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Effects Of Bull Exposure On Post-Partum Interval And Reproductive Performance In Beef Cows, C.D. Naasz, H.L. Miller, R.H. Haigh

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Spring calving beef cows were utilized to study the effect of bull exposure early postpartum on return to estrus and fertility. In the spring of 1985 and 1986, cows were randomly exposed to epididectomized bulls 3 to 7 days after calving until beginning of the breeding season or not exposed to bulls. Cows were observed for estrus twice daily beginning approximately 4 weeks after the start of calving until synchronization. I n 1986, blood samples were collected weekly by jugular venipuncture during heat detection and serum progesterone concentrations were determined. ALL cows were synchronized with Synchro-Mate B and inseminated 48 …

Efficacy Of Terminator, Max-Con And Y-Tek Experimental Impregnated Ear Tag (Mc.602tc) For The Control Of Resistant Populations Of The Horn Fly In South Dakota During 1987, Emmett R. Easton, Glen Bennett

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Insecticide impregnated ear tags containing Diazinon or Dursban/cypermethrin combinations when applied at the rate of two tags per cow were more effective for the control of horn flies than tags that were applied at the rate of one per cow. With the Terminator® tag, the percentage control diminished after 8 t o 10 weeks when one tag was present, but the percentage control remained constant over a period of 15 weeks with two tags per cow. With the Max-Con@ tag control was Less satisfactory after 6 weeks when only one tag per cow was applied, but good control was received …

Rumen Injectable Probiotic Feed Additive For Newly Arrived Feedlot Cattle, J.J. Wagner

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

The effect of rumen injectable microbials and microbial feed additives on feedlot performance and health were monitored in a 28-day receiving trial. Average daily dry matter intake and gain and feed conversion were 9.75 lb/day, 3.78 lb/day and 2.59 lb feed/lb gain, respectively, and were not significantly different between treatments. There appeared to be no advantage to using probiotics in this trial.

Feeding High Grain Diets To Steer Calves With Different Feedlot Arrival Weights, R.H. Pritchard

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Crossbred steer calves (384 head) were used in a 2-year study to determine the effects of feedlot arrival weight and diet concentrate levels on feedlot performance and carcass variables. Steers were separated into Light (434 lb), medium (486 lb) and heavy (533 lb) groups based upon weights when they arrived at the feedlot. A low energy (LE) corn silage receiving and growing system was compared with a high energy (HE) system that involved feeding relatively higher levels of grain during receiving and growing periods. Calves were fed to similar fatness endpoints. Rate of gain was similar for weight groups, but …

Three-Year Summary Of Preconditioning Effects On Pre- And Postshipment Performance Of Feeder Calves, R.H. Pritchard, J.K. Swann, M.A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Production efficiencies associated with preconditioning feeder calves have been evaluated using 600 calves obtained from four ranches over a 3-year period. Nonpreconditioned calves remained with their dams during preconditioning and all calves were shipped to a research feedlot on the same dates each year. Average daily gains of nonpreconditioned calves for 28 days prior to shipment were variable over years and related t o range conditions. ADG of nonpreconditioned calves during each year were 1.39, .2 and 2.12 b and differed (P< .001) from preconditioned c a l f gains of 2.18, 1.81 and .91 lb for the 39 days prior to shipment. Preconditioning responses interacted with ranch and year, indicating ranch conditions will have a significant impact on results. By weaning 30 days earlier, dams of preconditioned calves lost less weight during this same period. This effect was more pronounced when range conditions were poor. Preconditioning did not affect feed lot morbidity or mortality. During the initial 56 days in the feedlot, preconditioned calves consumed more dry matter each year but gains were similar. There was no effect of preshipment management on ADG after 56 days on feed and in the initial 2 years feed efficiency was better for nonpreconditioned calves. This advantage in feed efficiency carried through to slaughter at about 240 days.

Effects Of Body Condition On Reproductive Performance Of Range Beef Cows, R.J. Pruitt, P.A. Momont

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Simnental-Angus crossbred cows were fed differing Levels of nutrition from December to May in each of 3 years to create a wide range in cow body condition or fleshiness at the beginning of the calving season (beginning mid-March) and when turned to summer pasture (early May) 1 month prior to the beginning of the breeding season (early June). Cows that were fleshier in March, May or June cycled earlier. Cows that were fleshier at the beginning of the breeding season calved earlier the following years. For cows that calved Late in the calving season, body condition prior to calving, in …

Effect Of Restricting Feed Intake During The Finishing Phase On Feedlot Performance And Dietary Energy Utilization, J.J. Wagner

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

A total of 192 yearling Angus steers were used in two trials to investigate the impact of restricting feed intake on feed conversion and energy utilization. In trial 1, feed intake was restricted to approximately 83% of ad libitum. Cattle were slaughtered at a constant fatness. In trial 2, intake was restricted to approximately 93 and 85% of ad Libitum. After 56 days on feed, half of the 85% cattle were allowed to consume feed ad Libitum. Cattle were slaughtered at a constant cumulative NEg intake. Average daily gain was reduced for the restricted intake cattle compared with controls. Carcass …

Alternate Feeding Of Corn And Corn Silage Diets To Feedlot Cattle, J.J. Wagner

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

One hundred twenty-eight Angus yearling steers (800 lb) were utilized in a trial to determine if feeding the concentrate portion of a 40% corn silage finishing diet separately from the silage would result in improved feedlot performance and feed conversion. Cattle fed the concentrate separately from silage achieved similar average daily gains and tended to have slightly better feed efficiency than cattle fed a completely mixed diet (2.26 vs 2.25 lb/head/day and 9.21 vs 9.89, respectively). Feeding completely mixed, high concentrate finishing diets resulted in the greatest performance and under current conditions is likely the most economical situation for most …

Optimun Levels Of Dietary Crude Protein And Monensin For Steer Calves On Limit-Fed, High Concentrate Diets, M.L. Sip, R.H. Pritchard, M.A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

One hundred ninety-two Angus and Angus x Limousin calves (611 lb) were randomly allotted to one of four Levels of crude protein intake and three dosages of monensin in an 80% concentrate diet. Intake of the complete diet was restricted to allow 2.2 lb average daily gain over an 86-day period. Crude protein was fed at 90, 100, 110 or 120% of the gram daily requirement described by NRC. Monensin was fed at 120, 180 or 240 mg/head/day. Each 10% increase in dietary crude protein caused a .13 lb increase in ADG, a .34 unit improvement in feed efficiency and …

Urea, Corn Gluten Meal Or Soybean Meal As Supplemental Crude Protein Sources For Feedlot Steers Limit-Fed High Energy Growing Diets, J.J. Wagner, T.L. Mader

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Urea, corn gluten meal and soybean meal were compared as supplemental crude protein sources for growing steers fed limited amounts of a high energy diet. Interactions between level of urea and natural protein source were not significant, indicating that source of natural protein did not influence urea utilization. Level of urea and source of natural protein did not affect average daily gain. These data indicate that up to 1% of diet dry matter as urea can be effectively utilized by limit-fed cattle.

Limit-Fed, High Energy Diets For Growing Cattle, J.J. Wagner, T.L. Mader

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Limit-fed, high energy (57 Mcal per cwt dry matter) diets were compared to full - fed, Low energy (46 Mcal per cwt dry matter) corn silage and alfalfa hay diets. Feed conversions were 5.68 and 5.78 lb of dry matter per lb of gain for the limit-fed silage and alfalfa diets vs 6.86 and 7.45 lb of dry matter per lb o f gain for the full - fed silage and alfalfa hay diets, respectively. Break-even roughage prices were calculated from feed efficiency and ration cost information. If corn is valued to the bunk at 31.50 per bushel and soybean …

Current Knowledge Concerning Silica Urinary Calculi, Royce J. Emerick

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Laboratory research has shown phosphate to inhibit the formation of insoluble silica - protein complexes that are believed to be important in the formation of silica urinary calculi. In work with laboratory animals, increases in dietary phosphorus and urine acidifying salts reduced the incidence of silica urinary calculi. These findings translate into feeding and management practices that may be beneficial in reducing the incidence of silica urinary calculi in cattle and sheep.

Sdsu Purebred Beef Herds, R.J. Pruitt, R.M. Haigh

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

A herd of purebred Angus and Simmental cows is maintained near the SDSU campus that is used for teaching, research and extension activities. Cattle maintained at this unit are made available for introductory animal science, meats, animal breeding, reproductive physiology, beef production and livestock evaluation courses. Current reproductive physiology research under the direction of Dr. Herley Miller that involves this herd is reported in another paper in this publication. Besides use in the classroom, cattle are used for the annual SDSU Little International, field days and numerous 4-H, FFA and other educational events. In addition to providing research information and …

Interpreting Experimental Results, D.M. Marshall

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

No abstract provided.

Weed Control In Small Grain And Flax : 1987, Cooperative Extension South Dakota State University

SDSU Extension Fact Sheets

This document covers a large number of chemical weed control options across a variety of small grains and flax in South Dakota for 1987. This Fact Sheet is designed to provide a summary of herbicide usage options. The chemical options are listed in a table, which is broken into the following sections: Oats, “Wheat, Rye, Barley,” Flax, “Small Grain,” “Triticale,” “Proso Millet,” “Special Weed Problems,” and “No-Till Small Grain.”

Sdsu Dairy Digest, South Dakota State University Dairy Club

Dairy Digest

No abstract provided.

1987 South Dakota Beef Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

This is the complete 1987 South Dakota Beef Report.

Characterization Of The Muscles Within The Beef Forequarter, R.C. Johnson, C.M. Chen, T.S. Muller, W.J. Costello, J.R. Romans, K.W. Jones

South Dakota Beef Report, 1987

Thirty - four muscles/muscle groups, each greater than .1 kg, were dissected from 16 forequarters to establish a data base of individual muscle yields, palatability profiles and chemical composition. Carcass data from the 16 steers revealed the following averages: carcass weight - 288.4 kg, yield grade - 3.2, and quality grade – low choice. Individual muscle yields, tenderness profiles and chemical analyses indicated that the muscles within the forequarter are extremely variable. However, several of the larger muscles within the forequarter possess tenderness profiles comparable to the longissimus dorsi, the major muscle within rib steaks. This study suggests that maximum …

The Influence Of Photoperiod And Melatonin On Reproductive Performance Of Anestrous Ewes, A. M. Wolf, A. L. Slyter

South Dakota Sheep Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1987

The effect of altered photoperiod of melatonin, either fed or implanted, on reproductive performance of ewes was evaluated during the 1985 and 1986 breeding seasons. Altered photoperiod (8 hr light : 16 hr dark) resulted in an increased number of breeding marks recorded and a higher lambing rate. However, lambing date was earlier than controls only in trial 2. In trial 2, 91% of the melatonin-implanted ewes lambed compared to 74% of the controls, while, in trail 1, 94% of the ewes receiving melatonin in the feed lambed vs 66% of the controls. Melatonin in either the implanted or fed …

South Dakota Farm And Home Research, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Farm and Home Research: 1949 -1998

Director’s comment: Our Station, born in political uproar, celebrates its centennial of services. Our horizons are as broad as in 1887 [p] 2
The Peoria connection: If marketing products is the roadblock, call in the experts. Our NRRC partner specializes in new-product ag research [p] 5
Answer to silica stones: Damned if you do and damned if you don’t? Recommendations don’t clash; one’s for feedlot cattle, the other for range [p] 10
Behind the statistics: They are real people with real debts. Chapter 11 fliers had been farming an average 19 years, 25% for more than 30 [p] 13
Farm …

Proceedings Of The South Dakota Academy Of Science, 1987, Volume 66., South Dakota Academy Of Science

Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science

Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, 1987, Volume 66.

The table of contents lists the minutes of the seventy-second annual meeting of the South Dakota Academy of Science, membership lists, papers presented, abstracts, papers published by title only, and Junior Academy award winners. Also included is a memorial for Willard L. Roberts.

The presidential address titled Oh, Science . . . Ah, Science was given by Marvin Selnes.

The following senior research papers were presented at the seventy-second annual meeting held on April 24, 1987: Quaking Aspen Management in the Black Hills by Steven P. Riley and H. …

Habitat Use By Beaver Along The Big Sioux River, Charles D. Dieter

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Habitat utilization and lodge site selection by beaver (Castor canadensis) were investigated during 1985 and 1986 along the Big Sioux River in eastern South Dakota. Because livestock grazing has affected the number and size of trees available for beaver use, the study area was portioned into grazed, ungrazed, and farmed habitat. Diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees in grazed areas was greater (p < 0.01) than in ungrazed or farmed areas. Almost half (48%) of the trees in ungrazed areas were small (DBH < 7.5 cm), while a majority (58%) of the trees in grazed areas had large diameters (DBH > 30 cm). Beaver activity was evident on 286 of 2410 (11.8%) trees (DBH > 2.5 cm) and 756 of 7,794 (9.7%) stems (DBH < 2.5cm) sampled. A greater proportion (p < 0.01) of trees were cut by beavers in ungrazed than in grazed areas. Beaver did not select tree species for cutting according to availability (p < 0.01). Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) was selected for cutting while both boxelder (Acer negundo) and hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) were selected against. Sandbar willow (Salix exigua) stems were important for food and building materials. Trees cut by beaver were significantly smaller in diameter (p < 0.01) than uncut trees. Mean distance from water of cut trees was also less (p < 0.01) than for uncut trees. Over half (52%) of the trees damaged by beaver were not killed and either resprouted or remained alive and standing. Of 8 variables examined at lodge sites, analysis indicated that the 2 most important factors in beaver lodge site selection were riverbank slope and horizontal cover density between 0.9 m and 1.8 m above ground (read from 10 m). Mean slope of the riverbank at lodge sites (40.7 degrees) was greater (p < 0.01) than at control sites (26.7 degrees), while mean horizontal cover density between 0.9 m and 1.8 m (read from 10 m) was also greater (p < 0.01) at lodge sites (53%) than at control sites (28%). Ungrazed habitat was selected by beaver for lodge sites, and grazed areas were selected against. Although 40% of the study area was ungrazed, 27 of 33 (82%) active lodges were located in these areas. Ungrazed areas along the Big Sioux River are important for beaver populations and selection for these areas by beaver reflects habitat quality.

Rainbow Trout Cage Culture Utilizing Different Strains, Stocking Densities, And Feeding Methods In Eastern South Dakota Dugout Ponds, Jay Patrick Maher

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) cage culture techniques were investigated in dugouts as part of a continuing program to evaluate the potential of small-scale, landowner-based aquaculture operations. Trout raised in the study did not reach a marketable size (200 g) due to the short growing season and small size at stocking. No significant (P >0.05) differences in growth were detected between stocking densities of 60, 80, 100, and 120 fish/m³. Demand feeding resulted in significantly greater length (P≤0.01), weight (P≤0.01), and relative weight (P≤0.05) than hand feeding in both years tested. Rainbow trout of the Hildebrand strain reached a significantly greater …

Biotic Responses On Typha-Monodominant Semipermanent Wetlands To Cattle Grazing, Bryan David Schultz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Changes in the vegetative composition of most palustrine emergent semi-permanent wetlands is primarily a function of water level fluctuation. However, some wetlands do not exhibit vegetational shifts since emergent species such as Typha persist under flooded as well as drought conditions. Numerous techniques to control cattails such as burning and herbicide application have been suggested. The objective of this study was to test the use of cattle grazing as a method of controlling dense cattail stands in semi-permanent wetlands to improve breeding duck habitat. Plots (.81 ha) were established in the emergent zone in each of two wetlands (≤ 4 …

Evaluation Of Largemouth Bass And Bluegill Stocking Strategies In South Dakota Ponds, David M. Gilbraith

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Three fish-stocking methods were evaluated to determine the effects of stocking density and chronology on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) survival, growth, and reproductive success during 1983-1985. Two densities of split-stocking largemouth bass with bluegills were compared to the simultaneous introduction of both species. First-year largemouth bass survival was low and variable among treatments. Survival of largemouth bass ranged from 0-85% and averaged 25% among treatments. Bluegill survival, for the first and second years combined, ranged from 0-60% and averaged 22% among two split-stocking treatments. Thirty-six percent of study ponds experienced at least partial winterkill during the …

Abscisic Acid And Tissue Desiccation Alters Ribonuclease I Activity In Winter Barley Without Cold Acclimation, James Valentine Anderson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This research was initiated to obtain additional information about the causes for phenotypic variation of RNase I activity within winter barley cultivars. Unpublished data from this laboratory shows that antibody produced from RNase I obtained from two cultivars was mutually cross-reactive with antigen from the two cultivars of winter barley. The difference seen in RNase I activity between cultivars which can not be explained by the amount of RNase present may have similarities to that of inactive or incomplete forms of certain enzymes found in sec B mutants. Ferra-Novick et al. reported such sec B mutants as having early inactive …

South Dakota Beef Industry, David Bruce Bau

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The beef industry in South Dakota is an important component of the state's agricultural economy. South Dakota beef producers market approximately 2.0 million head of cattle and calves annually with value in excess of 1.2 billion dollars in 1984. This revenue represents over 60 percent of total livestock receipts for the state and over 35 percent of total agricultural sales. In 1985, South Dakota cattle gross income was over $1,336 million. The significance of South Dakota cattle production is further demonstrated by a national ranking of fifth in beef cows that calved and ninth in total production of cattle and …

Production And Environmental Simulations For Livestock Housing, Mark Allen Diesch

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

An animal's environment is affected by all surrounding conditions. The thermal environment; the effects of air temperature, moisture, and velocity balanced with animal heat and moisture production, is part of the total environment. It is one of the most important influences of an animal's surroundings since 25 to 40 percent of an animal's gross feed energy is converted to heat and moisture loss to the environment. Poor livestock thermal environments occur because of poor livestock structures. A structure with the correct thermal environment will provide conditions such that the homeothermic animal will be in a zone of thermal comfort. If …

Reciprocal Ovary Transplantation As A Means To Study Reproductive Function In Female Lethal Yellow Mice (A̲Y̲/A̲: C57bl/6j), Gerald Alan Dickens

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The first study was conducted to determine whether the previously observed reproductive failures in aging obese lethal yellow (AY/a) females are due primarily to: (1) intrinsic defects within AY/a ovaries or (2) systemic defects extrinsic to AY/a ovaries such as sites within the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. A second experiment was conducted to assess uterine capacity in AY/a females. In order to accurately measure uterine capacity in AY/a females, it was necessary to separate uterine effects from embryo (AY/a) effects. Thus by conducting the appropriate ovary transplantations, one could test uterine capacity in AY/a females in the absence of AY/a …

Development Of An In Vivo Model To Determine The Biological Value Of Microbial Protein, Thomas A. Fritz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The ruminant's ability to convert low quality and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) to high quality protein is as important as their ability to utilize cellulosic feeds. This unique characteristic will continue to be exploited in the future with increasing emphasis being placed on noncompetitive feedstuffs. There has been considerable progress in developing alternative energy sources in beef cattle diets. There has not been the same success in replacing dietary high quality preformed proteins with urea or other NPN sources in most production situations. The complexity of the digestive system in ruminants is well recognized by all who work with diet formulation …