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Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Of Potential Mineral Resources At Elephant Mountain, Interior Alaska, Khawaja Ahad Javed
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Of Potential Mineral Resources At Elephant Mountain, Interior Alaska, Khawaja Ahad Javed
Geosciences
This study explores the application of hyperspectral remote sensing for mineral mapping purposes at Elephant Mountain, Interior Alaska, focusing on airborne and laboratory-based spectroscopic techniques. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was conducted using the HySpex imaging system, acquiring airborne hyperspectral imagery over an area of proven mineral resources. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HSI in identifying alteration minerals, considering the impact of spatial resolution, sensor altitude, and spatial resampling on mineral detection accuracy. A spectral feature-fitting algorithm within the USGS-developed PRISM software was employed to compare airborne-derived spectra with USGS spectral library standards. Laboratorybased spectrometric analyses of rock samples …
Marine Methane: Sources And Potential Adverse Effects, Sadia Mahmuda
Marine Methane: Sources And Potential Adverse Effects, Sadia Mahmuda
Engineering
Recently, there has been an increase in the occurrence of incidents involving spills of oil and natural gas, such as methane. The world experiences at least one major spill in each decade. An illustrative case is the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. This catastrophe resulted in the discharge of about 205.8 million gallons of oil and 225,000 metric tons of methane gas into the Gulf of Mexico. More recently, in 2022, the Nord Stream pipeline leak occurred, which was the largest single methane release ever recorded. It released up to 500K tons of methane …
Bedrock Geologic Mapping Of The Willow Creek Area And Deformational History Of The Hatcher Pass Schist, Southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska, Isabella P. Muller
Bedrock Geologic Mapping Of The Willow Creek Area And Deformational History Of The Hatcher Pass Schist, Southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska, Isabella P. Muller
Geosciences
The Willow Creek area in the southernmost Talkeetna Mountains of south-central Alaska is the southern extent of the Wrangellia composite terrane (WCT). Most of south-central Alaska represents a subduction-accretion complex built upon the southern WCT. The purpose of this project is to better constrain the origin and evolution of the Hatcher Pass schist (HPs), a regionally retrogressed chlorite-muscovite schist with plagioclase and garnet porphyroblasts in the Willow Creek area. I conducted bedrock mapping of the Willow Creek area along with structural and petrographic analyses to better constrain the petrogenetic and structural history of the HPs, its contact with forearc sediments …
Effects Of Target Properties On The Formation Of Lunar Impact Craters In The Simple-To-Complex Transition, Mitali Chandnani
Effects Of Target Properties On The Formation Of Lunar Impact Craters In The Simple-To-Complex Transition, Mitali Chandnani
Geosciences
The transition from simple to complex crater morphology in impact craters with increase in crater size has been modelled and observed in planetary bodies across the Solar System. The transition diameter depends upon the strength and gravity of the planetary body. On the Moon, this transition takes place over a diameter range of several kilometers. This range spans a diversity of crater morphologies including simple, transitional and complex craters. The diameter range of 15 20 km falls within the lunar simple-to-complex transition. All other impactor properties held constant, the 15-20 km range corresponds to a factor of three in the …
Market Impacts And Global Implications Of U.S. Shale Development And Hydraulic Fracturing: An Economic, Engineering, And Environmental Perspective, Maduabuchi Pascal Umweke
Market Impacts And Global Implications Of U.S. Shale Development And Hydraulic Fracturing: An Economic, Engineering, And Environmental Perspective, Maduabuchi Pascal Umweke
Economics
The United States oil industry is experiencing a revolution because of significant oil production from tight oil plays since the mid-2000s. Advancements in horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing are powering this new chapter in oil development. Increased oil production has brought billions of dollars of new revenue to oil companies involved in tight oil exploration and production, new jobs in the oil industry, and more tax revenue to oil regions around the U.S. However, tight oil resources do not only exist in the U.S. An understanding of the U.S. tight oil development experience could bring value to stakeholders within …
Xunaa Shuká HíT, The Tribal House, In Glacier Bay National Park And Preserve, Alaska, Emiko Furuya
Xunaa Shuká HíT, The Tribal House, In Glacier Bay National Park And Preserve, Alaska, Emiko Furuya
Arctic and Northern Studies
This research analyzes the Tribal House project in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve in Southeast Alaska, which the Hoonah Indian Association (the tribal government at Hoonah) and Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve have promoted collaboratively. The Tribal House project is the construction of an indigenous structure in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, primarily for the use of Hoonah, the local Tlingit community. This research investigates the motivations of the partners in supporting the project. It concludes that the two partners' motivations, which derive from distinct missions, reconcile with one another in a complex way. The Hoonah Indian …
Environmental Forensics: An Innovative Technique Using Bone To Identify Mercury And Stable Isotope Levels In Internal Tissues Of Wildlife In A Changing Western Alaska Environment, Bonita Hope Dainowski
Environmental Forensics: An Innovative Technique Using Bone To Identify Mercury And Stable Isotope Levels In Internal Tissues Of Wildlife In A Changing Western Alaska Environment, Bonita Hope Dainowski
Chemistry and Biochemistry
We evaluated if total mercury (THg) concentrations of keratin-based and bone-based tissues can predict THg concentrations in skeletal muscle, renal medulla, renal cortex, and liver. The THg concentration in matched tissues of 65 red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, from western Alaska was determined. Hair THg concentration had a significant positive correlation with liver, renal medulla, renal cortex, and muscle. The THg concentration is moderately predictive of THg concentration in the renal cortex and liver for these foxes based on R² values (R² = 0.61 and 0.63, respectively), but was not moderately predictive of THg for renal medulla R² = 0.50 and …
Feasibility Study Of In-Situ Heat Generation For Oil Reservoirs Underlying The Permafrost, Mohammad Ali Kargarpour
Feasibility Study Of In-Situ Heat Generation For Oil Reservoirs Underlying The Permafrost, Mohammad Ali Kargarpour
Engineering
Development of a heavy oil reservoir is a challenging issue in the oil industry. One of the major issues in heavy oil recovery is its high viscosity; so, using heating methods for producing oil have been developed and employed from the early 1950s. The existing relatively thick permafrost layer which overlays the heavy oil reservoirs of the North Slope of Alaska creates additional complexities for development of these heavy oil reservoirs. Applying any heating oil recovery process in regular way to these heavy oil Alaskan reservoirs would potentially jeopardize the permafrost layer. A down-hole heat generation system has been developed …
Modeling The Injection Of Co₂-N₂ In Gas Hydrates To Recover Methane Using Cmg Stars, Shruti Oza
Modeling The Injection Of Co₂-N₂ In Gas Hydrates To Recover Methane Using Cmg Stars, Shruti Oza
Engineering
The objective of this project was to develop a reservoir simulation model using CMG STARS for gas hydrates to simulate the Ignik Sikumi#1 field trial performed by ConocoPhillips at the North Slope, Alaska in 2013. The modeling efforts were focused exclusively on the injection of CO₂-N₂ in gas hydrate deposits to recover methane after an endothermic reaction. The model was history matched with the available production data from the field trial. Sensitivity analysis on hydrate saturation, intrinsic permeability, relative permeability curves, and hydrate zone size was done to determine the impact on the production. This was followed by checking the …
Natural Fracture Character And Distribution Adjacent To The Nenana Basin, Central Alaska, Alec J. Rizzo
Natural Fracture Character And Distribution Adjacent To The Nenana Basin, Central Alaska, Alec J. Rizzo
Geosciences
The NE-trending Nenana basin is a Cenozoic-aged basin located in central Alaska between the Denali and Tintina fault systems. The narrow, deep basin is a current exploration target for oil and gas resources in Interior Alaska. Natural fractures were analyzed to further understand larger structural features such as faults and folds related to the structural evolution of the Nenana basin and surrounding areas. Fracture sets were measured and described on the margin of the basin at four field locations: the Fairbanks area, along the Parks Highway between Fairbanks and Nenana, and in outcrop around the Nenana and Healy areas. In …
Genetic Population Structure And Dynamics Of Nearctic Bering Cisco And Applied Mixed-Stock Analysis Of The Yukon River Commercial Fishery, Ora L. Russ
Theses and Dissertations
Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) are anadromous salmonids with only three known spawning populations located in the Yukon, Kuskokwim, and Susitna river drainages, respectively in Alaska. Bering cisco are actively harvested in both subsistence and commercial fisheries in Alaska. The work presented herein was a genetic study conducted on Bering cisco with three main objectives: 1) to develop genetic markers for Bering cisco; 2) to evaluate the population structure of the Yukon, Kuskokwim, and Susitna spawning aggregations and 3) to use genetic mixed-stock analysis to estimate the contributions of baseline cisco populations to the Yukon Delta commercial harvest during 2010, 2011, …
Petrologic And Geochemical Tracers Of Magmatic Movement In Volcanic Arc Systems: Case Studies From The Aleutian Islands And Kamchatka, Russia, Owen Kelly Neill
Petrologic And Geochemical Tracers Of Magmatic Movement In Volcanic Arc Systems: Case Studies From The Aleutian Islands And Kamchatka, Russia, Owen Kelly Neill
Geosciences
Mixing, crystallization and degassing commonly affect magmas during storage, ascent and eruption from volcanoes. As these interactions cannot be observed directly, they must be characterized using chemical signatures of volcanic eruptive products. In this dissertation, geochemical tracers of magma mixing, crystallization and degassing were employed to investigate the magmatic systems of Kasatochi Island volcano, central Aleutian Islands, and Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, in three studies. The purpose of the first study was to characterize eruptive products from the 2008 eruption of Kasatochi Island volcano. This eruption produced pumiceous, medium-K andesite, as well as denser, medium-K basaltic andesite, with variable bulk …
Freshwater Fish Biogeography In The Bering Glacier Region, Alaska, Heidi L. Weigner
Freshwater Fish Biogeography In The Bering Glacier Region, Alaska, Heidi L. Weigner
Biological Sciences
Bering Glacier, Alaska, is Earth's largest surging glacier, with surges occurring approximately every 20-30 years since 1900. Surges and subsequent retreats lead to a dynamic environment for aquatic communities, as glacial ice over-rides landscapes and new habitats form during glacial retreat. Lands around Bering Glacier are administered by the State of Alaska and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Purposes of this study are to characterize fish communities and provide information relevant to their management for BLM. Given Bering Glacier's remoteness, little information exists regarding its fish communities. Fish were collected over five summer field seasons (2002-2006), with 10 …
Depositional Systems, Paleoclimate, And Provenance Of The Late Miocene To Pliocene Beluga And Sterling Formations, Cook Inlet Forearc Basin, Alaska, Jacob Mongrain
Geosciences
The sedimentary record of forearc basins provides critical clues to the complex geologic history of subduction zones. This study focuses on Cook Inlet forearc basin, part of a larger forearc basin complex in southern Alaska. Specifically, I investigated the sedimentology, paleoclimate, and provenance of the Beluga and Sterling formations, comprising the late Miocene to Pliocene Cook Inlet basin record. These interpretations are used to reconstruct the Miocene-Pliocene basin history and better understand forearc development. Before ~11 Ma anabranching/single channel depositional systems of the Beluga Fm. deposited sediment on the western and eastern margins of Cook Inlet. Sandstone compositional data suggest …
Active Tectonics In Southern Alaska And The Role Of The Yakutat Block Constrained By Gps Measurements, Julie Elliott
Active Tectonics In Southern Alaska And The Role Of The Yakutat Block Constrained By Gps Measurements, Julie Elliott
Geosciences
GPS data from southern Alaska and the northern Canadian Cordillera have helped redefine the region's tectonic landscape. Instead of a comparatively simple interaction between the Pacific and North American plates, with relative motion accommodated on a single boundary fault, the margin is made up of a number of small blocks and deformation zones with relative motion distributed across a variety of structures. Much of this complexity can be attributed to the Yakutat block, an allochthonous terrane that has been colliding with southern Alaska since the Miocene. This thesis presents GPS data from across the region and uses it to constrain …
Development And Application Of A Methodology To Estimate Regional Natural Conditions For Trace Metals In Marine Sediments Of Southcentral Alaska's Coastal Region, Douglas H. Dasher
Development And Application Of A Methodology To Estimate Regional Natural Conditions For Trace Metals In Marine Sediments Of Southcentral Alaska's Coastal Region, Douglas H. Dasher
Marine Biology
Increasing levels of resource development and population growth along Alaska's relatively pristine coastline require responsible environmental stewardship that is based on scientifically defensible monitoring and assessment. This thesis develops a methodology to assess the spatial distribution of coastal sediment trace metals and estimate their natural condition along Alaska's coastline. Marine sediments provide a better integrated long-term signal for naturally occurring and anthropogenic chemicals than repeated water measurements. The first of three manuscripts reports on marine sediment trace metal concentrations from a probabilistic sampling survey of Alaska's Southcentral coastal region. Results are described on a proportional basis, i.e., percent of estuary …
An Engineering Study To Investigate The Methane Hydrate Resource Potential Associated With The Barrow Gas Fields In Alaska, Praveen Kumar Singh
An Engineering Study To Investigate The Methane Hydrate Resource Potential Associated With The Barrow Gas Fields In Alaska, Praveen Kumar Singh
Engineering
"Previous studies on the Barrow Gas Fields (BGF) in Alaska have suggested that accumulations of natural gas hydrates could exist within these reservoirs. In consideration of future energy challenges, and the potential of gas hydrates in meeting them, a comprehensive engineering study was undertaken to investigate the BGF for hydrates, and to recommend an optimal plan for future field development. The methane hydrate resource potential of the BGF, viz. the East Barrow (EB), South Barrow (SB), and Walakpa (WAL) gas pools, was analyzed by developing gas hydrate stability models. Material balance studies were performed on the EB gas field to …
Geologic Setting Of The Central Alaskan Hot Springs Belt: Implications For Geothermal Resource Capacity And Sustainable Energy Production, Amanda M. Kolker
Geologic Setting Of The Central Alaskan Hot Springs Belt: Implications For Geothermal Resource Capacity And Sustainable Energy Production, Amanda M. Kolker
Geosciences
The Central Alaskan Hot Springs Belt (CAHSB) is a vast stretch of low-temperature hydrothermal systems that has the potential to be a geothermal energy resource for remote communities in Alaska. Little exploration has occurred in the CAHSB and the resource is poorly understood. A geothermal power plant was installed in 2006 at Chena Hot Springs (CHS), one of the 30-plus hot springs in the CAHSB. This, in addition to the multiple direct use projects at CHS, could serve as a model for geothermal development elsewhere in the CAHSB. This dissertation evaluates the geologic setting of the CAHSB and explores the …
Stratigraphy, Structure, And Origin Of The Mendeleev Ridge From Bathymetry, Controlled Source Seismic, And Gravity Observations, Dayton W. Dove
Stratigraphy, Structure, And Origin Of The Mendeleev Ridge From Bathymetry, Controlled Source Seismic, And Gravity Observations, Dayton W. Dove
Geosciences
Multi-channel-seismic (MCS), seismic refraction, and gravity data collected over the Mendeleev Ridge have been processed and interpreted to describe the crustal style of the ridge, as well as the structural and depositional history. These results provide constraints on the origin of the ridge, and the tectonic evolution of the Amerasian Basin. MCS images reveal two primary sediment sequences separated by an unconformity that persists across the entire Mendeleev Ridge. The basement and lower sediment sequence exhibit pervasive normal faulting and the regional unconformity is interpreted to mark the end of extensional deformation. Modeling of the seismic refraction data reveals an …
Bathymetric And Spatial Distribution Of Echinoderms On Seamounts In The Gulf Of Alaska, Danielle Parker Underwood
Bathymetric And Spatial Distribution Of Echinoderms On Seamounts In The Gulf Of Alaska, Danielle Parker Underwood
Fisheries
The bathymetric and spatial distribution of echinoderms was examined on five seamounts in the Kodiak-Bowie seamount chain in the northern Gulf of Alaska from video transects of 200 or 500 m length, conducted at approximately 700, 1700 and 2700 m depths with the DSV Alvin in August, 2004. Temperature and salinity varied significantly with depth, but not between seamounts; an oxygen minimum zone encompassed the shallowest depth sampled. Holothuroid (Pannychia and Psolus) and asteroid density for the shallower depth category was 19.94·100 m⁻² and 2.07·100 m⁻², significantly higher than at the deeper depths. Asteroid density generally decreased northwesterly along the …
Exploration And Estimation Of Gravel Resource Potential In Southeast Chukchi Sea Continental Shelf Off Kivalina, Alaska, Abhijith T. D'Souza
Exploration And Estimation Of Gravel Resource Potential In Southeast Chukchi Sea Continental Shelf Off Kivalina, Alaska, Abhijith T. D'Souza
Engineering
Frequent storm surges in the Alaskan arctic result in washovers and high erosion of barrier islands. The village council of Kivalina has resolved to relocate from its present location on a barrier island in Northwest arctic Alaska to an adjacent onshore site. The relocation plan envisages excavation of upper 4 meter of the 25 km² onshore permafrost ground and construction of a foundation pad. The objective of this research is to estimate the gravel resource potential in the continental shelf off Kivalina. In this context seismic surveys and sediment sampling were conducted. The seismic surveys were of limited use as …
Evaluation Of Coalbed Methane Resource Potential Using Limited Data, Oluwabiyi Michael Olaniran
Evaluation Of Coalbed Methane Resource Potential Using Limited Data, Oluwabiyi Michael Olaniran
Engineering
This study presents the results of the evaluation of the Coalbed Methane (CBM) resource potential of the Cook Inlet Basin using a computer-aided well log analysis of the subsurface data. Coal seams were identified from the well logs. Formation and reservoir fluid properties including porosity, water saturation and net pay thickness of the coal seams were determined. The analysis revealed discontinuous coal seams interspaced largely by mudstone, silt, and sandstone formations within the depth of investigation. The CBM resource (Original Gas In Place) and recoverable reserves were estimated on per acre-foot basis. Monte Carlo simulation was run to refine the …
Neotectonic Framework Of The North-Central Alaska Range Foothills, Sean Patrick Bemis
Neotectonic Framework Of The North-Central Alaska Range Foothills, Sean Patrick Bemis
Geosciences
The northern foothills of the Alaska Range form a northward-convex salient at the apex of this orogen and the Denali fault. Despite the proximity of the northern foothills to the Denali fault and several historic large-magnitude earthquakes, the tectonic framework of this region has not been well-studied. A distinct pattern of east-trending folds and faults exists in both the bedrock and the geomorphic features. To assess the active structures of the region, I interpreted previous geologic mapping, developed cross-sections across the foothills belt, analyzed topographic and stream profiles, mapped the sequence of Quaternary fluvial terraces, and performed GPS transects across …
Post-Caldera Eruptions At Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska, With Emphasis On Recent Eruptions From Cone A, Delenora M. Grey
Post-Caldera Eruptions At Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska, With Emphasis On Recent Eruptions From Cone A, Delenora M. Grey
Geosciences
Okmok volcano has undergone two caldera-forming eruptions, 12,000 and 2050 BP, and has been quite active in historic time. The historic eruptive record has been compiled and augmented with descriptions and photographs of recent eruptions. Eruptions in 1958 and 1997 produced the first post-caldera lava flows to traverse most of the caldera floor. The source of these flows, Cone A, has been constructed largely during the 20th century. Major element analysis of lavas from eight major intracaldera cones reveals two chemically and spatially separate trends, which suggest two separate magma sources beneath the caldera, one feeding an arc of cones …
Modeling Of Permafrost And Gas Hydrate Stability Zone Within Alaskan Arctic Shelves And Continental Margins, Sergei I. Pokrovsky
Modeling Of Permafrost And Gas Hydrate Stability Zone Within Alaskan Arctic Shelves And Continental Margins, Sergei I. Pokrovsky
Geosciences
A mathematical model was used to determine the behavior of the thermal regime and temperature and pressure conditions due to climate and sea level variations of the gas hydrate stability zone formation at four sites within the Alaskan Arctic Shelf. Two soil types, coarse-grained and fine-grained, and three types of programs were used. The programs were distinguished by whether or not they took unfrozen water and latent heat into account. Simulations suggest the presence of subsea permafrost in a vast area of shelf near Prudhoe Bay. Near Barrow and Lonely subsea permafrost extends up to several tens of kilometers offshore, …
Lateral Magma Transport During The 1912 Eruption Of Novarupta: Insights From Magnetic Imaging, Graham J. Hill
Lateral Magma Transport During The 1912 Eruption Of Novarupta: Insights From Magnetic Imaging, Graham J. Hill
Geosciences
The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS), on the Alaska Peninsula, was formed by the cataclysmic eruption of Novarupta (Katmai) in 1912. During the eruption, three magma types were tapped (7-8 km³ of rhyolite, 4.5 km³ of dacite, and 1 km³ of andesite). Contemporaneous collapse of Mount Katmai while Katmai-like andesite and dacite magma joined the eruption at Novarupta provides incontrovertible evidence for magma transport from beneath Mount Katmai caldera to the vent 10 km west at Novarupta (Hildreth and Fierstein, 2000). Shallow storage of the andesite and dacite magmas beneath Mt. Katmai prior to the eruption of 1912 is …
Distance Activism And The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Julie M. Raymond-Yakoubian
Distance Activism And The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Julie M. Raymond-Yakoubian
Political Science
The growing phenomenon of distance place attachment and distance activism can be seen in the extensive network of non-visitors involved in the protection of places like the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. This type of activism is not an anomaly, but rather an increasingly significant global phenomenon, which has gone largely unexamined by researchers of environmentalism, activism, wilderness, and place attachment. Distance activism encompasses the standard definition of activism, with the addition that distance activists must not have had physical contact with the natural environment for which they are being active. I argue that distance activists' actions and beliefs …
Geologic Description And Reservoir Modeling Of A Jurassic Aged, Low Permeability, Light Oil Reservoir, Northern Coastal Plain, Alaska, Jack Robert Newell
Geologic Description And Reservoir Modeling Of A Jurassic Aged, Low Permeability, Light Oil Reservoir, Northern Coastal Plain, Alaska, Jack Robert Newell
Engineering
The objectives of the study include the analysis of the geologic description and reservoir modeling of a Jurassic aged, low permeability, light oil reservoir on the northern coastal plain of Alaska. The methodology of the study was to use a reservoir simulation model to evaluate the performance and cumulative recovery of the reservoir under primary depletion and a water injection process. Results of the simulation showed a primary recovery of 15.9 %OOIP of oil by solution gas drive. The results of thee simulation by a water displacement process showed that 41.9 %OOIP oil could be recovered with a production of …
Till Deformation Beneath Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, And Its Implication On Glacier Motion, Martin Truffer
Till Deformation Beneath Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, And Its Implication On Glacier Motion, Martin Truffer
Theses (Unassigned)
The motion of a glacier is largely determined by the nature of its bed. The basal morphology and its reaction to the overlying ice mass have been subject to much speculation, because the glacier bed is usually difficult to access, and good field data are sparse. In spring 1997 a commercial wireline drill rig was set up on Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, to extract cores of basal ice, subglacial till, and underlying bedrock. One of the boreholes was equipped with three tiltmeters to monitor till deformation, and a piezometer to record pore water pressure. The surface velocity and ice deformation …
Geology And Timing Of Zinc-Lead-Silver Mineralization, Northern Brooks Range, Alaska, Melanie Beth Werdon
Geology And Timing Of Zinc-Lead-Silver Mineralization, Northern Brooks Range, Alaska, Melanie Beth Werdon
Theses (Unassigned)
The north-central and northwestern Brooks Range of Alaska hosts widespread Carboniferous Zn-Pb-Ag +/- Ba shale-hosted massive sulfide (Sedex) deposits, and Zn-Pb-Ag +/- Cu vein-breccia and disseminated sulfide occurrences. The Sedex deposits are hosted by black carbonaceous shale and siliceous mudstone of the Mississippian to Pennsylvanian Kuna Formation and are spatially associated with minor (e.g. Red Dog) to locally abundant (e.g. Drenchwater) volcanic and hypabyssal intrusive rocks. The vein-breccia and disseminated sulfide occurrences show no obvious igneous association and are hosted by a deformed but only weakly metamorphosed package of Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian mixed continental and marine elastic rocks …