: Europeans And Timucuans In Sixteenth-Century Florida, Jonathan Decoster
Entangled Borderlands: Europeans And Timucuans In Sixteenth-Century Florida, Jonathan Decoster
Florida Historical Quarterly
In February 1566, grisly news reached the Norman port cities of Dieppe and Le Havre. The French Huguenot colonists, who had left those ports for Florida less than two years previously, had been cruelly slaughtered by Spaniards. An open letter to France's king, purportedly written by the widows and orphans of the victims, was quickly published in an attempt to prod the crown into action. "The blood of your poor subjects, thus treacherously spilt, cries out before God for vengeance," it exclaimed.1 When the crown seemed deaf to the public outcry, a private citizen, Dominique de Gourgues, felt driven to …
Alachua Settlers And The Second Seminole War, C. S. Monaco
Alachua Settlers And The Second Seminole War, C. S. Monaco
Florida Historical Quarterly
The role of Florida's interior settlements and relatively modest settler population has never been assigned much historical significance vis-a-vis the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). With few exceptions, the historiography has focused on the military aspects of this protracted conflict, with certain key battles, military commanders, Native American leaders, and the destruction of the east coast sugar plantations garnering the most interest.2 The ramifications of President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act (1830) which celebrated the prospect of placing "a civilized population on large tracts of country now occupied by a few savage hunters"3 are well-known, along with the treaties of Moultrie …
Florida History In Publications, 2011, Florida Historical Society
Florida History In Publications, 2011, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
No abstract provided.
American Gibraltar: Key West During World War Ii, Abraham H. Gibson
American Gibraltar: Key West During World War Ii, Abraham H. Gibson
Florida Historical Quarterly
As visitors and locals alike will attest, there is no other place in America quite like Key West. Separated from the Florida peninsula by more than a hundred miles, the island city lies closer to Havana than Miami. The archipelago to which it belongs not only boasts the only tropical climate in the lower forty-eight, but also features flora and fauna found nowhere else on Earth. Even the ground underfoot is unique. A mere hundred thousand years ago, Key West was not only underwater, but alive. Its entire surface teemed with millions of tiny coral which slowly built the island's …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Gallay, ed., Indian Slavery in Colonial America. by Heidi Scott Giusto; Belko, ed., America's Hundred Years' War: U.S. Expansion to the Gulf Coast and the Fate of the Seminole, 1763-1858. by Brent R. Weisman; Kolb III and Weir, eds., Captured at Kings Mountain: The Journal of Uzal Johnson, A Loyalist Surgeon. by Jim Piecuch; Kenny, Contentious Liberties: American Abolitionists in Post-Emancipation Jamaica, 1834-1866. by Susan J. Fernandez; Waters and Edmonds, A Small but Spartan Band: The Florida Brigade in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. by Daniel James Flook; Sharpless, Cooking in Other Women's Kitchens: Domestic Workers in the South, 1865-1960. …
Some Thoughts On Spanish East And West Florida, James G. Cusick
Some Thoughts On Spanish East And West Florida, James G. Cusick
Florida Historical Quarterly
As Andrew McMichael points out in Atlantic Loyalties, the eastern Spanish borderlands of Louisiana and the Floridas suffered constant upheaval in the 40 years between 1778 and 1818. During those years, some fourteen different episodes of conspiracy, revolt, or invasion shook colonial society, beginning with the raids of James Willing in 1778 and carrying on through the First Seminole War of 1817-1818 (see Table 1).1 Although several of these upheavals stemmed from general warfare in the region, many were instigated by fairly small groups of men who played upon the discontent of fellow settlers or who drew on a base …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Hall Jr., Zamumo's Gifts: Indian-European Exchange in the Colonial Southeast. by Linford D. Fisher; Gragg, The Quaker Community on Barbados: Challenging the Culture of the Planter Class. by Jennifer Lockard Connerley; White, Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic. by John Davies; Morrisey, Pirate Hunter, A Novel. by Edward C. Woodward. Marrs, Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society. by Richard Jensen; Bernath, Confederate Minds: The Struggle for Intellectual Independence in the Civil War South. by Martin P. Johnson; Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. by Janie Gould; …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Snyder, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America. by Tiya Miles; Schafer, Thunder on the River: The Civil War in Northeast Florida. by Judith F. Gentry; Huibregtse, American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919-1935. by Thomas A. Castillo; Pacheco, Tales from the 5th St. Gym: Ali, the Dundees, and Miami's Golden Age of Boxing. by Andrew Smith; Wood, Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890 - 1940. by Darius J. Young; Winsboro, Old South, New South, or Down South?: Florida and the Modern Civil Rights Movement. by Christopher B. …