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Articles 1861 - 1890 of 13299

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The Equal Rights Amendment And The Florida Legislature, Joan S. Carver Dec 2021

The Equal Rights Amendment And The Florida Legislature, Joan S. Carver

Florida Historical Quarterly

The Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution was one of the most volatile and divisive issues facing the Florida legislature in the 1970s. Lobbying was active on the issue, shifts in support by legislators were frequent, and votes closely divided. Adding to the intensity of the deliberations was the importance of the Florida vote. By 1977 thirty-five states had approved the amendment, only three states short of the thirty-eight necessary for adoption. Despite vigorous efforts on its behalf, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was not ratified by the Florida legislature, and Florida was joined in history with those …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

FLORIDA’S GUBERNATORIAL POLITICS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, by David R. Colburn and Richard K. Scher, reviewed by William C. Havard; THE U.S. NAVY IN PENSACOLA, FROM SAILING SHIPS TO NAVAL AVIATION (1825-1930), by George F. Pearce, reviewed by Frank L. Owsley, Jr.; A HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY, FLORIDA, by Edward P. Keuchel, reviewed by Jerrell H. Shofner; CONFERENCE ON FLORIDA’S MARITIME HERITAGE, CURTIS-HIXON CONVENTION CENTER, TAMPA, FLORIDA, MARCH 22-23, 1980, edited by Barbara A. Purdy, reviewed by Louis De Vorsey, Jr.; THE STRUGGLE FOR THE GULF BORDERLANDS: THE CREEK WAR AND THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, 1812-1815, by Frank Lawrence …


The Southern Indians In The War Of 1812: The Closing Phase, John Sugden Dec 2021

The Southern Indians In The War Of 1812: The Closing Phase, John Sugden

Florida Historical Quarterly

It has been conventional to equate the conflict between the southern Indians and the United States during the War of 1812 with the Creek war of 1813-1814. More correctly, however, there were three stages of the fighting, each emanating from standing grievances against the Americans nursed by Creek and Seminole bands, but receiving their initial impetus from separate sources. In 1812 and 1813, the Seminoles and their Negro allies, rallied by the Spanish who were concerned to protect their possessions in the south from American filibusters, participated in a number of skirmishes. A second phase of Indian hostility to the …


Florida And The Royal Navy's Floridas, Robert R. Rea Dec 2021

Florida And The Royal Navy's Floridas, Robert R. Rea

Florida Historical Quarterly

The naming of ships, like the naming of babies, may depend upon the most whimsical of circumstances, yet in both instances some significance is apt to lie behind the name. Just as the adoption of a long-hallowed family name displays a pride of ancestry, the attachment of a place-name to a ship reflects a certain territorial pride. So it was with the great battleships of the United States Navy that bore such names as Florida and Alabama — the latter now enshrined in Mobile Bay. It is a matter of considerable historical curiosity, however, to find the name of Florida …


Postscript To The Martin Tabert Case: Peonage As Usual In The Florida Turpentine Camps, Jerrell H. Shofner Dec 2021

Postscript To The Martin Tabert Case: Peonage As Usual In The Florida Turpentine Camps, Jerrell H. Shofner

Florida Historical Quarterly

In 1923 NAACP Secretary James Weldon Johnson wrote the editor of the New York World thanking him for the paper’s exposure of brutality in the Florida turpentine camps which had caused the state legislature to abolish the leasing of county convicts to private companies. Himself a product of the progressive era and a believer in man’s ability to reform his society through positive legislation, Johnson wrote that “ending this evil” was “a long step toward the ending of peonage.” The state had already been prohibited in 1919 from leasing its prisoners to private firms, but counties had continued the practice …


Florida Seminoles And The Census Of 1900, Harry A. Kersey, Jr. Dec 2021

Florida Seminoles And The Census Of 1900, Harry A. Kersey, Jr.

Florida Historical Quarterly

One of the most persistent problems confronting historians dealing with the Seminole Indians in Florida during the late-nineteenth century has been a paucity of reliable population data. In the first four decades of the modern tribal era, the years following cessation of the Third Seminole War in 1858, there was only one attempt at a comprehensive account of Florida Seminoles. That was a survey conducted in the winter of 1880-1881 by Clay MacCauley for the Smithsonian Institution, which yielded what has become the generally accepted base line population figures. He found 208 Seminoles residing in the state, the unhappy remnant …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

FLORIDA’S POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, edited by Manning J. Dauer, reviewed by Charlton W. Tebeau; FLORIDA’S AVIATION HISTORY: THE FIRST 100 YEARS, by Warren J. Brown, reviewed by John P. Ingle, Jr.; FLORIDA ARCHAEOLOGY, by Jerald T. Milanich and Charles H. Fairbanks, reviewed by Stephen J. Gluckman; THE REVOLUTION REMEMBERED: EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, edited by John C. Dann, reviewed by Geraldine M. Meroney; CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES K. POLK. VOLUME V, 1839-1841, edited by Wayne Cutler, reviewed by Joseph H. Parks; VIOLENCE AND CULTURE IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH, by Dickson D. Bruce, Jr., reviewed by Ernest M. Lander, …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

LAND INTO WATER--WATER INTO LAND: A HISTORY OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN FLORIDA, by Nelson M. Blake, reviewed by George E. Buker; A REVOLUTIONARY PEOPLE AT WAR: THE CONTINENTAL ARMY AND AMERICAN CHARACTER, 1775-1783, by Charles Royster, reviewed by Gerard W. Gawalt; THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL POLITICS: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, by Jack N. Rakove, reviewed by Robert A. Rutland; THE MADISONS: A BIOGRAPHY, by Virginia Moore, reviewed by John Hebron Moore; THE MAKING OF TOCQUEVILLE’S DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, by James T. Schleifer, reviewed by Herbert Aptheker; CHATTEL SLAVERY AND WAGE SLAVERY: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONTEXT, 1830-1860, by Marcus …


The "Coggins Affair": Desegregation And Mores In Madison County, Florida, Charlotte Downey-Anderson Dec 2021

The "Coggins Affair": Desegregation And Mores In Madison County, Florida, Charlotte Downey-Anderson

Florida Historical Quarterly

Madison, Florida, in the 1950s was a quiet, pretty town of approximately 3,000. The courthouse square which dominates the downtown area was surrounded by stores and was lined with Sabal palms. To the north and across the street from the courthouse there is a small city park with the “Four Freedoms” monument, built in memory of Army Air Corps Captain Colin P. Kelly, a World War II hero. Pleasant homes dot the oakshaded streets leading from the square. Madison is and was a typical southern town. During the 1950s and the 1960s, racial and social constraints were rigid in the …


West Florida's Forgotten People: The Creek Indians From 1830 Until 1970, Lucius F. Ellsworth Dec 2021

West Florida's Forgotten People: The Creek Indians From 1830 Until 1970, Lucius F. Ellsworth

Florida Historical Quarterly

The Indian population in West Florida was relatively small in 1830 when Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. In addition to the approximately 800 Creeks settled on reservations along the Apalachicola River, small groups of fifty to sixty people made their homes near Choctawhatchee Bay and Blackwater Bay, and a few Indians and half-bloods lived in Pensacola. From time to time individuals and small bands came to the area to hunt and fish, to find pasture for their cattle, and to obtain supplies in Pensacola.1 Most of the Indians had become at least partially acculturated. Some of the more isolated …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

LA POBLACION DE LUISIANA ESPANOLA (1763-1803), by Antonio Acosta Rodríguez, reviewed by Paul E. Hoffman; FIFTY YEARS OF PLEASURE: THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF PUBLIX SUPER MARKETS, INC., by Pat Watters, reviewed by Charlton W. Tebeau; ARCHEOLOGY AND A SCIENCE OF MAN, by Wilfred T. Neill, reviewed by John W. Griffin; DISCOVERING AMERICA, 1700-1875, by Henry Savage, Jr., reviewed by Richard A. Bartlett; THE PAPERS OF HENRY LAURENS, VOLUME SEVEN: AUG. 1, 1769-OCT. 9, 1771, edited by George C. Rogers, Jr., David R. Chestnutt, and Peggy J. Clark, reviewed by Richard Walsh; LETTERS OF DELEGATES TO CONGRESS, 1774-1789, VOLUME 4: MAY …


Art Is Long; Life Isn't Randolph Caldecott In America And In Florida, John Cech Dec 2021

Art Is Long; Life Isn't Randolph Caldecott In America And In Florida, John Cech

Florida Historical Quarterly

Randolph Caldecott, the noted British illustrator, began his first and last visit to the United States and eventually to Florida in November 1885. Born in 1846, Caldecott was nearly forty and near the end of his life at the time of the journey. Friends had encouraged him to spend the worst part of the winter of 1885-1886 in St. Augustine, Florida, and the American South, away from the bleak English weather that often threatened to break his fragile health. Caldecott suffered, for most of his relatively short life, from a heart condition, the aftereffects of a childhood bout with rheumatic …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

ETHNIC MINORITIES IN GULF COAST SOCIETY: PROCEEDINGS OF THE GULF COAST HISTORY AND HUMANITIES CONFERENCE, VOLUME VIII, edited by Jerrell H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth, reviewed by Gary Mormino; RELACIONES DE DEPENDENCIA ENTRE FLORIDA Y ESTADOS UNIDOS (1783-1820), by Pablo Tornero Tinajero, reviewed by Bruce S. Chappell; AFRICANS AND CREEKS: FROM THE COLONIAL PERIOD TO THE CIVIL WAR, by Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., reviewed by Kenneth Wiggins Porter; AARON BURR: THE YEARS FROM PRINCETON TO VICE PRESIDENT, 1756-1805, by Milton Lomask, reviewed by Aubrey C. Land; THE PRESIDENCY OF ANDREW JACKSON: WHITE HOUSE POLITICS, 1829-1837, by Richard B. Latner, …


Federal Schools And Acculturation Among The Florida Seminoles, 1927-1954, Harry A. Kersey, Jr. Dec 2021

Federal Schools And Acculturation Among The Florida Seminoles, 1927-1954, Harry A. Kersey, Jr.

Florida Historical Quarterly

The Great Depression of the 1930s would bring incalculable hardship to thousands of Floridians of all races. Actually, the state’s economy had been in constant decline since the late twenties when the excessive speculation of the land boom led to a spectacular “bust,” aided in no small part by a pair of devastating hurricanes occurring only two years apart. Thus, the southernmost state preceded the nation into the economic abyss. As is generally true in such periods of national economic decline, ethnic and linguistic minorities bore the brunt of unemployment and privation. In Florida, one of the groups most adversely …


Liberal Arts On The Florida Frontier: The Founding Of Rollins College, 1885-1890, Jack C. Lane Dec 2021

Liberal Arts On The Florida Frontier: The Founding Of Rollins College, 1885-1890, Jack C. Lane

Florida Historical Quarterly

Although unique in its particulars, the founding of Rollins College in 1885 strongly resembled the formation and establishment of liberal arts colleges throughout the nineteenth century. Three forces-educational denominationalism, community boosterism, and real estate entrepreneurism-converged during the century to create a mania of indiscriminate college-building that produced as many as 700 institutions by the beginning of the Civil War. Founded in the waning years of the “ages of colleges,” Rollins fits this nineteenth-century pattern. It was the Congregational Church that established Rollins in the small frontier town of Winter Park, Florida. The local citizens provided most of the funds, and …


John Willis Menard: A Progressive Black In Post-Civil War Florida, Bess Beatty Dec 2021

John Willis Menard: A Progressive Black In Post-Civil War Florida, Bess Beatty

Florida Historical Quarterly

John Willis Menard was thirty-three years old when he arrived in Florida in 1871. Born in Kaskaskia, Illinois, he had attended Iberia College in Ohio and had been employed by the federal government during the Civil War. His service on a committee which surveyed areas in Central America as possible sites for settlement of emancipated slaves had made him even more aware of the needs of the black freedman. He was the first black to be elected to the United States House of Representatives, although he was never seated. He also for a time was editor of the New Orleans …


Florida, "Our Own Italy": James F. B. Marshall's Post-Civil War Letters To Edward Everett Hale, Patricia P. Clark Dec 2021

Florida, "Our Own Italy": James F. B. Marshall's Post-Civil War Letters To Edward Everett Hale, Patricia P. Clark

Florida Historical Quarterly

While touring Florida during the winter of 1867 as agent for the New England Emigrant Aid Company, which hoped to revitalize its pre-war colonizing efforts, James F. B. Marshall regularly corresponded with company officers: Thomas B. Forbush, secretary, and Edward Everett Hale, vice-president. His letters to Forbush were shared with prospective emigrants and used in the secretary’s publication, Florida: The Advantages and Inducements Which It Offers to Immigrants. In writing to Hale, Marshall offered more confidential observations relating to people he contacted, especially politicians, businessmen, government land agents, large property owners, and speculators, in short, anyone who might be able …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

THE SOUTHERN COLONIAL FRONTIER, 1607-1763, by W. Stitt Robinson, reviewed by Kenneth Coleman; THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR IN THE SOUTH: POWER, CONFLICT, AND LEADERSHIP. ESSAYS IN HONOR OF JOHN RICHARD ALDEN, edited by W. Robert Higgins, reviewed by Robin F. A. Fabel; A SACRED CIRCLE: THE DILEMMA OF THE INTELLECTUAL IN THE OLD SOUTH, 1840-1860, by Drew Gilpin Faust, reviewed by Charles B. Dew; “JOURNAL OF A SECESH LADY,” THE DIARY OF CATHERINE ANN DEVEREAUX EDMONSTON, 1860-1866, edited by Beth G. Crabtree and James W. Patton, reviewed by Anne Firor Scott; SHERMAN’S MARCH, by Richard Wheeler, reviewed by Richard M. McMurry; …


A New Voyage Of North American Discovery: Pedro De Salazar's Visit To The "Island Of Giants", Paul E. Hoffman Dec 2021

A New Voyage Of North American Discovery: Pedro De Salazar's Visit To The "Island Of Giants", Paul E. Hoffman

Florida Historical Quarterly

The voyages to North America and along the coast by Spanish explorers Juan Ponce de León, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Juan de Pineda, and Esteban Gómez are known because of the work of scholars like Henry Harrissee, Woodbury Lowery, and more recently, Samuel Eliot Morison. Andres González de Barcía, in recounting these tales, now available in English translation, described the activities of Diego Miruelo, a pilot who supposedly landed in Florida in 1516 and, eight years later, 1524, while serving Vázquez de Ayllón, became mad and died when he could not find the place he had visited in 1516. But …


Juan De La Villebeuvre And Spanish Indian Policy In West Florida, 1784-1797, Jack D. L. Holmes Dec 2021

Juan De La Villebeuvre And Spanish Indian Policy In West Florida, 1784-1797, Jack D. L. Holmes

Florida Historical Quarterly

Borderlands scholars who have studied Spanish policy toward the Indian tribes of North America have remarked on the notable difference between the mission- presidio system of the “New Southwest” and the trading-post techniques of the “Old Southwest.” In the area stretching from Memphis on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and from the Mississippi River to St. Augustine on the Atlantic coast, Spain followed the successful patterns established first by the French until 1763, and thereafter by the British in West Florida until the close of the American Revolution.


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

PLACES IN THE SUN: THE HISTORY AND ROMANCE OF FLORIDA PLACE NAMES, by Bertha E. Bloodworth and Alton C. Morris, reviewed by Margaret L. Chapman; MALIGNED GENERAL: A BIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS S. JESUP, by Chester L. Keiffer, reviewed by Frank Laumer; THE STORY OF A NUN: JEANIE GORDON BROWN, by Jane Quinn, reviewed by Eileen F. Rice; ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF STATE LEADERSHIP IN FLORIDA PUBLIC EDUCATION, by Arthur O. White, reviewed by Harry A. Kersey, Jr.; TIME OF THE TURTLE, by Jack Rudloe, reviewed by Gloria Jahoda; INTELLECTUAL LIFE IN THE COLONIAL SOUTH, 1585-1763, by Richard Beale Davis, reviewed …


The Unicameral Legislature In Florida, Allen Morris Dec 2021

The Unicameral Legislature In Florida, Allen Morris

Florida Historical Quarterly

The government organized by President James Monroe and the Congress in March 1822, for the management of the newly-acquired territory in Florida, included a one-house legislature known as the legislative council. This unicameral legislature lasted seventeen years, from 1822 until 1838. Efforts to revive the one-house body did not commence until 1967.


Ruggles Hubbard, Civil Governor Of Fernandina, Marilyn Maple Dec 2021

Ruggles Hubbard, Civil Governor Of Fernandina, Marilyn Maple

Florida Historical Quarterly

Ruggles Hubbard was one of the four men who became embroiled in a power struggle over Amelia Island, Florida, in the late summer of 1817. The island was originally occupied on June 29, 1817, by General Sir Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish revolutionary who claimed to represent several South American insurgent governments. He dreamed of freeing Florida from Spanish control with support he had solicited from certain United States citizens in Baltimore and Philadelphia. His flag, a green St. George’s Cross on a white field, was raised over Fernandina, as he proclaimed his victory in the name of the independence of …


Mary Grace Quackenbos, A Visitor Florida Did Not Want, Jerrell H. Shofner Dec 2021

Mary Grace Quackenbos, A Visitor Florida Did Not Want, Jerrell H. Shofner

Florida Historical Quarterly

By the early twentieth century the Florida turpentine industry was at its zenith. Hundreds of thousands of pines were boxed for turpentine, and thousands of men in scores of isolated camps tended the trees for their employers. The operators of the camps in turn sold their products to naval stores marketing firms in Jacksonville, Savannah, or Tampa. These large factors then disposed of the turpentine and resin according to price quotations usually established by the Savannah market and followed by those of other cities. It was big business and heavily influenced by the harshest competitive practices of the day. Fierce …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

THE MINUTES, JOURNALS, AND ACTS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF BRITISH WEST FLORIDA, compiled and edited by Robert R. Rea and Milo B. Howard, Jr., reviewed by J. Leitch Wright, Jr.; CARDINALES DE DOS INDEPENDENCIAS (NORESTE DE MEXICO-SURESTE DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS), a symposium held at the Universidad Iberoamericana with the collaboration of the University of Florida, reviewed by Aileen Moore Topping; NATURE GUIDE TO FLORIDA, by Richard Rabkin and Jacob Rabkin, reviewed by Wyatt Blassingame; A SEASON OF YOUTH: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE HISTORICAL IMAGINATION, by Michael Kammen, reviewed by J. Leitch Wright, Jr.; THE GENTLEMEN THEOLOGIANS: AMERICAN …


Tallahassee's Black Churches, 1865-1885, Robert L. Hall Dec 2021

Tallahassee's Black Churches, 1865-1885, Robert L. Hall

Florida Historical Quarterly

The development of religious freedom and the establishment of independent churches by blacks, following the Civil War, was a momentous change in black-white social relations. Although the black churches of various denominations shared a general feeling of assertiveness and independence, the individual churches in Tallahassee, representing distinctive denominations, were not uniform in their historical origins, political orientations, or leadership styles. Following the war, black Southerners of the Methodist persuasion had several paths open to them. A sizable number cast their lot with the African Methodist Episcopal Church which made remarkable inroads in the former slaveholding states. A smaller number, about …


"Yo Solo" Not "Solo": Juan Antonio De Riano, Eric Beerman Dec 2021

"Yo Solo" Not "Solo": Juan Antonio De Riano, Eric Beerman

Florida Historical Quarterly

While Bernardo de Gálvez’s forcing the entrance of Pensacola Bay with his brigatine Galveztown during the American Revolutionary War is well known, virtually forgotten are the other Spaniards who also participated in that campaign on March 18, 1781. This is especially true of teniente de fragata (naval lieutenant) Juan Antonio de Riaño, Gálvez’s brother-in-law. For the heroism of Gálvez, King Charles III of Spain added to his coat of arms a replica of him on the deck of the Galveztown with the motto “Yo Solo” (I alone). Although Gálvez displayed his mettle on that day, he did not force the …


Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society Dec 2021

Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

THE AWAKENING OF ST. AUGUSTINE: THE ANDERSON FAMILY AND THE OLDEST CITY, 1821-1924, by Thomas Graham, reviewed by Michael V. Gannon; SITUACION HISTORICA DE LAS FLORIDAS EN LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XVIII, by Elena Sanchez-Fabres Mirat, reviewed by Charles W. Arnade; EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FLORIDA: THE IMPACT OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, edited by Samuel Proctor, reviewed by Robert R. Rea; THE FLORIDA WARS, by Virginia Bergman Peters, reviewed by John K. Mahon; SOURCES OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE: SELECTED MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE WILLIAM L. CLEMENTS LIBRARY, edited by Howard Peckham, reviewed by Gerard W. Gawalt; JOHN ROSS, CHEROKEE CHIEF, by …


Trail Indians Of Florida, James W. Covington Dec 2021

Trail Indians Of Florida, James W. Covington

Florida Historical Quarterly

The story of the Trail Indians of Florida is the account of Seminoles who loved Florida as much as any group that ever lived here-Latins, crackers, or transplanted Yankees-and who fought the United States government to a virtual standstill in three nineteenth-century wars in a fierce determination to maintain their homes somewhere on the peninsula. In terms of religion, education, and their general life pattern, the Trail Indians have been among the most recalcitrant in the United States against the threats of the white man’s civilization. In recent years one group of Seminoles, organized into the Miccosukee Tribe, launched a …


Early Childhood Family Education: Language And Pre-Academic Skills For Latinx Dual Language Learners, Katherine B. Green, Robert A. Griffin, Chelsea T. Morris, Mary Alice Varga Dec 2021

Early Childhood Family Education: Language And Pre-Academic Skills For Latinx Dual Language Learners, Katherine B. Green, Robert A. Griffin, Chelsea T. Morris, Mary Alice Varga

Journal of English Learner Education

This study describes the effectiveness of an early childhood family education (ECFE) program built on a two-generation and strengths-based model to support dual language learners (DLLs) and their families. The researchers investigated the extent to which participation in the ECFE program influenced adult caregivers (n = 15) and the preschool-aged Latinx DLLs (n = 32) who participated, specifically regarding change related to the children’s language and literacy skills and pre-academic skills, families’ perceptions of their home literacy environments, caregivers’ perceptions of their own literacy skills, and caregivers’ actions regarding early literacy at home. Findings were robust and revealed …