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Spatial And Temporal Epidemiology Of Suicides Among Alaska Native People, Deborah Hull-Jilly
Spatial And Temporal Epidemiology Of Suicides Among Alaska Native People, Deborah Hull-Jilly
Counseling
Alaska has one of the highest suicide rates among Indigenous populations in the United States. This study used data from the Alaska Violent Death Reporting System (AKVDRS) and applied spatial, temporal, and space-time analyses to identify unusual concentrations—or clusters—of suicide among Alaska Native people. This research identified one low-risk rural cluster and ten high-risk spatial clusters: six in urban boroughs and census areas (BCAs) and four in rural BCAs. Space-time analysis revealed eight clusters, most lasting an average of five years, with one emerging during the final three years of the study period. The study identified notable differences in mental …
Stable Isotope Analyses Of Eye Lenses And Stomach-Content Analysis Reveal Ontogenetic Variation In Arctic Whitefish Trophic Dynamics, Jonah A. Bacon
Stable Isotope Analyses Of Eye Lenses And Stomach-Content Analysis Reveal Ontogenetic Variation In Arctic Whitefish Trophic Dynamics, Jonah A. Bacon
Fisheries
Determining the ontogenetic trophic ecology of sympatric, morphologically similar fishes is critical for increasing our understanding of life history. We combined bulk and amino acid compound-specific stable isotope analysis of eye lenses with stomach-content analysis to examine ontogenetic trophic dynamics of four amphidromous whitefishes (Arctic Cisco Coregonus autumnalis, Least Cisco C. sardinella, Broad Whitefish C. nasus, Humpback Whitefish C. pidschian) from the central Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Compound-specific stable nitrogen isotope results showed slight increases in trophic position across ontogeny for each species and indicated the feasibility of this method for comparing the trophic ontogenetic development of closely related, mobile predator …
Climate Influences Emerge Within Two Decades Of Observations For Pelagic Tunicates And Pelagic Snails In The Northern Gulf Of Alaska, Emily Stidham
Climate Influences Emerge Within Two Decades Of Observations For Pelagic Tunicates And Pelagic Snails In The Northern Gulf Of Alaska, Emily Stidham
Oceanography
Mucus-net feeders are under-appreciated organisms that can have large impacts on how organic matter moves through food webs. In the Northern Gulf of Alaska and Prince William Sound they are represented primarily by pelagic tunicates (larvaceans, doliolids, salps) and pelagic snails (pteropods). Over a 20-year time-series (2001-2021) there was strong seasonality of larvacean abundance and species composition. Spring was dominated by Oikopleura labradoriensis and Fritillaria borealis, with higher diversity during autumn, due largely to the periodic presence of warm-water species. There was a distinct cross-shelf gradient with Oikopleura dioica, spreading across the lower salinity shelf during the autumn, and Fritillaria …
Improved Boreal Vegetation Mapping Using Imaging Spectroscopy To Aid Wildfire Management, Interior Alaska, Anushree Badola
Improved Boreal Vegetation Mapping Using Imaging Spectroscopy To Aid Wildfire Management, Interior Alaska, Anushree Badola
Geosciences
Wildfires are a natural and essential part of Alaska ecosystems, but excessive wildfires pose a risk to the ecosystem's health and diversity, as well as to human life and property. To manage wildfires effectively, vegetation/fuel maps play a critical role in identifying high-risk areas and allocating resources for prevention, suppression, and recovery efforts. Furthermore, vegetation/fuel maps are an important input for fire behavior models, along with weather and topography data. By predicting fire behavior, such as spread rate, intensity, and direction, fuel models allow fire managers to make informed decisions about wildfire suppression, management, and prevention. Traditionally used vegetation/fuel maps …
Seaweeds Across Ecosystem Boundaries: From Habitat Formation To Harvest Implications, Brian P. Ulaski
Seaweeds Across Ecosystem Boundaries: From Habitat Formation To Harvest Implications, Brian P. Ulaski
Marine Biology
This dissertation broadly investigates the response of wild stock seaweeds to harvesting, and their role as biogenic habitat formers when cast ashore. Seaweeds are important primary producers and foundation species that maintain their functional roles across coastal ecosystem boundaries. Climate-driven loss of seaweed biomass, including that of kelp forests, is exacerbated by other human-related activities that directly impact their persistence, such as overharvesting. Attached rockweeds and kelps are commonly harvested for food, while diverse assemblages of beach-cast seaweed wrack are collected for fertilizer. The importance of wrack habitat in Alaska has not been extensively explored, especially in regions where there …
Otolith Derived Hatch Dates, Growth Rates, And Microchemistry Of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) Support The Existence Of Several Spawning Populations In Alaskan Waters, Zane M. Chapman
Fisheries
The changing climate in the Arctic is resulting in increased air and water temperatures as well as a reduction in sea ice, affecting native species that evolved to live in the unique habitats of the Arctic Ocean. One species of significant importance to Arctic marine ecosystems is the Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida), a keystone species that serves as vital prey for many marine mammals, seabirds, and fishes. Arctic Cod have a strong association with sea ice for spawning and for much of their early life history. In the Pacific Arctic, little is known about their early life history, especially with …
Behavioral Observations And Stable Isotopes Reveal High Individual Variation And Little Seasonal Variation In Sea Otter Diets In Southeast Alaska, Nicole Laroche, Sydney L. King, Matthew C. Rogers, Ginny L. Eckert, Heidi C. Pearson
Behavioral Observations And Stable Isotopes Reveal High Individual Variation And Little Seasonal Variation In Sea Otter Diets In Southeast Alaska, Nicole Laroche, Sydney L. King, Matthew C. Rogers, Ginny L. Eckert, Heidi C. Pearson
Faculty, Staff, and Students
Two complementary approaches were used to assess year-round variation in the diet of sea otters Enhydra lutris around Prince of Wales Island (POW) in southern Southeast Alaska, a region characterized by mixed-bottom habitat. We observed sea otters foraging to determine diet composition during the spring and summer. Then, we obtained sea otter vibrissae, which record temporal foraging patterns as they grow, from subsistence hunters to identify year-round changes in sea otter diets via stable isotope analysis of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). We compared the stable isotopes from sea otter vibrissae and sea otter prey items that were collected during …
Ocean And Stream Ecology Of Adult Hatchery And Wild Pink Salmon, Julia Mcmahon
Ocean And Stream Ecology Of Adult Hatchery And Wild Pink Salmon, Julia Mcmahon
Fisheries
In this thesis I investigate potential interactions of hatchery and wild pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) at sea and on the spawning grounds, in the context of the ecological and economic importance of modern Alaskan hatcheries. Although hatchery and wild salmon are known to interact, the nature and outcome of those interactions remain unclear. Here, I identify potential mechanisms of competition and hatchery salmon fitness with two datasets from Prince William Sound, Alaska, home to the largest pink salmon hatchery program in the world. First, I compared fitness-related traits such as body length, return timing, instream lifespan, and egg retention between …
Tracing Carbon Sources Of Southern Beaufort Sea And Chukchi Sea Polar Bears Using Stable Isotope Analyses, Malia E.K. Smith
Tracing Carbon Sources Of Southern Beaufort Sea And Chukchi Sea Polar Bears Using Stable Isotope Analyses, Malia E.K. Smith
Marine Biology
The Southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulation has declined in response to sea ice loss, while the Chukchi Sea (CS) subpopulation appears stable. The substantial population decline in the SBS subpopulation in recent years is concurrent with increases in the proportion of polar bears coming on shore, and the duration they spend there. Both of these changes have been associated with the loss of access to their primary sea ice habitat, which is mainly used as a platform to hunt seals. The first objective of this study was to determine if the SBS and CS polar bear …
Sea Otter Diet Composition With Respect To Recolonization, Life History, And Season In Southern Southeast Alaska, Nicole Laroche
Sea Otter Diet Composition With Respect To Recolonization, Life History, And Season In Southern Southeast Alaska, Nicole Laroche
Fisheries
Until translocation efforts in the 1960s, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were absent from Southeast Alaska due to extirpation by the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. About 400 sea otters were reintroduced to six Southeast Alaska locations, including two sites near Prince of Wales Island in southern Southeast Alaska. The most recent US Fish and Wildlife Service population count, completed in 2012, estimated that about 25,000 sea otters inhabited Southeast Alaska. Sea otters will reduce invertebrate prey biomass when recolonizing an area. By quantifying sea otter diets and caloric intake according to recolonization patterns, we can better understand …
Community Composition And Biogeography Of Beetles And Spiders Across An Elevational Gradient In Denali National Park, Alaska, Adam Haberski
Community Composition And Biogeography Of Beetles And Spiders Across An Elevational Gradient In Denali National Park, Alaska, Adam Haberski
Biological Sciences
Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly altering alpine ecosystems in Alaska. Trees and woody shrubs are expanding upslope and displacing alpine tundra. As alpine tundra habitats shrink and fragment, arthropods and other animals face an increased risk of extirpation due to smaller population sizes and reduced geneflow. Arthropods--insects, spiders, and their relatives--are the most speciose component of the alpine fauna and perform key ecosystem services, such as pollination and nutrient cycling, and are food for vertebrates. Many species have responded by shifting their distribution to higher elevations, but species respond to change idiosyncratically, which could alter species interactions and disrupt communities. …
Age, Growth, And Movement Dynamics Of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) In The Chukchi And Beaufort Seas, Alyssa Frothingham
Age, Growth, And Movement Dynamics Of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) In The Chukchi And Beaufort Seas, Alyssa Frothingham
Fisheries
Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida) dominates fish assemblages in the Arctic and provides a valuable food source to upper trophic level predators. Little is known about several important facets of its biology and ecology in the Pacific Arctic, including in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The physical connectivity of these two biologically and hydrologically unique seas provides an excellent opportunity to explore differences in Arctic Cod life history characteristics such as age, growth, and movement dynamics in these two adjacent areas. To establish a current benchmark of Arctic Cod life history and movement characteristics for the Pacific Arctic, Arctic Cod otoliths …
Long-Term Shifts In Community Structure, Growth, And Relative Abundance Of Nearshore Arctic Fishes: A Response To Changing Environmental Conditions, Justin T. Priest
Long-Term Shifts In Community Structure, Growth, And Relative Abundance Of Nearshore Arctic Fishes: A Response To Changing Environmental Conditions, Justin T. Priest
Fisheries
Environmental conditions influence the presence, species composition, abundance, and growth of fish species in the nearshore Arctic ecosystem. With ongoing shifts in Arctic conditions due to climate change, how fish communities and individual species respond to such changes to environmental variability more broadly is unknown. This study analyzed catch and length data from a long-term fish monitoring project near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 2001-2018, to quantify the effects of environmental variables on the overall fish community and on the juveniles of two important whitefishes, Arctic Cisco Coregonus autumnalis and Broad Whitefish Coregonus nasus. Abundance data (n = 1.78 million fish) from …
Human And Ecological Responses To The Northern White River Ash Eruption, Holly A. Smith
Human And Ecological Responses To The Northern White River Ash Eruption, Holly A. Smith
Anthropology
The White River Ash northern lobe (WRAn) volcanic eruption deposited a blanket of tephra (volcanic ash) along the Yukon-Alaska border ~1625 cal BP (calibrated years before present). Currently, there has been limited investigation into the effect of this natural disaster on the environment and local hunter-gatherer populations. This research seeks to analyze and explore the potential ecological and cultural responses to the WRAn event. To address this question, paired archaeological and palynological studies bracketing the WRAn were conducted. Excavations at the Forty Mile/Ch'ëdä Dëk Territorial Historic Site in the Yukon (LcVn-2) revealed a multicomponent site including cultural deposits dating to …
Science, Perception And Scale: An Interdisciplinary Analysis Of Environmental Change And Community Adaptive Capaciy, Jesse E. Grunblatt
Science, Perception And Scale: An Interdisciplinary Analysis Of Environmental Change And Community Adaptive Capaciy, Jesse E. Grunblatt
Biological Sciences
The discrepancy between science-based assessments of climate change and public acknowledgement of climate change has been extensively documented at a national level. The relationship of science-based assessments and public awareness of environmental change at the local community level is less studied. An understanding of how science-based information informs local perception is important to ensure that science communication effectively supports community decision making. This dissertation explores the gap between science-based assessments and local perception of environmental change within a framework of adaptive capacity. The research is divided into three interrelated studies that provide: 1) an assessment of community perception of local …
Diet And Movement Of Depredating Male Sperm Whales (Physeter Macrocephalus) In The Gulf Of Alaska, Lauren A. Wild
Diet And Movement Of Depredating Male Sperm Whales (Physeter Macrocephalus) In The Gulf Of Alaska, Lauren A. Wild
Fisheries
Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) remove fish from commercial fishing gear in high latitude foraging grounds. This behavior, known as depredation, occurs in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) sablefish longline fishery and has increased in frequency and severity since the mid-1990s. Sperm whale foraging ecology and movements in the GOA are poorly understood but are important considerations to how depredation impacts fishery resources and whale behavior. The goals of this dissertation were to use stable isotope analysis to evaluate trophic connections between sperm whales and their prey, estimate the proportional contribution of various prey items to sperm whale diets, and use …
Alaska's Shrinking Glaciers: Integrated Glaciological Research For Hydrological, Ecological, And Environmental Education Applications, Joanna Young
Geosciences
As air temperatures in Alaska are rising, glacier melt is accelerating and affecting hydrological resources and downstream ecosystem function. The extent to which glacier loss may change hydrological regimes in coastal climates, and how that may impact nearshore marine conditions, is uncertain. Moreover, from a social-ecological standpoint, many citizens today are disconnected from these types of environmental changes, in part due to isolation from visible climate change impacts. This dissertation addresses the dual need for examining recent Alaska glacier changes and resulting hydrological and marine impacts, and for exploring education strategies that leverage glacier changes for environmental identity development. In …
The Role Of Tundra Vegetation In The Arctic Water Cycle, Jason A. Clark
The Role Of Tundra Vegetation In The Arctic Water Cycle, Jason A. Clark
Engineering
Vegetation plays many roles in Arctic ecosystems, and the role of vegetation in linking the terrestrial system to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration is likely important. Through the acquisition and use of water, vegetation cycles water back to the atmosphere and modifies the local environment. Evapotranspiration is the collective term used to describe the transfer of water from vascular plants (transpiration) and non-vascular plants and surfaces (evaporation) to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is known to return large portions of the annual precipitation back to the atmosphere, and it is thus a major component of the terrestrial Arctic hydrologic budget. However, the relative …
The Taming Of The Stew: Humans, Reindeer, Caribou And Food Systems On The Southwestern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, Odin Tarka Miller
The Taming Of The Stew: Humans, Reindeer, Caribou And Food Systems On The Southwestern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, Odin Tarka Miller
Anthropology
This thesis addresses the question, what is the role of reindeer within communities of Alaska's southwestern Seward Peninsula, particularly as a food source? Employing a mixed-method approach, I conducted several months' fieldwork in the Seward Peninsula communities of Nome and Teller between 2016 and 2018, using methods that included participant observation, ethnographic interviews and a household survey designed to describe and quantify use of reindeer as food. As two varieties of the same species, Rangifer tarandus, reindeer and caribou are very similar in appearance. When caribou herds migrate nearby, reindeer tend to join them and become feral. Given the important …
Demographics And Telomere Dynamics Of Hibernating Arctic Ground Squirrels (Urocitellus Parryii), Sara M. Wilbur
Demographics And Telomere Dynamics Of Hibernating Arctic Ground Squirrels (Urocitellus Parryii), Sara M. Wilbur
Biological Sciences
Aging is the complex process by which an organism loses functional integrity over time. Several measurable contributors to or components of the aging process have been identified, one of which is telomere length. Telomeres are the repetitive, nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of linear chromosomes. In general, telomeres shorten over time and when exposed to damaging reactive oxygen species (highly unstable molecules released as a byproduct of cellular respiration). Organisms that have unique physiologies, in addition to those that live longer than otherwise predicted, have recently inspired comparative telomere dynamics studies. Hibernating mammals, which exhibit both heterothermy and long …
Assessment And Application Of Dna Metabarcoding For Characterizing Arctic Shorebird Chick Diets, Danielle Elizabeth Gerik
Assessment And Application Of Dna Metabarcoding For Characterizing Arctic Shorebird Chick Diets, Danielle Elizabeth Gerik
Fisheries
Climate change in the Arctic is affecting the emergence timing of arthropods used as food by nesting shorebirds and their young. Characterizing the diets of shorebird young is a prerequisite to evaluate the potential for asynchrony to occur between the timing of arthropod emergence and when shorebird young hatch, an example of trophic mismatch. In this study, DNA metabarcoding was used to identify arthropod remains in feces collected from wild-caught Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius), Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos), and Dunlin (Calidris alpina), young in Utqiaġvik, Alaska between 2014 and 2016. Arthropod specimens were collected at the field site to generate …
Patterns And Environmental Drivers Of Juvenile Sablefish Movement In Southeast Alaska, Rhea K. Ehresmann
Patterns And Environmental Drivers Of Juvenile Sablefish Movement In Southeast Alaska, Rhea K. Ehresmann
Fisheries
Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria are a long-lived, deep-dwelling groundfish that inhabit the North Pacific Ocean, ranging from northern Mexico to the Gulf of Alaska to Japan, supporting one of Alaska's most valuable commercial fisheries. After decades of heavy fishing, declines in the Sablefish population led to significant fishing restrictions but few strong year classes developed in recent years. Most Sablefish research has focused on the larval, near-surface juvenile, or adult life history stages, but few studies have examined post-settlement juvenile Sablefish in nearshore areas. This study used acoustic telemetry to understand the presence and movement of juvenile Sablefish in a nursery …
Do Wintering Conditions Drive Population Trends In Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris Pusilla)? Evidence From A Corticosterone Biomarker, Megan L. Boldenow
Do Wintering Conditions Drive Population Trends In Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris Pusilla)? Evidence From A Corticosterone Biomarker, Megan L. Boldenow
Biological Sciences
Some of the most extreme long-distance migrants, Arctic-breeding shorebirds are disproportionately represented in tallies of declining species worldwide. For many shorebirds, including the semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla), the specific causes and mechanisms behind population declines have not been identified. Stressful conditions affecting birds during wintering are often implicated. Interactions between events and processes occurring in the disparate locations used throughout the annual cycle also may be critical in shaping both individual life histories and population demographics. The main objectives of my graduate research were: a) to examine whether semipalmated sandpipers wintering in specific locations incur differential levels of stress; and …
Optimizing Landbird Surveys For Detecting Population And Spatial Dynamics, Jeremy D. Mizel
Optimizing Landbird Surveys For Detecting Population And Spatial Dynamics, Jeremy D. Mizel
Biological Sciences
Landbird populations are undergoing concurrent changes in population size, spatial distribution, and phenology. The sensitivity of landbird monitoring programs to detect and distinguish these varied processes is of critical importance. Consequently, these efforts require inference methods that are efficient and fully leverage information about spatial, population, and phenological dynamics. The development of efficient inference methods can be addressed in part through a thorough understanding of how the data are actually generated, the application of sampling methods that attempt to maximize encounter probability, and the tailoring of sampling methods to maximize sensitivity to specific inference objectives. Chapter one of this dissertation …
Ocean Warming And Acidification Alter Antarctic Macroalgal Biochemical Composition But Not Amphipod Grazer Feeding Preferences, Julie B. Schram, Kathryn M. Schoenrock, James B. Mcclintock, Charles D. Amsler1, Robert A. Angus
Ocean Warming And Acidification Alter Antarctic Macroalgal Biochemical Composition But Not Amphipod Grazer Feeding Preferences, Julie B. Schram, Kathryn M. Schoenrock, James B. Mcclintock, Charles D. Amsler1, Robert A. Angus
Faculty, Staff, and Students
Increased anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 concentrations have resulted in ocean warming and alterations in ocean carbonate chemistry, decreasing seawater pH (ocean acidification). The combination of ocean warming and acidification (OWA) may alter trophic interactions in marine benthic communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Abundant and diverse macroalgae–grazer assemblages, dominated by macroalgae (e.g. chemically defended Desmarestia anceps and D. menziesii) and gammarid amphipods (e.g. Gondogeneia antarctica), occur on the nearshore benthos along the WAP. In the present study, the amphipod G. antarctica and macroalgae D. anceps and D. menziesii were exposed for 39 and 79 d, respectively, to combinations of current …
Bibliography Of Published Reports And Articles Related To Hydrological Research On The Sagavanirktok River, Emily Youcha, Horacio Toniolo
Bibliography Of Published Reports And Articles Related To Hydrological Research On The Sagavanirktok River, Emily Youcha, Horacio Toniolo
WERC Other
Researchers from the Water and Environmental Research Center (WERC), University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), are conducting a study of sediment transport conditions along the Sagavanirktok River. This document, as part of the study, provides a compilation of published literature related to the Sagavanirktok River (or adjacent watersheds with similar characteristics) including previous or ongoing hydrological and sedimentological research in the Sagavanirktok River basin. The literature referenced includes research on climate change, hydrology, sedimentology, permafrost and soils, meteorology, field data, satellite or aerial imagery, geophysics, modeling, water quality, and geochemistry in the Sagavanirktok River basin.
An Ecological-Physiology Perspective On Seabird Responses To Contemporary And Historic Environmental Change, Alexis P. Will
An Ecological-Physiology Perspective On Seabird Responses To Contemporary And Historic Environmental Change, Alexis P. Will
Biological Sciences
The chapters included in this dissertation implement an ecological-physiology approach to understanding how long-lived marine organisms, using seabirds as a model, respond to changes in the environment. Many seabird populations are governed by bottom-up processes, yet efforts to connect prey dynamics and parameters such as breeding performance often yield mixed results. Here I examined how individual foraging behavior and nutritional status change at the inter-annual, decadal, and multi-decadal scale. I validated that the concentration of the avian stress hormone in seabird feathers is indicative of their exposure to nutritional stress. I then used this technique to show that young seabirds …
Lake Trout (Salvelinus Namaycush) Otoliths As Indicators Of Past Climate Patterns And Growth In Arctic Lakes, Eric S. Torvinen
Lake Trout (Salvelinus Namaycush) Otoliths As Indicators Of Past Climate Patterns And Growth In Arctic Lakes, Eric S. Torvinen
Fisheries
No abstract provided.
Analysis Of Unfrozen Water In Cation-Treated, Fine-Grained Soils Using The Pulse Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (P-Nmr) Method, Aaron M. Kruse
Analysis Of Unfrozen Water In Cation-Treated, Fine-Grained Soils Using The Pulse Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (P-Nmr) Method, Aaron M. Kruse
Engineering
Unfrozen water within frozen soils is a key component that determines a soil's thermophysical response to changing physical and environmental conditions. This research focuses on the use of pulse nuclear magnetic resonance (P-NMR) for measuring unfrozen water content within frozen soils. The research is divided into two components: 1) improvements made to the P-NMR testing method, including refinements in the laboratory set up and testing procedure, and experimental validation of the normalization method; and 2) determination of unfrozen water content of fine-grained, cation-treated samples at various sub-freezing temperatures using the improved P-NMR methodology. Previous P-NMR testing used the first return …
Breeding Ecology Of Whimbrels (Numenius Phaeopus) In Interior Alaska, Christopher M. Harwood
Breeding Ecology Of Whimbrels (Numenius Phaeopus) In Interior Alaska, Christopher M. Harwood
Biological Sciences
Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus breed in tundra-like habitats, both beyond treeline and within the boreal forest of interior Alaska. Despite their widespread distribution and designation as a species of conservation concern, their ecology has been particularly understudied in Alaska. During 2008--2012, I initiated the first dedicated study of Whimbrel breeding ecology in Alaska, and the first such study of any boreal-breeding shorebird in the state. Within a habitat mosaic of forest, woodlands, muskeg, scrub, and ponds within the floodplain of the Kanuti River in north-central Alaska, Whimbrels bred in the three largest (of nine) patches of discontinuous tussock tundra. These Whimbrels …