Digital Commons Network^™

Structural Molecular And Developmental Evidence For Cell-Type Diversity In Cnidarian Mechanosensory Neurons, Julia Baranyk, Kristen Malir, Miguel A.P. Silva, Sakura Rieck, Gracie Scheve, Nagayasu Nakanishi

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Deploying a conserved mechanosensory neuron known as the concentric hair cell, cnidarians have evolved diverse mechanoreceptors from hydroid filiform tentacles to jellyfish statocysts. However, it is unknown whether cnidarian mechanoreceptor evolution has relied solely on repurposing a single ancestral mechanosensory neuron type. Here we report evidence for cell-type diversity of mechanosensory neurons in sea-anemone cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Uncovered in the ectoderm of feeding tentacles are conventional type I hair cells and previously unrecognized type II hair cells differing in the structure of apical sensory apparatus and synapses. Moreover, we identify TRP channel-encoding gene polycystin-1 as a type-II-hair-cell-specific essential mediator of …

Blackberry Growth Monitoring And Feature Quantification With Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Uav) Remote Sensing, Akwasi Tagoe, Alexander Silva, Cengiz Koparan, Aurelie Poncet, Dongyi Wang, Donald Johnson, Margaret Worthington

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Efficiently managing agricultural systems necessitates accurate data collection from crops to examine phenotypic characteristics and improve productivity. Traditional data collection processes for specialty horticultural crops are often subjective, labor-intensive, and may not provide accurate information for precise management decisions in phenotypic studies and crop production. Reliable and standardized techniques to record and evaluate crop features using agricultural technology are essential for improving agricultural systems. The objective of the research was to develop a methodology for accurate measurement of blackberry flowers and vegetation coverage using UAV remote sensing and image analysis. The UAV captured 20,812 images in the visible spectrum, and …

Editorial: Predicting, Managing, And Minimizing Mycotoxicosis In Farm Animals, Jesus Adonai Maguey-Gonzalez, Juan D. Latorre, Sergio Gomez-Rosales, Abraham Mendez-Albores

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Editorial on the Research Topic: Predicting, managing, and minimizing mycotoxicosis in farm animals

Ad Fontes: Divergence-Time Estimation And The Age Of Angiosperms, Stephen A. Smith, Jeremy M. Beaulieu

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Accurate divergence times are essential for interpreting and understanding the context in which lineages have evolved. Over the past several decades, debates have surrounded the discrepancies between the inferred molecular ages of crown angiosperms, often estimated from the Late Jurassic into the Permian, and the fossil record, placing angiosperms in the Early Cretaceous. That crown angiosperms could have emerged as early as the Permian or even the Triassic would have major implications for the paleoecological context of the origin of one of the most consequential clades in the tree of life. Here, we argue, and demonstrate through simulations, that the …

The Divergent Responses Of Salinity Generalists To Hyposaline Stress Provide Insights Into The Colonisation Of Freshwaters By Diatoms, Kathryn J. Judy, Eveline Pinseel, Kala M. Downey, Jeffrey A. Lewis, Andrew J. Alverson

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Environmental transitions, such as the salinity divide separating marine and fresh waters, shape biodiversity over both shallow and deep timescales, opening up new niches and creating opportunities for accelerated speciation and adaptive radiation. Understanding the genetics of environmental adaptation is central to understanding how organisms colonise and subsequently diversify in new habitats. We used time-resolved transcriptomics to contrast the hyposalinity stress responses of two diatoms. Skeletonema marinoi has deep marine ancestry but has recently invaded brackish waters. Cyclotella cryptica has deep freshwater ancestry and can withstand a much broader salinity range. Skeletonema marinoi is less adept at mitigating even mild …

Geosciences Affiliated Publications: Snapshot Of The Research Publications 2018-2023, Danna Jaimes-Fajardo, Jeremy J. Smith, Lutishoor Salisbury

University Libraries Faculty Publications and Presentations

This report provides a snapshot of the research publications for authors affiliated with the Geosciences department at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, for the period 2018-2023. It includes publications by material type; co-author characteristics; ranking of journals according to journal citation reports.

Noncontact Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Of Synovial Fluid Samples For Rapid Identification Of Infections, Erin E. Drewke, Robert L. Brand, Caroline G. Geels, Hanna K. Jensen, Kevin Wong, Jarret D. Sanders, Narasimhan Rajaram

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Severe joint infections, such as septic arthritis, require rapid diagnostic testing of the synovial fluid aspirated from joints level so that a surgical team can be assembled quickly. We present a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) system for noncontact determination of infection. Using a light-tight syringe holder and fiber optic probe, diffusely reflected light from 475 to 655 nm was acquired from 18 patient samples through the wall of a syringe in a noncontact and sterile manner. We determined the reflectance ratios at two different wavelengths—R ₄₉₀/R ₆₀₀ and R ₅₈₀/R ₆₀₀ and found statistically significant …

The Short Stress State Questionnaire In German (Sssq-G), Veronika Ringgold, Grant Shields, Felicitas Hauck, Miriam Kurz, Lena Schindler-Gmelch, Luca Abel, Robert Richer, Bjoern M. Eskofier, Nicolas Rohleder

Psychological Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: Although the physiological stress response is well established, self-reported stress has received less attention. Some validated measures assess task-related stress via self-report in English. However, no such measure exists in Germany. Aims: To address this research gap, we translated and validated the Short Stress State Questionnaire in German (SSSQ-G). It assesses stress-related affective states (e.g., anger) and appraisals (e.g., feelings of control). We expected to replicate the factor structure of the English SSSQ in the SSSQ-G. Methods: We included the SSSQ-G in five studies that induced stress either via the gold standard task for acute stress …

Assessing The Effects Of Dasatinib On Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, David P. Heinrichs, Vitali Maldonado, I Kade Karisma Gita Ardana, Ryan M. Porter, Rebekah M. Samsonraj

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Introduction

Progressive aging, or senescence, of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is a major obstacle faced when trying to culture potent stem cells for use in therapy. Senescent cells are irreversibly nondividing cells that cease performing critical functional effects. Elimination of senescent cells using biochemical means, such as the use of senolytic drugs like dasatinib, may be useful in retaining the viable and proliferating populations of the cells.

Methods

An in vitro approach was used to investigate the effect of dasatinib on phenotypic, genotypic, and immunomodulatory functionality of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiated MSCs. Replicative senescence was achieved through multiple sub-culturing in …

Shell Translucency: A Novel Eggshell Quality Parameter In Broiler Breeders, Duarte Neves, Austin Jasek, Colwayne Morris, Raquel Burin, Kevin Stephens, Marco Rebollo

Proceedings of the Arkansas Nutrition Conference

In the United States, nearly 240 million commercial broiler breeder eggs are incubated weekly with an average hatchability of 79.1% (Third Party Reporting). Between 160 eggs/hen and 125 chicks/hen the loss is considerable. In 2007, an estimated 1% improvement in hatchability would escalate profits by over $25 million to hatcheries and markedly increase profitability in broiler operations (Schaal and Gherian, 2007). In order to tap into top hatchability performances, egg management in commercial hatcheries such as egg storage time and conditions, incubation temperature and humidity, as well as turning frequency are of utmost importance (Vick et al., 1993; Reis et …

Ontogenetic Biomechanics Of Tufted (Sapajus) And Untufted (Cebus) Capuchin Mandibles, Taylor A. Polvadore, Caitlin B. Yoakum, Parker M. Taylor, Megan A. Holmes, Myra F. Laird, Janine Chalk-Wilayto, Claudia Misue Kanno, Jose Americano De Oliveira, Claire E. Terhune

Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Objectives

Cortical bone geometry is commonly used to investigate biomechanical properties of primate mandibles. However, the ontogeny of these properties is less understood. Here we investigate changes in cortical bone cross-sectional properties throughout capuchin ontogeny and compare captive versus wild, semi-provisioned groups. Tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp.) are known to consume relatively hard/tough foods, while untufted capuchins (Cebus spp.) exploit less mechanically challenging foods. Previous research indicates dietary differences are present early in development and adult Sapajus mandibles can resist higher bending/shear/torsional loads.

Materials and methods

This study utilized microCT scans of 22 Cebus and 45 Sapajus from early …

Resistance To Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase (Accase) Inhibitor In Lolium Multiflorum: Effect Of Multiple Target-Site Mutations, Gulab Rangani, Ana Claudia Langaro, Shilpi Agrawal, Reiofeli Algodon Salas-Perez, Juan Camilo Velasquez, Christopher E. Nelson, Nilda Roma-Burgos

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a persistent weed species that poses significant management challenges in key agricultural crops such as wheat, corn, cotton, and soybean. This study investigated the prevalence of resistance to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, specifically diclofop and pinoxaden, among field-collected Italian ryegrass populations. The survey revealed widespread resistance to diclofop and emerging cross-resistance to pinoxaden. To elucidate the physiological mechanism of ACCase herbicide resistance, we investigated mutations in the carboxyl-transferase (CT) domain of the ACCase enzyme, a critical region for herbicide sensitivity. Using dCAPS assays and CT domain sequencing, several known resistance-conferring mutations were detected in …

Effect Of Heat Stress On The Expression Of Circulating Cyto(Chemo)Kine And Inflammatory Markers In Broiler Chickens Selected For High- Or Low-Water Efficiency, Elizabeth S. Greene, Travis Tabler, Walter G. Bottje, Sara Orlowski, Sami Dridi

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background:

Water scarcity is a current, significant global concern that will only increase under the pressure of climate change. Improving water efficiency of poultry is a new and promising area to help temper agriculture's future impact on fresh water availability. Here, we explored the effects of acute heat stress (HS) on circulating stress and inflammatory markers in 2 lines of broilers divergently selected for water efficiency. Methods:

Male chicks from low (LWE) and high water efficient (HWE) lines were raised in 12 environmental chambers (2 pens/chamber, 6 chambers/line, 20 birds/pen) under normal conditions until day 28. On day 29, birds …

Clomazone And Oxyfluorfen Combinations In A Flooded Rice System, Jason K. Norsworthy, Casey H. Arnold, Thomas R. Butts, Trenton L. Roberts, Chad W. Shelton

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rice producers battle herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide while producing rice for ≥50% of the world’s population. Oxyfluorfen can provide rice producers with an alternative site of action for barnyardgrass control, as there are no documented cases of grass weeds being resistant to the herbicide in the mid-southern United States. Oxyfluorfen is anticipated to be labeled in the Roxy Rice Production System and may be sold as a clomazone/oxyfluorfen premixture; hence, experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate preemergence-applied clomazone/oxyfluorfen ratios compared to clomazone alone on silt loam and clay soils. All ratios of the herbicides caused less than 7% …

Proteomic Analysis Reveals Major Proteins And Pathways That Mediate The Effect Of 17-Β-Estradiol In Cell Division And Apoptosis In Breast Cancer Mcf7 Cells, Zhenqi Zhou, Brihget Sicairos, Jianhong Zhou, Yuchun Du

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Despite extensive research, the genes/proteins and pathways responsible for the physiological effects of estrogen remain elusive. In this study, we determined the effect of estrogen on global protein expression in breast cancer MCF7 cells using a proteomic method. The expression of 77 cytosolic, 74 nuclear, and 81 membrane/organelle proteins was significantly altered by 17-β-estradiol (E2). Protein enrichment analyses suggest that E2 may stimulate cell division primarily by promoting the G1 to S phase transition and advancing the G2/M checkpoint. The effect of E2 on cell survival was complex, as it could simultaneously enhance and inhibit apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that …

Oxyfluorfen Use In Combination With Clomazone Or Quinclorac, Jason K. Norsworthy, Casey H. Arnold, Thomas R. Butts, Chad W. Shelton

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Oxyfluorfen is a herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase and has shown significant potential in its ability to control barnyardgrass. Oxyfluorfen is categorized as a Group 14 herbicide by the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)/Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). Despite its current lack of labeling for use on rice in the mid-southern United States due to its potential to cause crop injury, the introduction of a trait in rice that confers resistance to oxyfluorfen could provide producers with an effective alternative site of action for weed control. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons near …

Food Science Affiliated Publications, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville: Snapshot Of The Research Publications, Jeremy J. Smith, Lutishoor Salisbury

University Libraries Faculty Publications and Presentations

This report provides a snapshot of the research publications for authors affiliated with the Food Science department at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, for the period 2018-2023. It includes publications by material type; co-author characteristics; ranking of journals according to journal citation reports.

Crystal Archer: Profile Of The Newest Chbc Faculty Member, Danna Jaimes-Fajardo, Jeremy J. Smith, Lutishoor Salisbury

University Libraries Faculty Publications and Presentations

Presents the research profile of Crystal Archer, Assistant Professor, Chemistry and Biochemistry department. It highlights her research interests, education, and impact of her research.

Investigating In Vivo Tumor Biomolecular Changes Following Radiation Therapy Using Raman Spectroscopy, Varsha Karunakaran, Sina Dadgar, Santosh K. Paidi, April Mordi, Whitney A. Lowe, Umme Marium Mim, Jesse D. Ivers, Joel Rodriguez Troncoso, Jared A. Mcpeake, Alric Fernandes, Sanidhya D. Tripathi, Ishan Barman, Narasimhan Rajaram

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Treatment resistance is a major bottleneck in the success of cancer therapy. Early identification of the treatment response or lack thereof in patients can enable an earlier switch to alternative treatment strategies that can enhance response rates. Here, Raman spectroscopy was applied to monitor early tumor biomolecular changes in sensitive (UM-SCC-22B) and resistant (UM-SCC-47) head and neck tumor xenografts for the first time in in vivo murine tumor models in response to radiation therapy. We used a validated multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) model to resolve complex multicomponent Raman spectra into individual pure spectra and their respective contributions. We observed …

Simultaneous Modulation Of Pulse Charge And Burst Period Elicits Two Differentiable Referred Sensations, T. R. Benigni, A. E. Pena, S. S. Kuntaegowdanahalli, J. J. Abbas, R. Jung

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Objective. To investigate the feasibility of delivering multidimensional feedback using a single channel of peripheral nerve stimulation by complementing intensity percepts with flutter frequency percepts controlled by burst period modulation. Approach. Two dimensions of a distally referred sensation were provided simultaneously: intensity was conveyed by the modulation of the pulse charge rate inside short discrete periods of stimulation referred to as bursts and frequency was conveyed by the modulation of the period between bursts. For this approach to be feasible, intensity percepts must be perceived independently of frequency percepts. Two experiments investigated these interactions. A series of two alternative forced …

Leveraging Imitation Learning In Agricultural Robotics: A Comprehensive Survey And Comparative Analysis, Siavash Mahmoudi, Amirreza Davar, Pouya Sohrabipour, Ramesh Bahadur Bist, Yang Tao, Dongyi Wang

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Imitation learning (IL), a burgeoning frontier in machine learning, holds immense promise across diverse domains. In recent years, its integration into robotics has sparked significant interest, offering substantial advancements in autonomous control processes. This paper presents an exhaustive insight focusing on the implementation of imitation learning techniques in agricultural robotics. The survey rigorously examines varied research endeavors utilizing imitation learning to address pivotal agricultural challenges. Methodologically, this survey comprehensively investigates multifaceted aspects of imitation learning applications in agricultural robotics. The survey encompasses the identification of agricultural tasks that can potentially be addressed through imitation learning, detailed analysis of specific models …

Expanded Gene And Taxon Sampling Of Diplomonads Shows Multiple Switches To Parasitic And Free-Living Lifestyle, Monika Wiśniewska, Erik Salomaki, Jeffrey D. Silberman, Kristina Terpis, Eva Mazancová, Petr Táborský, Vasana Jinathama, Eleni Gentekaki, Ivan Čepička, Martin Kolisko

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background

Diplomonads are anaerobic flagellates classified within Metamonada. They contain both host-associated commensals and parasites that reside in the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans (e.g., Giardia intestinalis), as well as free-living representatives that inhabit freshwater and marine anoxic sediments (e.g., Hexamita inflata). The evolutionary trajectories within this group are particularly unusual as the free-living taxa appear to be nested within a clade of host-associated species, suggesting a reversal from host-dependence to a secondarily free-living lifestyle. This is thought to be an exceedingly rare event as parasites often lose genes for metabolic pathways that are essential to a …

Fifteen Years Of Findings: Advancements In Spring Dead Spot Research From 2009 To 2024, W. J. Hutchens, J. K. Anders, E. L. Butler, J. P. Kerns, D. S. Mccall, G. L. Miller, N. R. Walker

Horticulture Faculty Publications and Presentations

Spring dead spot (Ophiosphaerella spp.; SDS) is one of the most detrimental diseases to warm-season turfgrasses, particularly bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), growing in climates where cold temperatures induce dormancy. The pathogen can infect the crowns, stolons, rhizomes, and roots of bermudagrass most of the year, but infection in the fall predisposes the turf to winter injury and plant death. Symptoms typically appear the following spring, making management of SDS challenging. Moreover, the biology, epidemiology, and management of SDS are not fully understood. Ample research has been conducted on SDS which was thoroughly summarized before 2009 by Tredway et al. …

Predicting Spatiotemporal Patterns Of Productivity And Grazing From Multispectral Data Using Neural Network Analysis Based On System Complexity, Amanda J. Ashworth, A. Avila, H. Smith, T. E. Winzeler, P. Owens, C. Flynn, P. O'Brien, D. Philipp, J. Su

Environmental Dynamics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Remote sensing tools, along with Global Navigation Satellite System cattle collars and digital soil maps, may help elucidate spatiotemporal relationships among soils, terrain, forages, and animals. However, standard computational procedures preclude systems-level evaluations across this continuum due to data inoperability and processing limitations. Deep learning, a subset of neural network, may elucidate efficiency of livestock production and linkages within the livestock-grazing environment. Consequently, we applied deep learning to environmental remote sensing data to (1) develop predictive models for yield and forage nutrition based on vegetation indices and (2) at a pixel-level (per 55 m²), identify how grazing is …

Prospective Exploratory Evaluation Of Cepheid Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Host Response Cartridge: A Focus On Adolescents And Young Adults, Marva Seifert, Donald G. Catanzaro, Michael Gracia, Naomi Hillery, Sabira Tahseen, Faisal Masood, Uzma Majeed, Rebecca E. Colman, Rehan Syed, Antonino Catanzaro, Timothy Rodwell

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background. An accurate, rapid, non-sputum-based triage test for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) is needed. Methods. A prospective evaluation of the Cepheid GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis Host Response cartridge (Xpert- MTB-HR), a prototype blood-based host response mRNA signature assay, among individuals presenting with TB-like symptoms was performed in Pakistan and results were compared to 3 reference standards: Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, bacteriological confirmation (Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and/or culture positivity), and composite clinical diagnosis (clinician diagnosis, treatment initiation, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, and/or culture positivity). Analyses were conducted both for the entire study cohort and separately in the adolescent and young adult cohort (aged 10–24 years). …

Deciphering The Interdomain Coupling In A Gram-Negative Bacterial Membrane Insertase, Adithya Polasa, Shadi A. Badiee, Mahmoud Moradi

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

YidC is a membrane protein that plays an important role in inserting newly generated proteins into lipid membranes. The Sec-dependent complex is responsible for inserting proteins into the lipid bilayer in bacteria. YidC facilitates the insertion and folding of membrane proteins, both in conjunction with the Sec complex and independently. Additionally, YidC acts as a chaperone during the folding of proteins. Multiple investigations have conclusively shown that Gram-positive bacterial YidC has Sec-independent insertion mechanisms. Through the use of microsecond-level all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have carried out an in-depth investigation of the YidC protein originating from Gram-negative bacteria. This …

Diverse Origins Of Near-Identical Antifreeze Proteins In Unrelated Fish Lineages Provide Insights Into Evolutionary Mechanisms Of New Gene Birth And Protein Sequence Convergence, Nathan Rives, Vinita Lamba, C.H. Christina Cheng, Xuan Zhuang

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Determining the origins of novel genes and the mechanisms driving the emergence of new functions is challenging yet crucial for understanding evolutionary innovations. Recently evolved fish antifreeze proteins (AFPs) offer a unique opportunity to explore these processes, particularly the near-identical type I AFP (AFPI) found in four phylogenetically divergent fish taxa. This study tested the hypothesis of protein sequence convergence beyond functional convergence in three unrelated AFPI-bearing fish lineages. Through comprehensive comparative analyses of newly sequenced genomes of winter flounder and grubby sculpin, along with available high-quality genomes of cunner and 14 other related species, the study revealed that near-identical …

Quantifying Temperature Effects On Plant Development Rates And Quality Of Compact Container-Grown Pepper, Ryan W. Dickson, Sonali Padhye, Leala M. Machesney, Josh Tebow

Horticulture Faculty Publications and Presentations

The mean daily temperature effects on plant development rates and quality of compact container-grown pepper were evaluated. Compact pepper cultivars Fresh Bites Yellow and Hot Burrito were grown in greenhouses at 18 to 26 °C (Expt. 1) and 20 to 30 °C (Expt. 2) under supplemental high-pressure sodium lighting and a 16-hour photoperiod. The number of days to first open flower, to first ripe fruit, and from flower to ripe fruit were measured and the development rates calculated by taking the reciprocal (e.g., 1/day). Temperature effects were predicted by fitting a nonlinear exponential function that included the base temperature ( …

Noise Leads To The Perceived Increase In Evolutionary Rates Over Short Time Scales, Brian C. O'Meara, Jeremy M. Beaulieu

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Across a variety of biological datasets, from genomes to conservation to the fossil record, evolutionary rates appear to increase toward the present or over short time scales. This has long been seen as an indication of processes operating differently at different time scales, even potentially as an indicator of a need for new theory connecting macroevolution and microevolution. Here we introduce a set of models that assess the relationship between rate and time and demonstrate that these patterns are statistical artifacts of time-independent errors present across ecological and evolutionary datasets, which produce hyperbolic patterns of rates through time. We show …

Drying Techniques For Precooked Hybrid Rice To Ensure Quality Of Instantized Rice, Anne Adhiambo Okeyo, Kaushik Luthra, Justin Siebenmorgen, Alan R. Vazquez, Griffiths Atungulu

Food Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background and Objectives

Due to the emergence of new hybrid rice cultivars, rice processors must refine their processing protocols to maintain the production of high-quality products. This is crucial for the instant rice processing industry. Therefore, this study aims to refine current convective heated air-drying processing methods to suit the new hybrid rice cultivars intended for instant rice production. New strategies to dry cooked rice were investigated. These included drying in a stepwise manner with high (230–200°C) and medium (190–160°C) air temperatures and drying at constant high (200°C) and medium (160°C) air temperatures. Changes in quality attributes of two new …